Radiation therapy with hadron beams now has a 40-year track record at many accelerator laboratories around the world, essentially all of these originally physics-research oriented. The great promise shown for treating cancer has led the medical community to seek dedicated accelerator facilities in a hospital setting, where more rapid progress can be made in clinical research. This paper will discuss accelerator and beam characteristics relevant to hadron therapy, particularly as applied to hospital-based facilities. A survey of currently-operating and planned hadron therapy facilities will be given, with particular emphasis on Lorna Linda (the first dedicated proton facility in a hospital) and HIMAC (the first dedicated heavy-ion medical facility).

Inclusive jet cross-sections have been measured in {bar p}p collisions at {radical}s = 546 and 1,800 GeV, using the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. The ratio of low E{sub t} (25--75 GeV) jet cross sections vs. E{sub t} has been formed, and the authors have used this as a tool to investigate some implications of the published 1989 CDF ``jet scaling`` results. In particular, results at 1,800 GeV have given no indication of any unsuspected errors in CDF`s low E{sub t} jet measurements.

Several years ago, in response to growing concern about global climate change, the US National Climatic Data Center and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center undertook an effort to create a baseline global land surface climate data set called the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN, Vose et al., 1992). GHCN was created by merging several large existing climate data sets into one data base. Fifteen separate data sets went into the creation of the GHCN version 1.0. GHCN version 1.0 was released in 1992. It has 7,533 precipitation stations, but the number of stations varies with time. A slight majority (55%) have records in excess of 50 years, and a significant proportion (13%) have records in excess of 100 years. The longest period of record for any given station is 291 years (1697--1987 for Kew, United Kingdom).

Radioactive waste is stored in 149 3,785 m{sup 3} (million gal) single-shell tanks on the US Department of Energy`s Hanford Reservation in eastern Washington. To minimize leakage as the tanks age, the free liquid has been pumped out, leaving concentrated solidified salt cake and sludge deposits. Now methods to dislodge and remove this waste are being developed so that the waste can be retrieved and processed for permanent storage. This paper presents research and development on ultrahigh-pressure water-jet technology to fracture and dislodge the wastes in these tanks. A water-based prototype scarifier with an integral conveyance system is being developed, and its performance demonstrated in a coupled analytical and experimental investigation. This paper describes experimental objectives and approach and results of the single jet experiments. Previous testing indicates that the method can be readily applied to salt cake waste forms; retrieval and conveyance of sludge and viscous fluid waste forms may present additional challenges.

Key technical and strategic choices are reviewed, leading to the fabrication method of ion-milled grating grooves for the monochromators at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), and for other synchrotrons. Several laboratories and their industrial partners have joined to manufacture gratings with essentially theoretical performance. Metrology -data and theoretical comparisons are given for square wave profile grating samples ion-milled into electroless nickel surfaces. The extensive capabilities of Hughes Aircraft in grating manufacture are reviewed.

Many of the in-core components in pressurized water reactors are constructed of austenitic stainless steels. The potential behavior of these components can be predicted using data on similar steels irradiated at much higher displacement rates in liquid-metal reactors or water-cooled mixed-spectrum reactors. Consideration of the differences between the pressurized water environment and that of the other reactors leads to the conclusion that significant amounts of void swelling, irradiation creep, and embrittlement will occur in some components, and that the level of damage per atomic displacement may be larger in the pressurized water environment.

Two methods are commonly used to measure water content of geologic materials by neutron diffusion, the moisture gauge and the neutron log. Both are used at NTS, the moisture gauge in tunnels, the neutron log in vertical drilled holes. In this work, the moisture gauge and the neutron log are compared for use in air-filled holes NTS. The measurement instruments have evolved with very different operational characteristics and one important physics difference, the source to detector spacing. The moisture gauge has a very short, 0--6 cm spacing, with little internal shielding, and count increases with water. The neutron log has a long spacing, 30--50 cm, substantial internal shielding, and exhibits decreasing count with increasing water. The moisture gauge gives better bed resolution than the neutron log. Because its count increases with water, the moisture gauge is more strongly affected by water in the borehole, especially in dry formations. In these conditions the neutron log is the method of choice. In air-filled holes, if source size or logging time is not a constraint, the relative sensitivity of the two tools to water is determined by the relative strengths of borehole effects as fluid, holesize, or tool-wall gap. If source size is …

