The Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program (MLGW/DOE), Contract ET-77-C-01-2582, has been slowed due to lack of an adequate data base for demonstration plant design. This design data base is to be developed by Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) at their U-GAS pilot plant. While initial data and operating results from the pilot plant have been encouraging, ash-balanced operation with coal using the technique of ash agglomeration has proven to be more difficult than originally envisioned. Ash must be removed from the gasifier at the same rate as it is being fed to achieve overall ash balance. Adequate ash balance has been achieved by bed withdrawal, but in order to attain high levels of carbon utilization, preferential removal of high-ash material from the gasifier will be required. It is the conclusion of all parties involved that the operating parameters necessary to achieve ash balance and high carbon utilization must be demonstrated at the pilot plant level before a full scale demonstration plant design effort is started. IGT, with guidance from the program Steering Committee and assistance from the Technical Sub-Committee has re-evaluated its efforts under Task IX, Technical Support. With a critical assessment of data generated to date and an …

This document is the second of a two-volume Overall Program Plan for rescheduling Task IX (Technical Support) of the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program (MLGW/DOE), Contract ET-77-C-01-2582. Volume I presents the schedule and organization for carrying out the overall plan which is divided into three major tasks: Bench Scale Tests, Cold-Flow Model Studies, and Pilot Plant Operations. This volume, Volume II, gives a more detailed presentation of the test objectives and procedures for the most important part of the plan, Pilot Plant Operations. The objective of Volume II is to provide a systematic approach to obtain high carbon conversion under steady-state, ash agglomerating conditions with coal in the U-GAS pilot plant. This will allow the achievement of the principal goal of pilot plant operations, that is, to obtain data for the design of the U-GAS demonstration plant. The test program for pilot plant operations has been formulated with the assistance of the Technical Subcommittee which has members from all the parties involved in the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program, namely, Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division, Department of Energy, Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, Delta Refining Company, Institute of Gas Technology, and Monsanto Research Corporation.

The performance and cost-effectiveness of three photovoltaic total energy system concepts designed to meet the thermal and electrical demands of a typical single family house are compared. The three photovoltaic total energy system concepts considered are: (1) All-photovoltaic systems. Passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels provide electricity to meet both electrical and thermal demands. (2) Separate-panel systems. Solar thermal panels provide thermal energy, while passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels serve the purely electric demand. (3) Combined thermal/electric panel systems. Water-cooled photovoltaic panels provide both thermal energy (transported by cooling water) and electrical energy to meet the separate thermal and electrical demands. Additional passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels are added, as required, to meet the electrical demand. The thermal demand is assumed to consist of the energy required for domestic hot water and space heating, while the electrical demand includes the energy required for baseload power (lights, appliances, etc.) plus air conditioning. An analysis procedure has been developed that permits definition of the panel area, electrical and/or thermal storage capacity, and utility backup energy level that, in combination, provide the lowest annual energy cost to the homeowner for each system concept for specified assumptions about costs and system operations. The procedure appears capable of being …

The state of stress in the crust of the earth is of great fundamental and practical significance. No totally satisfactory method for measuring the complete state of stress has been devised yet. Despite this, many efforts have been made to measure this state of stress at different locations. From a compilation of many of the results, fifty which yielded the complete state of stress and in which one of the principal stresses is vertical, have been selected for a statistical analysis in an endeavor to define the nature of the state of stress in the crust. These data have been analyzed as a whole, and divided into three groups depending upon whether the vertical stress is the maximum, minimum or intermediate principal stress. Linear regression analyses of the values of half the maximum stress difference as a function of half the sum of the maximum and minimum principal stresses have been made. The correlation coefficients for these fits are 0.786 for the data as a whole and 0.848, 0.790 and 0.383 for each of the groups. Values of the coefficient of sliding friction between blocks of rock comprising the crust, interpreted from the slopes of these lines, ranged from 0.625 …

Several economic feasibility studies of solar heating in the Northwest are described. The case for federal assistance to the solar industry and the consumer is developed. The solar-related activities undertaken by the Northwest states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and Montana are detailed. Finally, roles are addressed which municipal government may play either to encourage or to deter the widespread use of solar heating systems. (MHR)

