Efforts to invert thermal data from 13 deep geothermal wells, and from additional shallow heat-flow holes, in order to determine the age and total flow rate of the Salton Sea hydrothermal system are described. The data were inverted for a very restrictive model: single-phase, horizontal flow along prescribed flowlines in a single aquifer bounded by an impermeable cap and base. With simplifying assumptions, the results are shown to depend on only two parameters, the system age, and the aquifer/cap thickness ratio. The surface gradient and temperature distribution within the cap are calculated analytically for all possible parameter values. Those parameters producing temperatures that agree with observations are identified, and the range of acceptable parameters is reduced by conclusions drawn from other geophysical data. The cap thickness is inferred to be 500m from thermal and lithologic data from the wells. The aquifer thickness is limited to less than 2500m by seismic, resistivity and magnetic data. It is concluded that if this model is valid, the system age is constrained between 3000 and 20,000 years.

New high strength structural steels have been required for the large superconducting magnets that will be used for the next step test facility for fusion reactor research. The new materials must have high yield strength accompanied with better toughness and better fatigue resistance compared with the conventional nitrogen-strengthened stainless steels such as AISI 304LN and 316LN that were used for the cases of the toroidal field coils for the Large Coil Project. A number of new high manganese austenitic steels have been proposed for new cryogenic structural alloys since they can offer low cost, stable austenite and high strength.

Single-particle inclusive experiments, and experiments that additionally measure a few correlations like the associated multiplicity, have provided the main contribution to our present understanding of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The results from those experiments are in overall agreement with calculations of the cascade and hydrodynamical models. In the cascade model the collision of two nuclei is simulated as a cascade of nucleon-nucleon collisions using measured N-N cross sections. The hydrodynamical model, on the other hand, describes the nuclear collision as that of two fluids and makes use of a nuclear equation of state relating thermal and compressional energy densities to pressure. The pressure field dominates the expansion phase and leads to collective flow of the reaction products in a preferred direction. The observation of such effects in inclusive experiments is not well established. Collective effects that manifest themselves in the shape of the event in phase space are expected to be seen best in complete event detectors that measure the final state as exclusively as presently possible by measuring most of the charged particles emitted in the reaction. In addition, those detectors are well suited to test macroscopic concepts such as equilibrium and temperature. Global methods like the sphericity or thrust …

Core meltdown accidents are being analyzed to develop an understanding of the risk associated with such postulated accidents and to evaluate the impact of possible mitigating engineering safety equipment. An integral feature of these analyses is the determination of containment building pressurization as a result of loadings imposed by the energy stored in the molten core debris. A major source of containment pressurization would result from the ex-vessel thermal interaction between molten core debris and water available beneath the reactor vessel. It has been suggested that the thermal interaction would occur in two stages: (1) the melt fall period during which the melt mixes with water, breaks up and transfers energy to the coolant, and (2) the debris bed or molten pool quench period during which the core debris rests on the concrete beneath the vessel and is cooled by an overlying pool of water. This paper is directed towards development of models to predict the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of superheated beds of solidified core debris which are cooled by water supplied by an overlying pool of water.

The Heavy Ion Spectrometer System (HISS) relies upon superconducting coils of cryostable design to provide a maximum particle bending field of 3 tesla. A previous paper describes the cryogenic facility including helium refrigeration and gas management. This paper discusses a control strategy which has allowed full time unattended operation, along with significant nitrogen and power cost reductions. Reduction of liquid nitrogen consumption has been accomplished by making use of the sensible heat available in the cold exhaust gas. Measured nitrogen throughput agrees with calculations for sensible heat utilization of zero to 70%. Calculated consumption saving over this range is 40 liters per hour for conductive losses to the supports only. The measured throughput differential for the total system is higher.

The lattice of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory's Energy Saver/Doubler contains a group of superconducting correction windings associated with each quadrupole. These are housed in an element referred to as a spool. There are 192 spools in the ring plus 12 special power spools which contain the main buss 5000 ampere power input as well as correction elements. There will be constructed and tested 290 spools, including spares of each of the eight different types. There have been 266 individual spools tested to date. The spools were tested for (a) magnetic field quality, harmonic moments, transfer constants and coil angles, (b) high voltage integrity, (c) critical transport current, and (d) cryogenic operating characteristics (i.e., heatloads, thermometry calibration checks, etc.). Data are summarized for 318 cryogenic tests and magnetic field quality of the 266 different spools, which contain 1614 correction magnet coils.