Recent technological developments have opened the possibility to construct a device which we call a Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS); a fourth generation light source, with brightness, coherence, and peak power far exceeding other sources. Operating on the principle of the free electron laser (FEL), the LCLS would extend the range of FEL operation to much aborter wavelength than the 240 mn that has so far been reached. We report the results of studies of the use of the SLAC linac to drive an LCLS at wavelengths from about 3-100 nm initially and possibly even shorter wavelengths in the future. Lasing would be achieved in a single pass of a low emittance, high peak current, high energy electron beam through a long undulator. Most present FELs use an optical cavity to build up the intensity of the light to achieve lasing action in a low gain oscillator configuration. By eliminating the optical cavity, which is difficult to make at short wavelengths, laser action can be extended to shorter wavelengths by Self-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission (SASE), or by harmonic generation from a longer wavelength seed laser. Short wavelength, single pass lasers have been extensively studied at several laboratories and at recent workshops.

The authors present preliminary results on the measurement of the ratio of W and Z cross sections in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1,800 GeV in the electron decay channel. The data represent approximately 18.4 pb{sup {minus}1} from the 1992--1993 run of the Collider Detector at Fermilab. They find R = 10.64 {+-} 0.36 (stat.) {+-} 0.27 (sys.). From this value they extract a value for the ratio of W and Z total decay widths, {Gamma}(W)/{Gamma}(Z), and set a model-independent limit on the top quark mass m{sub top}.

Arrays of fixed discrete surfaces are encountered in a number of important applications. Evaluating radiant heat transfer in an array of fixed discrete surfaces is challenging because array optical properties are often nonhomogeneous and anisotropic. This article presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of radiation heat transfer in several array geometries. The results show that for the array geometries included in the study, the extinction coefficient is strongly anisotropic and that optical properties are dependent on both the geometric arrangement of the elements and the scattering characteristics of individual elements.

Radiation therapy with hadron beams now has a 40-year track record at many accelerator laboratories around the world, essentially all of these originally physics-research oriented. The great promise shown for treating cancer has led the medical community to seek dedicated accelerator facilities in a hospital setting, where more rapid progress can be made in clinical research. This paper will discuss accelerator and beam characteristics relevant to hadron therapy, particularly as applied to hospital-based facilities. A survey of currently-operating and planned hadron therapy facilities will be given, with particular emphasis on Loma Linda (the first dedicated proton facility in a hospital) and HIMAC (the first dedicated heavy-ion medical facility).

The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) is now operating as a fully dedicated light source with low emittance electron optics, delivering high brightness photon beams to 25 experimental stations six to seven months per year. On October 1, 1993 SSRL became a Division of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, rather than an Independent Laboratory of Stanford University, so that high energy physics and synchrotron radiation now function under a single DOE contract. The SSRL division of SLAC has responsibility for operating, maintaining and improving the SPEAR accelerator complex, which includes the storage ring and a 3 GeV injector. SSRL has thirteen x-ray stations and twelve VUV/Soft x-ray stations serving its 600 users. Recently opened to users is a new spherical grating monochromator (SGM) and a multiundulator beam line. Circularly polarized capabilities are being exploited on a second SGM line. New YB{sub 66} crystals installed in a vacuum double-crystal monochromator line have sparked new interest for Al and Mg edge studies. One of the most heavily subscribed stations is the rotation camera, which has been recently enhanced with a MAR imaging plate detector system for protein crystallography on a multipole wiggler. Under construction is a new wiggler-based structural molecular biology beam …

Radiation hardening in austenitic stainless steels modifies deformation characteristics and correlate well with increased susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Available data on neutron-irradiated materials have been analyzed and correlations developed between fluence, yield strength, and cracking susceptibility in high-temperature water environments. Large heat-to-heat differences in critical fluence (0.2 to 2.5 {times} 10{sup 21} n/cm{sup 2}) for IGSCC are documented. In many cases, this variability is consistent with yield strength differences among irradiated materials. IGSCC correlates better to yield strength than to fluence for most heats suggesting a possible role of radiation-induced hardening (and microstructure) on cracking. Microstructural evolution during proton and heavy-ion irradiation has been characterized in low-carbon 302SSs. Hardening results from dislocation loops. SEM and TEM are used to examine dose, strain, and temperature effects on deformation. This hardened microstructure produces inhomogeneous planar deformation within the matrix. Regularly spaced steps are created at the surface during deformation which increase in number with increasing macroscopic strain. Twinning is the dominant deformation mechanism at low temperature, while dislocation channeling is observed at 288C. Deformation characteristics are discussed in terms of potential impact on IGSCC.

