A calorimetric method is presented for the simultaneous evaluation of equilibrium constant, K, and molar enthalpy, ..delta..H/sup 0/, for 1 : 1 adduct formation of quinoline (Qu) with asphaltene (A), together with its acid/neutral (AA) fraction and its base (BA) fraction, isolated from a centrifuged liquid product (CLP) sample prepared from Kentucky hvAb coal at 27.6 MPa hydrogen pressure and 723K, with reactor charged with glass pellets. The same procedure was used to determine K and ..delta..H/sup 0/ for 1 : 1 adduct formation of Qu with asphaltene and heavy oils obtained from CLP samples (FB-53) prepared with CoMo catalyst at different run times and process conditions. The effects of the CoMo catalyst, run time, and residence times on viscosity, molecular weight, ..delta..H/sup 0/, heteratom content, contents of preasphaltene, asphaltene and heavy oil, aromaticity, and structural parameters, are determined. These findings lead to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining viscosity, and contributes more to the enthalpy of interaction than does ..pi..-interaction. The toluene-insoluble fraction, asphaltene (whole, acid/neutral and base fractions), and heavy oil were isolated from a solvent-refined-coal (SRC) conversion product. Data obtained from several infrared and viscosity experiments indicate that the behavior of different …

The purpose of this compilation is to present, in a central reference document, all of the individual annual reports summarizing the results of the environmental monitoring programs conducted at each of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) sites having a potential for environmental impact or which release a significant quantity of radioactivity or nonradioactive pollutants. Data on the levels of radioactivity and nonradioactive pollutants in effluents and the environs at each site are given, and effluent and environmental measurements and sampling results are evaluated in relation to the appropriate standards for environmental protection, including estimates of potential radiation exposures offsite. It is noteworthy that, in most cases, the potential offsite exposures are so low they cannot be determined by direct measurement methods but must be estimated by calculational techniques. All potential offsite exposures to members of the public from routine effluent releases in 1976 were less than 5 mrem/yr (i.e., less than one percent of the established radiation protection guidelines for exposure of the public). Additionally, the estimated collective man-rem dose potential to all members of the public within an 80 Km radius at all ERDA sites is less than .02 percent of the estimated man-rem dose due to …

The application of Stirling cycle prime movers to total energy power generation systems was investigated. Electrical, heating, and cooling demand profiles for a typical residential complex, hospital, and office building were studied, and alternative Stirling total energy systems were conceptualized for each site. These were analyzed in detail and contrasted with purchased-power systems for these sites to determine fuel-energy savings and investment attractiveness. The residential complex and hospital would be excellent candidates for total energy systems, and prime movers in the 1000 kW output range would be required. Stirling engines with so large an output have not been built to date, although there would be no fundamental technical barrier to prevent this. However, careful consideration must be given to the following technological decision areas before arriving at a final design, if its potential is to be realized: engine configuration, hotside heat exchange interface, engine control system, internal gas seals, and advanced coal combustion technology. The principal advantage of a Stirling prime mover in this application, in view of national concern over present and future dependence on oil, is that it could utilize low-grade liquid fuels and coal.

The formation of carbamate from CO/sub 2/ and the various amine solutions has been investigated for the purpose of elucidating the structure of the species generated in the reaction. The amine solutions used were 1 and 2 molar solutions of di-n-butylamine (DNBA) in triethylamine (TEA), pure DNBA and pure TEA. It has been found that the nonaqueous solvent participates in the formation of carbamate in 1 and 2M-DNBA/TEA solutions as a proton acceptor in DNBA-carbamate formation. However, due to the high concentration of the solutions and the basicities of the amines, a significant amount of DNBA which does not form the DNBA-carbamate anion is also found to be participating as a proton acceptor. Pure TEA absorbs only /sup 1///sub 60/ of the absorption by pure DNBA. The extent of TEA participation in the CO/sub 2/-absorption process other than as a proton acceptor in DNBA-carbamate is negligible. The formation of carbamic acid and zwitterion have been found unlikely. 7 tables, 15 figs.

A simulated model of triangular array rods with pitch to diameter ratio of 1.10 (as a test section) and air as the fluid flow was used to study the LMFBR hydraulic parameters. The wall shear stress distribution around the rod periphery, friction factors, static pressure distributions and turbulence intensity corresponding to various Reynolds numbers ranging from 4140 to 36170 in the central subchannel were measured. Various approaches for measurement of wall shear stress were compared. The measurement was performed using the Preston tube technique with the probe outside diameter equal to 0.014 in.

