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Thin film cadmium telluride solar cells. Final technical report, July 1, 1979-August 31, 1980
Efforts during this program have been directed to the construction of apparatus for the chemical vapor deposition of cadmium telluride films, the selection and preparation of substrates, the deposition and characterization of cadmium telluride films, and the fabrication and characterization of solar cells. Cadmium telluride films have been deposited on a number of substrates by the direct combination of cadmium and tellurium on the substrate surface at 500/sup 0/C or higher at rates of up to 0.6 ..mu..m/min. The structural, crystallographic, and electrical properties of cadmium telluride films deposited over a wide range of conditions have been evaluated. A series of doping experiments have been carried out using iodine and indium as the n-type dopant, and phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony as the p-type dopant. Low resistivity films have not been produced thus far. In/W/graphite substrates have been used for the deposition of n-type films with an ohmic interface. However, no suitable substrates have been found to form an ohmic interface with p-type films. Solar cells prepared from these films exhibit relatively good short-circuit current density, up to 15 mA/cm/sup 2/, but their conversion efficiencies are severely limited by the high series resistance of the devices. It is believed that low …
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Chu, T. L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Volume dependence of computed grain boundary energy
Over the past five years there have been numerous studies of grain boundary structure using the method of computer molecular statics which assume pairwise central potentials for the interatomic interaction. Emphasis is usually placed on relative grain boundary energies but these may be inaccurate due to various, but related, approximations and constraints implicity imposed on the calculation-namely central forces, finite model size, fixed border conditions and volume dependent contributions to the energy of the system. It is the purpose of this work to clarify how these particular properties of the model can affect the computed grain boundary energy and demonstrate instances in which the quoted energy has strictly been inaccurate. The implication of these results, especially on how they affect the method of relaxation and the resulting grain boundary structure is discussed.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Bristowe, P.D. & Brokman, A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Deburring small intersecting holes
Deburring intersecting holes is one of the most difficult deburring tasks faced by many industries. Only 14 of the 37 major deburring processes are applicable to most intersecting hole applications. Only five of these are normally applicable to small or miniature holes. Basic process capabilities and techniques used as a function of hole sizes and intersection depths are summarized.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Gillespie, LaRoux K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Raman microprobe investigation of molecular structure and organization in the native state of woody tissue
Although the primary emphasis of our program has remained with the application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of native tissue, the scope of the work has been expanded to include a number of complementary approaches. These have included Solid State 13C NMR, autoradiography of radiolabeled woody tissue sections, and the generation of biomimetic tertiary aggregates which simulate states of aggregation characteristic of cell walls. Our Raman spectroscopic studies have resulted in progress in the areas of interpretation of the spectral features, and confirmation of the variability of the patterns of orientation of lignin reported earlier. We have assembled and made operational our new microprobe and spectrometer systems acquired under the DOE-URIP program. We have also demonstrated that, operating with gated detection and pulsed laser excitation, we can discriminate against the laser-excited fluorescence characteristic of most woody tissue. Our studies of celluloses, which combine Raman spectroscopy and 13C NMR have shown that all native celluloses are composites of two forms which have the same secondary structure but different tertiary structures.
Date:
August 1, 1989
Creator:
Atalla, R.H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Study of federal microwave standards
Present and future federal regulatory processes which may impact the permissible levels of microwave radiation emitted by the SPS Microwave Power Transmission (MPTS) were studied. An historical development of US occupational and public microwave standards includes an overview of Western and East European philosophies of environmental protection and neurophysiology which have led to the current widely differing maximum permissible exposure limits to microwaves. The possible convergence of microwave standards is characterized by a lowering of Western exposure levels while Eastern countries consider standard relaxation. A trend toward stricter controls on activities perceived as harmful to public health is under way as is interest in improving the federal regulatory process. Particularly relevant to SPS is the initiation of long-term, low-level microwave exposure programs. Coupled with new developments in instrumentation and dosimetry, the results from chronic exposure program and population exposure studies could be expected within the next five to ten years. Also discussed is the increasing public concern that rf energy is yet another hazardous environmental agent.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
David, L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Laser cutting plastic materials
A 1000-watt CO/sub 2/ laser has been demonstrated as a reliable production machine tool for cutting of plastics, high strength reinforced composites, and other nonmetals. More than 40 different plastics have been laser cut, and the results are tabulated. Applications for laser cutting described include fiberglass-reinforced laminates, Kevlar/epoxy composites, fiberglass-reinforced phenolics, nylon/epoxy laminates, ceramics, and disposable tooling made from acrylic.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Van Cleave, R.A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physicochemical basis of the Na-K-Ca geothermometer
Regular changes in solution composition were observed experimentally during granite reaction with dilute NaCl (+CaCl/sub 2/) solutions; these changes closely follow the empirical Na-K-Ca geothermometer relationship. Initial minerals forming the granite (quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite) were etched by the reactions. Alteration phases formed include calcium-zeolite at <300/sup 0/C, feldspar overgrowths at >300/sup 0/C, and minor amounts of clay and calcsilicate at all temperatures. Amphibole overgrowths were also found at 340/sup 0/C. Quartz is near saturation in all experiments, and preliminary calculations of aqueous species distributions and mineral affinities indicate that the solutions achieve super-saturation with feldspars as the temperature increase. A consistent variation attributable to pH differences was observed in the empirical geothermometer relationship for all experimental data. At 340/sup 0/C, the experimental solutions appear to have deviated slightly from the empirical Na-K-Ca relationship. Such deviations may also be found in natural systems that attain such temperatures.