The authors describe the possible use of the SLAC linac to drive a unique, powerful, short wavelength Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Using the FEL principle, lasing is achieved in a single pass of a high peak current electron beam through a long undulator by self-amplified-spontaneous-emission (SASE). The main components are a high-brightness electron RF gun with a photocathode, two electron bunch length compressors, the existing SLAC linac, beam diagnostics, and a long undulator combined with a FODO quadrupole focusing system. The RF gun, to be installed about 1 km from the end of the SLAC linac, would produce a single bunch of 6 x 10{sup 9} electrons with an invariant emittance of about 3 mm-mrad and a bunch length of about 500 {mu}m. That bunch is then accelerated to 100 MeV and compressed to a length of about 200 {mu}m. The main SLAC linac accelerates the bunch to 2 GeV were a second bunch compressor reduces the length to 30--40 {mu}m and produces a peak current of 2--3 kA. The bunch is then accelerated to 7--8 GeV and transported to a 50--70 m long undulator. Using electrons below 8 GeV, the undulator could operate at wavelengths down to 2 …

First, we applaud Dr. Gotway for seeking via her paper to expose a wider audience of statisticians to the many interesting and challenging modeling and statistical problems in the environmental area. This well-written paper effective explains the WIPP and the context of the analysis. Dr. Gotway`s paper describes a geostatistical conditional simulation approach combined with deterministic modeling to estimate the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of groundwater travel time (GWTT), information that is needed for estimating the cumulative release of nuclear waste from the repository. We begin our discussion with comments and questions on modeling aspects of Dr. Gotway`s paper. Then we discuss uncertainty and sensitivity analyses and some of the problems inherent with implementing those techniques including correlations, elicitation of expert opinion, and planning to achieve specified Data Quality Objectives (DQOs).

The goal of this paper is to describe international research opportunities for in-process reduction of wastes from industrial processes. Written responses from 52 researchers were obtained from 15 different countries in mid-1992. Each researcher provided information about products to reduce waste in industrial processes and recommended joint activities and mechanisms for working collaboratively with the United States.

This report discusses ultra wide band (i.e., 60 ps impulse) radar holography which is a unique technique for imaging subsurface targets with extremely high lateral and depth resolution. The large frequency bandwidth, typically 100%, provides excellent depth resolution and the synthetic aperture optimum lateral resolution of one-half wavelength at the center pulse frequency. Radar impulse holography can simply be described as a multi-frequency detection and imaging technique where the target`s broadband time waveform signals are recorded over a defined aperture; decomposed into their discrete frequency components as single frequency holograms, and reconstructed into a composite image. Computer generated holograms are constructed for each frequency component in the 3-dB pulse bandwidth and plane wave angular spectrums computed to provide unique detection analysis with respect to target identification, etc. The hologram at each frequency component in the pulse can be thought of as a diffraction lens for each reflecting point on the target. A complex target consists, of a multitude of points, and the recorded hologram becomes the superposition of these individual diffraction lens. It is a unique diffraction pattern capable of defining the target`s image and scattering characteristics in the near- and far-field.

Old and new measurements of inclusive e--p cross sections in the {Delta}(1232) resonance region have been combined, and a global data fit has been made. Using this fit to parameterize the nonresonant background, the transition form factors have been extracted out to a four-momentum transfer, Q{sup 2}, of 9.8 (GeV/c){sup 2}. The results are systematically higher than those from a previous analysis, but agree within errors. A similar analysis has been done with e--d cross sections, and {sigma}{sub n}/{sigma}{sub p} in the {Delta}(1232) resonance region has been extracted out to a Q{sup 2} of 7.9 (GeV/c){sup 2}. {sigma}{sub n}/{sigma}{sub p} for {Delta}(1232) production is consistent with unity, while {sigma}{sub n}/{sigma}{sub p} for the nonresonant background is constant with Q{sup 2} at approximately 0.4.