Optimal L/sup infinity/ error estimates are established for a few different finite-element-type methods for the Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain. The methods are selected so as to avoid the necessity of imposing boundary conditions on the trial functions, usually difficult in practice. Three specific methods are treated. These are the method of interpolated boundary conditions and two methods of Nitsche. The trial spaces, S/sup h/, consist of continuous piecewise polynomials of degree less than or equal to K-1 with K greater than 2. The model problem treated is -..delta.. ..-->.. u = f in ..cap omega.., u = 0 on delta..cap omega.., ..cap omega.. contained in R/sup 2/. For each method, an approximate solution, u/sup h/, is constructed for h sufficiently small. The main result of this report states that the following error estimate holds for each method: norm (u--u/sup h/)/sub L/sup infinity/(..cap omega..)/ less than or equal to Ch/sup K/norm(u)/sub W/sub infinity//sup K/(..cap omega..)/.

Separate abstracts were prepared for the 12 papers. (JFP)

A coupled heat conduction and fluid flow method of solution was presented for cryogenic stability analysis of cabled composite superconductors of large scale magnetic coils. The coils are cooled by forced flow supercritical helium in parallel flow channels. The coolant flow reduction in one of the channels during the spontaneous recovery transient, after the conductor undergoes a transition from superconducting to resistive, necessitates a parallel channel analysis. A way to simulate the parallel channel analysis is described to calculate the initial channel inlet flow rate required for recovery after a given amount of heat is deposited. The recovery capability of a NbTi plus copper composite superconductor design is analyzed and the results presented. If the hydraulics of the coolant flow is neglected in the recovery analysis, the recovery capability of the superconductor will be over-predicted.

This comparative study was undertaken to explain in part the per capita differential between the two countries. In the introduction, the ratios of energy per capita and energy per dollar of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are presented. The exchange rates utilized to convert GDP to a common currency are discussed in detail. Brief sections on the energy supply and electric generation situation in Japan are included for background information, followed by the body of the report devoted to the energy consumption sectors. The industrial sector merits most attention because Japan's industrial capacity is second only to that of the U.S. among industrialized nations, and it is here where an intercountry comparison can reveal possibilities of technology transfer. First, a gross energy efficiency indicator for all industry (measured as industrial energy use per dollar of GDP originating in industry) is established. This is followed by detailed presentations of specific energy inputs (per ton of product) for four energy-intensive industries: iron and steel, aluminium, cement, and pulp and paper. Sections on transportation, residential, and commercial energy use reveal large differences in consumption largely due to what is labeled ''standard of living'' (housing size, automobile ownership, selection of transportation modes). Finally, the conclusions …

MALAPROP is a CDC 7600 computer program able to simulate laser light propagation through a variety of regions. The primary program task is the integration of the partial differential equation 2in/sub 0/k/sub 0/(partial delta/partial delta z) - g(z)) psi + nabla/sup 2/ psi + 2n/sub 0//sup 2/k/sub 0//sup 2/(n/sub 2//n/sub 0/) (mod psi)/sup 2/ psi = 0 for propagation of a light beam represented by the complex array psi. This equation is computationally integrated for regions with or without gain (g(z)) and for any indices of refraction (n0,n2). In addition, the beam may be spatially filtered or relayed (using FFT methods), expanded or split or passed through an aperture (followed by a no-gain propagation region with a nonlinear index of refraction = 0). Relative amplitude or phase noise may be added to the beam at selected surfaces. Two versions exist allowing for one or two beam dimensions: one space dimension (x; propagation in z) (with saturation) and two space dimensions (x,y; propagation in z) ( without saturation). Optional output includes intensity/phase information (plots and printout), power spectral density information, computed B integral, and saturation information. Initial beam configuration is essentially limited only by array sizes. 2 tables.

Four successful experiments were conducted with tritiated water on pregnant sheep. This came into equilibrium between fetal and maternal circulations within 60 seconds after injection into the ewe or the fetus. The estimates of total water transport rate averaged 85% of the daily water intake. Six successful experiments were conducted with /sup 3/H- and /sup 14/C-glucose on pregnant ewes. The results for glucose space and transport rate in the ewes agree closely with previously published data. The fetal glucose pool size was large, presumably reflecting the relatively large volume of fetal-placental fluids in exchange with fetal blood. Six successful experiments were conducted with /sup 45/Ca and /sup 47/Ca for 5 days or more on pregnant ewes. The smallest compartment size of exchangeable calcium in mother and fetus were about 2 to 6 hours duration, and the net daily gain of calcium by the fetus was just slightly less in the chronic than in the acute experiments, 0.75 and 0.83 g/day respectively.