Date:
August 1, 1986
Creator:
Janecky, D. R.; Charles, R. W.; Bayhurst, Gregory K. & Benjamin, T. M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physics of reactor safety. Volume II. Quarterly report, April-June 1980
The work in the Applied Physics Division includes reports on reactor safety modeling and assessment by members of the Reactor Safety Appraisals Section. Work on reactor core thermal-hydraulics is performed in ANL's Components Technology Division, emphasizing 3-dimensional code development for LMFBR accidents under natural convection conditions.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results and analysis of the TMX electron-beam injection experiments
Electron beams (e-beams) were injected into the Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) plasma in order to investigate the effect on the ion cyclotron fluctuations of the plasma. The power level of the e-beams was comparable to that of the injected neutral beams. It was found that injection of the e-beams produced no significant effect on the ion cyclotron fluctuations, the measured plasma parameters, or the particle and power flow of the plasma. The increase in bulk electron temperature and the production of mirror-confined electrons found in previous experiments in which e-beams were injected into a mirror-confined plasma were not observed in this experiment. Analysis of the regions and frequencies of wave creation and absorption within the plasma shows that the plasma density and magnetic field profiles through the plasma strongly affect the resonances encountered by the waves. The steep axial density profiles produced by neutral-beam injection in the TMX experiment are not conducive to efficient coupling of the e-beam energy to the plasma.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Poulsen, P. & Grubb, D.P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Monte Carlo evaluation of transport coefficients
A method is developed for evaluating transport coefficients in asymmetric geometries using the Monte Carlo method. The method is applied to the stellarator.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Boozer, A. H. & Kuo-Petravic, G.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Experimental observations and model calculations of impurity radiation in a plasma gun compact torus experiment
Several types of radiation measurements were performed on the Beta II compact forms experiment. Among these are time integrated spectra ranging in wavelength from the vuv to the uv, time resolved bolometer measurements of radiation from the x-ray to the infrared, and time and wavelength resolved measurements of certain spectral lines. It is difficult to relate any one of these measurements to plasma parameters of interest such as temperature, density, or impurity content. In this report we compare the results of these, and other measurements with two simple models of the power balance in the plasma in order to estimate the effect of carbon and oxygen impurities on plasma lifetime.
Date:
August 10, 1982
Creator:
Goldenbaum, G. C.; Granneman, E. H. A.; Hartman, C. W.; Prono, D. S.; Taska, J. & Turner, W. C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kinetics of reversible-sequestration of leukocytes by the isolated perfused rat lung
The kinetics and morphology of sequestration and margination of rat leukocytes were studied using an isolated perfused and ventilated rat lung preparation. Whole rat blood, bone marrow suspension, or leukocyte suspensions, were used to perfuse the isolated rat lung. The lung was also perfused with latex particle suspensions and the passage of particles through the lung capillaries was studied. When a leukocyte suspension was perfused through the lung in the single-pass mode, the rate of sequestration decreased as more cells were perfused. In contrast, latex particles of a size comparable to that of leukocytes were totally stopped by the lung. When the leukocyte suspension was recirculated through the lung, cells were rapidly removed from circulation until a steady state was reached, after which no net removal of cells by the lung occurred. These results indicate that leukocytes are reversibly sequestered from circulation. The sequestered cells marginated and attached to the luminal surface of the endothelium of post-capillary venules and veins. A mathematical model was developed based on the assumption that the attachment and detachment of leukocytes to blood vessel walls follows first-order kinetics. The model correctly predicts the following characteristics of the system: (a) the kinetics of the sequestration of …
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Goliaei, B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Enhanced ion backscattering near 180/sup 0/ scattering angles in the two-atom scattering model. [Ion scattering from solids]
An analytical two-atom scattering model has been developed to treat the recent discovery of the enhancement near 180/sup 0/ of Rutherford backscattering yields from disordered solids. In contrast to conventional calculations of Rutherford backscattering that treat scattering from a single atom only (the backscattering atom), the present model includes the interaction of a second atom lying between the target surface and the backscattering atom. The projectile ion makes a glancing collision with this second atom both before and after it is backscattered. A weighted average is made over all possible positions of this second atom. The model predicts an enhancement effect whose physical origin arises from the tolerance of path for those ions whose ingoing and outgoing trajectories lie in the vicinity of the critical impact parameter. Results using Moliere scattering show how the yield enhancement depends on ion energy, backscattering depth, exit angle, scattering potential, atomic numbers of the projectile and target, and target density. In the model the critical impact parameter and critical angle play important roles. It is shown that these quantities depend on a single dimensionless parameter and formulas accurate to better than 1% are given for them.