This article describes the status of major new accelerator projects and prospects as of mid 1988. It looks at hadron colliders and electron positron colliders. The author looks both at the technology of the machines, and how it will have to be developed for future devices, and the effort required to extract the important physics information from the resulting reaction cascades which are exected to come out of these devices.

Environmental Management requirements facing US Department of Energy (DOE) facilities are detailed, complex, and often subject to rapid change. DOE`s Office of Environmental Guidance, RCRA/CERCLA Division (EH-231), is responsible for developing and issuing guidance to assist DOE facilities in interpreting and complying with Federal, State, and local requirements. Recognizing the potential for computerization of the guidance, EH-231 requested that Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) develop an approach for preparing automated guidance. The approach developed by PNL, termed ``user-centered guidance,`` combines participatory design and traditional rapid prototyping techniques to produce a new form of environmental guidance that emphasizes the user`s needs. This paper describes the objectives, processes and current status of this effort.

There is substantial interest in providing slow-spill external proton beams in parallel with ``interaction running`` at the 20 TeV SSC collider. The proposal is to cause a flux of particles to impinge on a target consisting of a bent crystal extraction channel. Additionally, a slow spill onto a conventional internal target could be used as a source of secondary beams for physics or test purposes and might also be used for B-physics as proposed for HERA. The ``natural`` beam loss rates from elastic and diffractive beam gas scattering and IP collisions are not sufficient to provide suitably intense external proton beams. To prevent loss of luminosity, the rf excitation is non-linear and preferentially blows up the halo of the beam. The ``target`` is to be located at a region of high dispersion forcing particles at the edge of the momentum space onto the target. T. Lohse in this workshop has described a proposed internal target to be used at HERA that will not employ rf excitation but will use the finite loss rates observed at the HERA machine. The Hera losses are caused by a variety of sources in addition to beam gas scattering or IP interactions. Initially, the beam …

In recent work, planar configurations of permanent magnets were proposed as substitutes for conventional current-driven iron quadrupoles in applications limited by small aperture sizes and featuring small beam occupation diameters. Important examples include the configuring of focusing lattices in small-gap insertion devices, and the implementation of compact mini-beta sections on linear or circular machines. In subsequent analysis, this approach was extended to sextupoles and higher-order multipoles. In this paper we report on initial measurements conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center on recently fabricated planar permanent magnet quadrupoles and sextupoles configured out of SmCo and NdFe/B.

Digital Subtractive Angiography (DSA) has been performed to image human coronary arteries using wiggler radiation from electron storage rings. The significant medical promise of this procedure motivates the development of smaller and less costly x-ray sources. Several exotic sources are candidates for consideration, using effects such as Cherenkov, channeling, coherent bremsstrahlung, laser backscattering, microundulator, parametric, Smith-Purcell, and transition radiation. In this work we present an analysis of these effects as possible sources of intense x-rays at the iodine K-edge at 33.169 key. The criteria we use are energy, efficiency, flux, optical properties, and technical realizability. For each of the techniques, we find that they suffer either from low flux, a low energy cutoff, target materials heating, too high electron beam energy requirement, optical mismatch to angiography, or a combination of these. We conclude that the foreseeable state-of-the-art favors a compact storage ring design.

Sediment-related water quality and risk assessment parameters for the Columbia River were developed using heavy metal loading and concentration data from Lake Roosevelt (river km 1120) to the mouth and adjacent coastal zone. Correlation of Pb, Zn, Hg, and Cd concentrations in downstream sediments with refinery operations in British Columbia suggest that solutes with K{sub d}`s > 10{sup 5} reach about 1 to 5 {mu}g/g per metric ton/year of input. A low-suspended load (upriver avg. <10 mg/L) and high particle-surface reactivity account for the high clay-fraction contaminant concentrations. In addition, a sediment exposure path was demonstrated based on analysis of post-shutdown biodynamics of a heavy metal radiotracer. The slow decline in sediment was attributed to resuspension, bioturbation, and anthropogenic disturbances. The above findings suggest that conservative sediment quality criteria should be used to restrict additional contaminant loading in the upper drainage basin. The issuance of an advisory for Lake Roosevelt, due in part to Hg accumulation in large sport fish, suggests more restrictive controls are needed. A monitoring strategy for assessing human exposure potential and the ecological health of the river is proposed.