Simulation studies have recently been made of the Krafla Geothermal Field in Northern Iceland. The field is close to boiling in the formation at depths of 1800 meters and below. Two simulations were undertaken. The first studied radial flow, i.e., behavior around a production well. It was found that the relative permeability distribution of the liquid and vapor phase had very little effect on the general results. The simulation shows that while the well produced superheated steam after a few days of production, the superheated front moved only 1/10 the distance of the boiling front, which extended to a radial distance of over 200 meters after one-half year production. The second simulation investigated the two-zone system which is believed to exist in Krafla. This study simulated one well producing 50 kg/s from both zones for a period of 33 years. It showed that boiling in the formation begins near the production well and at the connection between the two zones. After 20 years, boiling takes place in the entire lower zone region with saturation (steam volume fraction) ranging from 0-30 percent. After 33 years, saturation increased to over 60 percent at the top of the lower zone, just under the …

This is volume II of a two volume report which presents the results of a study to define a low-cost approach to the production, installation, and operation of heliostats for central receiver solar thermal power plants. Performance and cost analyses are presented, and critical R and D areas are identified. Also, computer printed work sheets are included for heliostat investment, maintenance equipment investment, initial spares investment, and first years operations and maintenance for 2,500, 25,000, 250,000, and 1,000,000 units per year production. (WHK)

This assessment of Economic Incentives to Wind Systems Commercialization is an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative impacts of a variety of Government funded economic incentives on Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The purpose of this study is to achieve better understanding of the relationship between implementation of specific economic incentives for WECS, and the factors surrounding WECS commercial introduction.

The viscosity of glass melts containing four simulated sludge types and two frit candidates (Frits 18 and 21) was measured over the temperature range 750 to 1200/sup 0/C. The viscosity of melts made with either frit was reduced by the addition of high iron sludge, unchanged by average sludge, and increased by composite and high aluminum sludge. High aluminium sludge greatly increased the viscosity. Frit 21 (containing 4 wt % Li/sub 2/O substituted for 4 wt % Na/sub 2/O in Frit 18) was clearly better than Frit 18 in terms of its low viscosity. However, further reductions in viscosity are desirable, especially for glasses containing high aluminum sludge. Changing any frit component by 1 wt % did not significantly affect the viscosity of the glasses. Therefore, variability of 1 wt % in any frit component can be tolerated.

The objectives of this program are directed toward the development and characterization of high temperature ceramics for open-cycle, coal-fired MHD power generators. The current activities are directed to electrode and insulator materials, and include (1) determination of the effects of alkali seed on the behavior of ceramics in a dc electric field; (2) development and testing of improved high temperature ceramic electrodes and insulators with controlled composition, microstructure, and properties; and (3) characterization and evaluation of materials utilized in channels being tested under the US--USSR Cooperative Program for MHD power generator development. Recent results are presented and discussed.

Marketec, Inc., as part of a Honeywell research project sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE), studied the major marketing influences affecting purchasing decisions for a new product concept - an Automated Energy Management System (AEMS). The first part of this study, designated Phase One, deals with four broad assessments of market need for an AEMS within the market segment generally defined as small buildings (75,000 square feet or less). Thus, determinations were made, using carefully selected focus groups, of the following issues: (1) market perception of the market segment in particular; (2) attitudinal statements concerning the solution of these problems; (3) current and projected energy-saving practices by the respondents from the market segment; and (4) an estimate of market potential of an AEMS from an analysis of the focus groups. The second phase of this investigation deals with larger national samplings from the same market segments and uses a questionnaire technique. Three small building sectors were chosen to represent the total small-building market: (1) apartments, (2) schools, and (3) offices. In the aggregate, these three sectors represent 50% or more of the energy consumed, square footage, and number of buildings of that total market.

Detailed information is provided on four geothermal areas with histories of subsidence. These were selected on the basis of: physical relevance of subsidence areas to high priority US geothermal sites in terms of withdrawn geofluid type, reservoir depth, reservoir geology and rock characteristics, and overburden characteristics; and data completeness, quality, and availability. The four areas are: Chocolate Bayou, Raft River Valley, Wairakei, and the Geysers. (MHR)

A research agenda designed to assist the Department of Energy in the planning and development of solar energy incentives was developed. A four-element framework for assessing solar incentive policies is presented. In the context of this framework, the available solar research relevant to incentives for solar energy is reviewed. Comparing the requirements identified in the framework and the contents of completed research, major gaps in the literature on solar incentives are identified. An agenda for research is then proposed to eliminate these gaps and to provide information for constructing effective solar energy incentives.