It is stated that we should discard the phrase testing QCD and talk instead of studying the phenomenology of perturbative QCD. If the data lead to discrepancies with perturbative predictions plus hadronization models, we may learn something about the possible non-perturbative effects, but we will almost certainly not be led to discard QCD. Meanwhile, when the model works, we are continually reinforcing the view that our assumptions about hadronization as a soft process work well, and that the underlying hard parton process does indeed follow the behavior calculated from perturbative QCD.

In this paper, a three-dimensional, conservation equation model for simulating the atmospheric dispersion of heavy gases has been briefly described; the model was successfully applied and assessed via simulating three distinctly different LNG spill experiments. These experiments involve approximately 30 m/sup 3/ LNG spills, with atmospheric conditions ranging from slightly stable to slightly unstable (ambient wind speed from about 2 m/s to 10 m/s). In general, good agreement between model predictions and field measurements was observed in all cases based on comparing, among others, the maximum concentrations as a function of downwind distance, the maximum downwind distances to the LFL, time histories of concentration at specific locations, and concentration contours on certain horizontal and crosswind surfaces. In particular, the overall results obtained in the model calculations with the simulated actual topography were shown to correlate much better with the field data in that many important features of the vapor cloud observed under the light wind conditions of Burro 8 were successfully reproduced. These include the spreading of vapor cloud in all directions (in upwind direction as well), the vortex-induced high concentration regions, the bifurcation of the NG cloud, and the deflection of the NG cloud due to sloping terrain. Through …

Accelerator concepts discussed include the wake-field accelerator, the two-beam accelerator, the inverse free electron laser, and the laser plasma wave accelerator. (GHT). 18 references, 12 figures.

A fast yet accurate method to compute magnetohydrodynamic equilibria is provided by the variational-moment method, which is similar to the classical Rayleigh-Ritz-Galerkin approximation. The equilibrium solution sought is decomposed into a spectral representation. The partial differential equations describing the equilibrium are then recast into their equivalent variational form and systematically reduced to an optimum finite set of coupled ordinary differential equations. An appropriate spectral decomposition can make the series representing the solution coverge rapidly and hence substantially reduces the amount of computational time involved. The moment method was developed first to compute fixed-boundary inverse equilibria in axisymmetric toroidal geometry, and was demonstrated to be both efficient and accurate. The method since has been generalized to calculate free-boundary axisymmetric equilibria, to include toroidal plasma rotation and pressure anisotropy, and to treat three-dimensional toroidal geometry. In all these formulations, the flux surfaces are assumed to be smooth and nested so that the solutions can be decomposed in Fourier series in inverse coordinates. These recent developments and the advantages and limitations of the moment method are reviewed. The use of alternate coordinates for decomposition is discussed.

Physics may be characterized as the science of matter and energy. It anchors the two ends of the frontiers of science: the frontier of the very small and the frontier of the very large. All of the phenomena that we observe and study at the frontiers of science - all external experiences - are manifestations of matter and energy. One may, therefore, use physics to exemplify both the diversity and unity of science. This theme will be developed in two separate examples: first by sketching, very briefly, the historical origins of frontiers of the very small and very large and the converging unity of these two frontiers; and then by describing certain unifying concepts that play a central role in physics and provide a framework for relating developments in different sciences.

The LBL heavy ion RFQ accelerator, a 200 MHz structure that accelerates an ion with q/A greater than or equal to 1/7 from 8.4 to 200 keV/n, has now passed all its acceptance tests. This machine is unique in several respects: it uses coupling rings between vanes to stablize the azimuthal field distribution, it incorporates a vane mounting system that simplifies vane alignment, it uses no end tuners or power distribution manifold, and it needs only one rf feed loop. The beam performance of this machine is reported in this paper.

A new heavy ion RFQ accelerator has been commissioned as part of a Bevalac injector upgrade project. This RFQ is the first four vane type to incorporate vane coupling rings (VCR's) as part of the structure. This paper reports on the simplified tune up procedure made possible by the use of VCR's including field flattening, end tuning, and frequency adjustment. Also included is a discussion of high power performance including conditioning.

The results on 5 K irradiation available so far may be summarized as follows. (1) Increases of j/sub c/ following neutron irradiation occur only in conductors which are far from the optimal metallurgical treatments. (2) The changes of j/sub c/ following neutron irradiation and a thermal cycle to room temperature are small and in most cases comparable to the results obtained after 77 K irradiation. (3) The data available so far indicate that the degradation of j/sub c/ at 8 T is larger by about 5 to 10% than the corresponding changes at 5 T at a neutron fluence of 1.3 x 10/sup 22/ m/sup -2/ (E > 0.1 MeV). (4) The increase of Cu-resistivity is significant even after a thermal cycle to room temperature and requires design changes for a stable magnet operation.