Date:
August 1, 1982
Creator:
Oen, O.S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Sensitive and simple method for measuring wire tensions
Measuring tension of wires in drift chambers and multiwire proportional chambers after construction is an important process because sometimes wires get loose after soldering, crimping or glueing. One needs to sort out wires which have tensions below a required minimum value to prevent electrostatic instabilities. There have been several methods reported on this subject in which the wires were excited either with sinusoidal current under magnetic field or with sinusoidal voltage electrostatically coupled to the wire, searching for a resonating frequency with which the wires vibrate mechanically. Then the vibration is detected either visually, optically or with magnetic pick-up directly touching the wires. Any of these is only applicable to the usual multiwire chamber which has open access to the wire plane. They also need fairly large excitation currents to induce a detectable vibration to the wires. Here we report a very simple method that can be used for any type of wire chamber or proportional tube system for measuring wire tension. Only a very small current is required for the wire excitation to obtain a large enough signal because it detects the induced emf voltage across a wire. A sine-wave oscillator and a digital voltmeter are sufficient devices aside …
Date:
August 1, 1982
Creator:
Atac, M. & Mishina, M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Enhanced durability and reactivity for zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent
AMAX Research Development Center (AMAX R D) has been investigating methods for enhancing the reactivity and durability of the zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Zinc ferrite sorbents are intended for use in desulfurization of hot coal gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. For the present program, the reactivity of the sorbent may be defined as its sulfur sorption capacity at the breakthrough point and at saturation in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor. Durability may be defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain important physical characteristics such As size, strength, and specific surface area during 10 cycles of sulfidation and oxidation.
Date:
August 28, 1987
Creator:
Jha, Mahesh C.; Baltich, Linda K. & Berggren, Mark H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Personnel neutron dosimetry at Department of Energy facilities
This study assesses the state of personnel neutron dosimetry at DOE facilities. A survey of the personnel dosimetry systems in use at major DOE facilities was conducted, a literature search was made to determine recent advances in neutron dosimetry, and several dosimetry experts were interviewed. It was concluded that personnel neutron dosimeters do not meet current needs and that serious problems exist now and will increase in the future if neutron quality factors are increased and/or dose limits are lowered.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Brackenbush, L.W.; Endres, G.W.R.; Selby, J.M. & Vallario, E.J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental studies group. Annual report for 1978
Group projects included radioecological studies of aquatic and terrestrial systems, land management activities, foodstuff monitoring, dust transport studies including fugitive dust measurements and modeling, and several support programs involving evaluation of the plant's ambient air samplers and airborne tritium monitoring techniques. Some salient results from the several project reports include determination of an appropriate model for mechanically generated fugitive dust dispersion, a radionuclide inventory of Smart Ditch Pond (Pond D-1), a coefficient of community determination for two terrestrial sample plots on the plant site buffer zone, a natality and mortality rate determination for fawns in the plant deer herd (including one positive coyote-kill determination), inlet loss and filter paper collection efficiencies for the plant ambient air samplers, and differential tritium sampling measurements of the vapor in Building 771 stack effluent.
Date:
August 21, 1980
Creator:
Hunt, D. C. & Hurley, J. D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Molten salt freeze seal. Final report
This report documents the results of the testing performed at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico, on the applicability of a sodium freeze seal type valve stem in a molten salt environment. The freeze seal tests consisted of cycling the valve stem at set temperature intervals, checking the temperature distribution for freeze plug location, and verifying the actuator forces. In addition to the test results, this report also documents the engineering analysis and other tasks performed before testing to form a basis for predicted test conditions and recommendations for the test program.