An experimental and analytical study of the temperature distributions along the molten metal surface in an electron beam welding cavity is described. Surface temperature distributions in cavities were measured with a narrow band infrared radiation pyrometer. The availability of the cavity temperature measurements allowed estimates to be made for the vapor pressure and surface energy forces as a function of cavity position. The results indicated a force imbalance occurred in the cavity. It is postulated that at the location of the force imbalance a liquid material projection forms periodically and moves into the path of the electron beam. The liquid in this projection is driven towards the bottom, partially filling the cavity. This action is followed by the electron beam pushing the liquid aside to form a maximum depth cavity. This process is then repeated. An analysis for predicting cavity oscillation frequency shows reasonable agreement with frequencies measured at the weld root determined from weld sections. A study of the measured temperature distributions in cavities of varying depth combined with the force imbalance observations led to an interpretation of when spiking might occur. A procedure is proposed for determining the spiking tendency for a given set of weld parameters. The …

Semiclassical techniques have been widely used for describing the dynamics of molecular collisions. The calculation of discrete energy eigenvalue spectra in bound systems has also employed semiclassical methods. Work has been done toward developing semiclassical theories for rate constants in reactive systems and semiclassical eigenvalues in bound systems. Application of these theories have been made to nonseparable multidimensional systems. Transition-state theory has played an important role in chemical kinetics, and is very useful for approximating reaction rate constants for molecular systems. Many shortcomings of transition-state theory can be attributed to the assumption of separability of motion along the reaction coordinate. Semiclassical approximations have been made to the quantum rate expression, and the resulting semiclassical theory has been applied to the reactive H + H/sub 2/ system. Comparison of this nonseparable theory with quantum scattering calculations shows agreement which is quite good. Although the quantum condition for one-dimensional bound systems is well-known, generalization of these results to multidimensional nonseparable systems is not obvious. Work has been done toward a semiclassical quantum condition which is closest to the approach of Born. The Hamilton--Jacobi equation for the systems is solved in action--angle variables; in this way the classical Hamiltonian can be expressed as …

Duplex ferrite-martensite (DFM) steels with excellent combinations of strength and formability have been selected from first principles, and their microstructure-property relationships established through a systematic investigation of a series of ternary Fe/X/0.1 C steels (X being varying amount of Cr and Si). Duplex processing consists of initial austenitization and quenching to form 100% martensite, followed by annealing in the (..cap alpha.. + ..gamma..) range and subsequent quenching. The resultant DFM morphology is controlled by the type and amount of alloying element X.

The present status of the study of central collisions of relativistic heavy ions is presented. The phenomenology is described, and evidence is presented for a source of nucleons from a central region caused by the overlapping densities of the target and projectile. Some of the current theoretical approaches are described including the nuclear fireball model. It appears that there is a quasi-equilibrated region at high temperature, but the signature for the expected effects of high density is not yet clear, and therefore, experimentally, the effects of high density have not been identified.

The requirements of plasma temperature and particle energies are effectively the same for inertial confinement fusion, ICF, and magnetic containment fusion, MCF. The n/tau product must also be similar; however, in ICF we increase the density to achieve efficient fuel burn up. Reactor gain pellets are expected to require densities of up to 10/sup 4/ x liquid density of DT. This corresponds to n approximately 10/sup 26/ cm-/sup 3/. The dimensions of the compressed core are of the order of microns. Thus, the diagnostics problems in ICF is to measure plasmas at approximately 10/sup 8/ K, n approximately 10/sup 26/ cm-/sup 3/, on scale lengths of microns with time scales of picoseconds. In this paper we discuss the extensive diagnostics which we have developed to measure the performance of our laser irradiated targets.