A review is presented of the effects of radiation damage on silicon detectors which are being considered for high energy physics applications. The main degradation in performance is an increase in leakage current, which can be well characterized by an empirical damage constant for many radiations. A summary of data on damage constants is given. A brief discussion of annealing effects in terms of band gap level changes is included.

Surface layers are formed on many metals by anodic reaction. Such layers include the products of charge and discharge in many storage batteries, dielectric films used in electronic and optical circuits and display devices, layers responsible for passivity and corrosion protection, and films generated in metal shaping and finishing operations such as anodization, coloring, electropolishing, electrochemical machining and deburring. Anodic films are formed by solid-solid transformations or by dissolution-precipitation processes. Film properties and mechanisms of formation can be determined in situ by a number of optical techniques which have recently become available.

A quantitative description of the deformation of annular optical element subject to external forces has been developed. Expressions applicable when the width of the element is small compared to its radius provide distortion data for both free rings and rings supported on thin-wall cylinder segments (tangent flanges). This data may be used to guide the design of fixtures for diamond turning large annular optics.

The overriding design consideration for the SSC magnets is that cost of the facility be minimized; at 8 T, approximately 40 km of bending magnets is required for each ring of a 20 TeV collider. We present some results of a parametric study of two-in-one, iron-core magnets for an SSC. These results are necessarily preliminary in nature, and are intended only to show some of the trade-offs for a wide range of the variables. We show also some results for a reference design that produces 6.5 T in the aperture at 4.4 K for a coil inside diameter of 40 mm. It is not to be inferred that we have established this to be an optimum in any sense.

A 9.1 T central field has been achieved in a Nb-Ti dipole operating in pressurized helium II at 1.8 K. Three different Nb-Ti dipoles, without iron yokes, have achieved central fields of 8.0, 8.6, and 9.1 T - all short sample performance for the conductors at 1.8 K. In helium I, at 4.3 K, the maximum central fields are from 1.5 to 2.0 T lower. Ten-tesla magnets have been designed for both Nb-Ti operating at 1.8 K and Nb/sub 3/Sn operating at 4.2 K. They are based on a very small beam aperture, (40 to 45 mm), very high current density in the superconductors (over 1000 A/mm/sup 2/), and a very low ratio of stabilizing copper to superconductor (about 1). Both layer and block designs have been developed that utilize Rutherford Cable. Magnet cycling from 0 to 6 T has been carried out for field change rate up to 1 T/s; the cyclic heating at 1 T/s is 36 W per meter. At a more representative rate of 0.2 T/s the heating rate is only 2 W/m. Progress in the program to use Nb/sub 3/Sn and NbTi superconductor, in 10 T accelerator magnets is also discussed.

Well test data collected from various geothermal fields by the geothermal group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory are presented. The type of well tests conducted, the instrumentation used and the data collected are described. Experience gained through interpretation of the data has helped identify problems in test procedures and interpretative methods.

The chromatic properties of a lattice for the 20 TeV pp collider described in an accompanying paper have been investigated. Since this machine has a low ..beta..-function value at the interaction points (..beta../sub x,y/ = 2 m), the large value in the nearby quadrupoles is a major source of perturbations for off-momentum particles. Preliminary tracking studies have been performed in an attempt to determine the dynamic aperture. The model includes the effects of chromaticity sextupoles, octupoles to straighten the working line, random multipoles simulating magnet construction errors and closed orbit distortions.

The properties of QCD which imply the existence of gluonic states are reviewed. The problem of discovering the spectrum of gluonic states is discussed in general and illustrated with examples from current data. Higher statistics fixed target experiments, such as could be performed at LAMPF II, are essential for further progress.

The multifaceted aspects of deep-inelastic heavy-ion collisions are discussed in terms of the statistical equilibrium limit. It is shown that a conditional statistical equilibrium, where a number of degrees of freedom are thermalized while others are still relaxing, prevails in most of these reactions. The individual degrees of freedom that have been explored experimentally are considered in their statistical equilibrium limit, and the extent to which they appear to be thermalized is discussed. The interaction between degrees of freedom on their way towards equilibrium is shown to create complex feedback phenomena that may lead to self-regulation. A possible example of self-regulation is shown for the process of energy partition between fragments promoted by particle exchange. 35 references.

The iterative method of finding solutions to three-dimensional equilibria is discussed. The implicit Fourier-expansion method is briefly described and applied to the linear problems arising in the iterative loops. The paper shows how to efficiently solve for the magnetic field induced by the plasma.