Date:
August 1, 1985
Creator:
Corugedo, J.J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status Report of Solar Standards coordinated by the Steering Committee on Solar Energy Standards Development contents
Solar standards are listed for each of the standards writing organizations associated with the Steering Committee. A complete list of approved standards, standards under development, and standards under revision is provided. (WHK)
Date:
August 18, 1980
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of environmental issues related to small scale hydroelectric development. II. Design considerations for passing fish upstream around dams. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 1567
The possible requirement of facilities to move migrating fish upstream around dams may be a factor in determining the feasibility of retrofitting small dams for hydroelectric generation. Basic design considerations are reported that should be evaluated on a site-specific basis if upstream fish passage facilities are being considered for a small scale hydroelectric project (defined as an existing dam that can be retrofitted to generate 25 MW or less). Information on general life history and geographic distribution of fish species that may require passage is presented. Biological factors important in the design of upstream passage facilities are discussed: gas bubble disease, fish swimming speed, oxygen consumption by fish, and diel and photo behavior. Three general types of facilities (fishways, fish locks, and fish lifts) appropriate for upstream fish passage at small scale hydroelectric projects are described, and size dimensions are presented. General design criteria for these facilities (including fish swimming ability and behavior) and general location of facilities at a site are discussed. Basic cost considerations for each type of passage facility, including unit cost, operation and maintenance costs, and costs for supplying attraction water, are indicated.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Hildebrand, S.G. (ed.)
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fluidized-Bed Waste-Heat Recovery System development. Semiannual report, February 1-July 31, 1982
The Fluidized-Bed Waste-Heat Recovery (FBWHR) System is designed to preheat this combustion air using the heat available in dirty flue gas streams. In this system, a recirculating medium is heated by the flue gas in a fluidized bed. The hot medium is then removed from the bed and placed in a second fluidized bed where it is fluidized by the combustion air. Through this process, the combustion air is heated. The cooled medium is then returned to the first bed. Initial development of this concept is for the aluminum smelting industry.
Date:
August 1, 1982
Creator:
Cole, W. E.; DeSaro, R.; Griffith, J. & Joshi, C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Orientation study of the Lake Sunapee area, New Hampshire. National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program
An orientation study was conducted in the area of Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, in preparation for a hydrogeochemical and stream sediment reconnaissance in glacial terrain. The study was carried out by the Savannah River Laboratory as part of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE). Ground water, lake water, stream water, lake sediment, and stream sediment samples were collected at 188 sites. The concentrations of uranium and other elements were determined by neutron activation analysis. This report is issued in draft form, without detailed technical and copy editing. This was done to make the report available to the public before the end of the NURE program.
Date:
August 1, 1982
Creator:
Karfunkel, B. S. & Sargent, K. A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fabrication and characterization of MCC approved testing material: ATM-11 glass
ATM-11 glass is designed to be representative of defense high-level waste glasses that will be produced by the Defense Waste Processing Facility at the Savannah River Plant in Aiken, South Carolina. It is representative of a 300-year-old nuclear waste glass and was intended as a conservative compromise between 10-year-old waste and 1000-year-old waste. The feedstock material for this glass was supplied by Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, SC, as SRL-165 black frit to which was added Ba, Cs, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pd, Rb, Ru, Sr, Te, Y, and Zr, as well as /sup 241/Am, /sup 237/Np, /sup 239+240/Pu, /sup 151/Sm, /sup 99/Tc, and depleted U. The glass was melted under the reducing conditions that resulted from the addition of 0.7 wt% graphite during the final melting process. Nearly 3 kg of ATM-11 glass were produced from a feedstock melted in a nitrogen-atmosphere glove box at 1250/sup 0/C in Denver Fire Clay crucibles. After final melting, the glass was formed into stress-annealed rectangular bars 1.9 x 1.9 x 10 cm nominal size. Twenty-six bars were cast with a nominal weight of about 100 g each. The analyzed composition of ATM-11 glass is tabulated. Examination of a single transverse section from one bar …
Date:
August 1, 1986
Creator:
Wald, J. W. & Daniel, J. L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Solar heating system at Security State Bank, Starkville, Mississippi. Final report
Information is provided on the Solar Energy Heating System (airtype) installed at the branch bank building, northwest corner of Highway 12 and Spring Street, Starkville, Mississippi. This installation was completed in June, 1979. The 312 square feet of Solaron flat plate air collectors provide for 788 square feet of space heating, an estimated 55 percent of the heating load. Solar heated air is distributed to the 96 cubic foot steel cylinder, which contains two inch diameter rocks. An air handler unit moves the air over the collector and into the steel cylinder. Four motorized dampers and two gravity dampers are also part of the system. A Solaron controller which has sensors located at the collectors, rock storage, and at the return air, automatically controls the system. Auxiliary heating energy is provided by electric resistance duct heaters. This project is part of the US Department of Energy's Solar Demonstration Program with the government sharing $14,201 of the $17,498 solar energy system installation cost. This system was acceptance tested February, 1980, and the demonstration period ends in 1985.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library