Methodology is presented for geothermal district heat service and for evaluating the economic market potential for such nonelectrical utilization of the geothermal resource. It is based upon accurate determination of the heating demand and its spatial and temporal profile in each potential market, determination of the cost to provide such service, and correlation of markets and resource sites. Two components of the model are discussed in this report. the residential demand submodel and data base, which includes building characteristics and population distribution on a census tract or minor civil division grid for the nation, projects heating demand densities, and temporal profiles along with the building service modifications and costs. The service submodel and data base designs and costs a subtransmission and distribution network, and it evaluates operating losses at design conditions.

The research goal of the Health and Safety Research Division is to conduct basic and applied research that contributes new scientific knowledge with emphasis in biophysical areas that lead to a better understanding of how alternative energy-related technologies affect man. Included in the basic research are fundamental processes that are important to understand formation, mobility, toxicity, detection, and characterization of pollutants. The applied research includes the integration of data from basic and applied studies through development of concepts and methodologies that can be used for energy-related assessments with primary focus on the health and safety of man. The division has no responsibilities for on-site health and safety.

This report summarizes the Federal government accomplishments in energy conservation since FY 1975. The Federal energy conservation effort is monitored by the Department of Energy through the Federal Energy Management Program and involves the contribution of 66 Federal agencies. This report is based on the best available data obtained from agency annual reports submitted to the Department of Energy in accordance with the reporting requirements of Section 2 of the Executive Order, from agency quarterly energy use reports, and from studies and analyses prepared by DOE. The individual agency annual reports contain program information from which the highlights presented in this document have been extracted. Following an introductory chapter, the Federal energy picture; the Federal Energy Management Program (energy management in general operations, energy management in buildings, related programs); program highlights; and future activities are presented.

Bechtel National, Inc. has conducted a study of alternate module, panel, and array designs for use in large scale applications such as central station photovoltaic power plants. The objective of the study is to identify design features that will lead to minimum plant costs. Several aspects of module design are evaluated, including glass superstrate and metal substrate module configurations, the potential for hail damage, light absorption in glass superstrates, the economics of glass selection, and electrical design. Also, three alternate glass superstrate module configurations are evaluated by means of finite element computer analyses. Two panel sizes, 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft) and 2.4 by 4.8 m (8 by 16 ft), are used to support three module sizes, 0.6 by 1.2 m (2 by 4 ft), 1.2 by 1.2 m (4 by 4 ft), and 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft), for design loadings of +- 1.7 kPa (35 psf), +- 2.4 kPa (50 psf), and +- 3.6 kPa (75 psf). Designs and cost estimates are presented for twenty panel types and nine array configurations at each of the three design loadings. Structural cost sensitivities of combined array configurations and panel cases are presented.

The energy and species equation can be made to reduce to the same form under suitable assumptions. This result is discussed and used to determine the concentration difference of H/sub 2/S in a highly corrosive coal gasification mixture. It is shown that the reaction rate is kinetically controlled and not diffusion limited. The possibility of using boundary layer control to prevent corrosion of the container walls is also investigated. It is shown that with a suitable injection gas the concentration of H/sub 2/S at the surface can be reduced to a low enough level to stop the corrosion process.

A workshop entitled The Impact of Water Availability on Electric Energy Production in New England: Implications for Economic Development, was conducted on October 27--28, 1977 under the joint sponsorship of the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the New England Council of Water Center Directors. The workshop was the first step in developing a systematic and coherent research strategy for analyzing the technological, economic, and institutional factors governing the dynamic relationships between water use, electric power generation, and economic development patterns in New England. This report is the synopsis of the results of the workshop as interpreted by the authors and is to serve as a point of departure for drawing up to details and carrying out a subsequent research strategy.