This publication is the first of several reports to be produced for the National Coal Utilization Assessment, a program sponsored by the Assistant Administrator for Environment and Safety through the Division of Technology Overview of ERDA. The purpose of the report is to present the state and regional perspective on energy-related issues, especially those concerning coal production and utilization for 12 southern states. This report compiles information on the present status of: (1) state government infrastructure that deals with energy problems; (2) the balance between energy consumption and energy production; (3) the distribution of proved reserves of various mineral energy resources; (4) the major characteristics of the population; (5) the important features of the environment; and (6) the major constraints to increased coal production and utilization as perceived by the states and regional agencies. Many energy-related characteristics described vary significantly from state to state within the region. Regional and national generalizations obscure these important local variations. The report provides the state and regional perspective on energy issues so that these issues may be considered objectively and incorporated into the National Coal Utilization Assessment. This Assessment is designed to provide useful outputs for national, regional, and local energy planners.

A review is given of recent theoretical and experimental developments in the study of collisions between energetic nuclei. Single particle inclusive spectra is first discussed, citing results of selected experiments and reviewing briefly some of the models involved in explaining the data. Problems in the study of multiparticle final states are then examined. Finally, some other experiments are mentioned whose methods or physics objectives are slightly different from those discussed previously. (SDF)

The ERDA Workshop on X-ray, Neutron, and Electron Scattering to assess needs and establish priorities for energy-related basic research on materials. The general goals of the Workshop were: (1) to review various energy technologies where x-ray, neutron, and electron scattering techniques might make significant contributions, (2) to identify present and future materials problems in the energy technologies and translate these problems into requirements for basic research by x-ray, neutron, and electron scattering techniques, (3) to recommend research areas utilizing these three scattering techniques that should be supported by the DPR Materials Sciences Program, and (4) to assign priorities to these research areas.

Experimental studies of self-focused, high-current electron-beam propagation phenomena are compared with the results of computational modeling. The model includes the radial structure of the beam-plasma system, a full electromagnetic field description, primary and secondary gas ionization processes, and a linear theory of the hose-like distortions. Good agreement between the experimental results and the computations strengthens the premise that hose instability is the principal limitation to propagation at high pressure.

Existing and potential design problems associated with the helium-cooled blanket assemblies of experimental, demonstration and hybrid reactor designs considered in the Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) Program were assessed. It was observed that a balanced program of design, analysis and experimentation would be required to develop, verify and qualify these designs and those of related hardware and equipment. To respond to the potential experimental requirements of the first-generation reactors (the EPRs and possibly the hybrid concept), the need for a helium test facility was identified. It was determined that this facility should have the capacity for recirculating 100,000 kg/hr of helium at 70 atm and 600/sup 0/C and should have 3 MW of electrical power available for simulating neutron heating. No radioactive material or processes should be used to facilitate ''hands-on'' experimentation and development. The general types of testing anticipated in this facility would include: (1) thermal and coolant flow performance of the blanket and other components in the primary cooling circuit; (2) structural adequacy of the blanket and first wall including vibration considerations; (3) capability for accommodating safety/off-normal conditions. Existing facilities worldwide were surveyed. It was determined that a number of facilities exist in foreign nations for performing the anticipated …

The first material presented addresses those organizations and entities that are national in scope and/or have influence at the national level. Agencies and organizations that are operating or are more directly influencing at the regional (multi-state) level and the state level are presented in the following chapters. The national energy-related organizations are grouped under three broad headings: Federal Government Entities, National Private Organizations, and Major National Citizen Organizations. The general format to be followed in this section is to (1) briefly describe for the first two groups the energy-related area within which the organization operates; (2) provide the organization's address, telephone number, and key personnel; and (3) where there are geographic boundaries involved, provide an information map. Information on the regional energy-related organizations includes joint Federal-state government entities and regional private organizations. Information on state energy-related organizations includes state government entities, utility entities, and state energy-related associations. (MCW)

Aspects of superconducting composites for magnetic fusion applications are discussed.

A feasible compact poloidal divertor system has been designed as an impurity control and vacuum vessel first-wall protection option for the TNS tokamak. The divertor coils are inside the TF coil array and vacuum vessel. The poloidal divertor is formed by a pair of coil sets with zero net current. Each set consists of a number of coils forming a dish-shaped washer-like ring. The magnetic flux in the space between the coil sets is compressed vertically to limit the height and to expand the horizontal width of the particle and energy burial chamber which is located in the gap between the coil sets. The intensity of the poloidal field is increased to make the pitch angle of the flux lines very large so that the diverted particles can be intercepted by a large number of panels oriented at a small angle with respect to the flux lines. They are carefully shaped and designed such that the entire surfaces are exposed to the incident particles and are not shadowed by each other. Large collecting surface areas can be obtained. Flowing liquid lithium film and solid metal panels have been considered as the particle collectors. The power density for the former is …