Weak-acid ion exchange resin is loaded with uranium by acid-deficient uranyl nitrate solutions that have a nitrate uranium ratio of about 1.6. Processing this solution from an acid-excess uranyl nitrate solution by thermal denitration in a screw denitrator is described. Direct processing of this solution resulted in an insufficient acid deficiency of about C/sub N//C/sub U/ = 1.8. Therefore, the process was modified; a highly denitrated UO/sub 3/ slid was processed with C/sub N//C/sub U/ = 0.2, and this solid was subsequently dissolved to prepare acid-deficient uranyl nitrate solution or slurry. A detailed flowsheet for this process is given. The proposed combined screw denitrator-dissolver unit may meet the process requiements with improved efficiency.

Several experimental and projected Czochralski crystal growing process methods were studied and compared to available operations and cost-data of recent production Cz-pulling, in order to elucidate the role of the dominant cost contributing factors. From this analysis, it becomes apparent that substantial cost reductions can be realized from technical advancements which fall into four categories: an increase in furnace productivity; the reduction of crucible costs through use of the crucible for the equivalent of multiple state-of-the-art crystals; the combined effect of several smaller technical improvements; and a carry-over effect of the expected availability of semiconductor grade polysilicon at greatly reduced prices. Consequently, the specific add-on costs of the Cz-process can be expected to be reduced by about a factor of three by 1982, and about a factor of five by 1986. A format to guide in the accumulation of the data needed for thorough techno-economic analysis of solar cell production processes has been developed, called the University of Pennsylvania Process Characterization (UPPC) format, and has first been applied, as well as refined, in the Cz crystal pulling analysis. The accumulated Cz process data are presented in this format in the Appendix. The application of this UPPC format with the SAMICS …

MITRE/Metrek has analyzed development scenarios for 37 hydrothermal and geopressured prospects in the United States to assist DOE's Division of Geothermal Energy in mission-oriented planning of geothermal resource development. A summary of the site-specific analyses is presented with particular emphasis on possible recommendations for the Federal Geothermal Program.

Energy controls can perform a valuable function in energy conservation or energy-management strategy in buildings. While the more-simple controls can be applied to virtually any building, the more-complex automation systems are currently available only to large buildings where their greater costs may be justified. At the present, however, there is a lack of effective, automatic energy-management control practices and schemes available for application to small buildings. This is due, in large measure, to the absence of cost-effective integrated control equipment in the small-building marketplace. Furthermore, a general philosophy or strategy, for the application of equipment for total energy conservation in small commercial buildings has not yet evolved. Both technical and marketing issues related to the implementation of automation systems in small commercial buildings under 75,000 square feet gross area are explored. The functional requirements for small-building automation systems are identified and determination of system costs and energy savings potential are made. Market analyses identify cost and payback requirements as well as attitudes of potential equipment buyers in the small-building market. Schools, apartments, and offices, which together consume more than half the energy of the small-building market, are used as analysis models. The market and technical analyses are combined to formulate …

The first section of this work presents the theory and experimental applications to analysis of molecular motion of chemical shielding lineshapes obtained with high resolution double resonance NMR techniques. Analysis of /sup 13/C powder lineshapes in hexamethylbenzene (HMB) and decamethylferrocene (DMFe) show that these molecules reorient in a jumping manner about the symmetry axis. Analysis of proton chemical shielding lineshapes of residual protons in heavy ice (D/sub 2/O) show that protons are exchanged among the tetrahedral positions of neighboring oxygen atoms, consistent with motion expected from defect migration. The second section describes the application of Fourier Transform Double Quantum NMR to measurement of chemical shielding of deuterium in powder samples. Studies of partially deuterated benzene and ferrocene give equal shielding anisotropies, ..delta..sigma = -6.5 ppM. Theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of dipolar couplings between deuterons using FTDQ NMR are presented. Crystals of BaClO/sub 3/.D/sub 2/O, ..cap alpha..,..beta.. d-2 HMB and ..cap alpha..,..beta..,..gamma.. d-3 HMB were studied, as were powders of d-2 HMB and anisic acid. The third section discusses general multiple quantum spectroscopy in dipolar coupled spin systems. Theoretical description is made for creation and detection of coherences between states without quantum number selection rules ..delta..m = +-1. Descriptions of …