This preliminary bibliography has been prepared for the 1978-79 Intercollegiate Debate regarding guaranteed employment.

The Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program (MLGW/DOE), Contract ET-77-C-01-2582, has been slowed due to lack of an adequate data base for demonstration plant design. This design data base is to be developed by Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) at their U-GAS pilot plant. While initial data and operating results from the pilot plant have been encouraging, ash-balanced operation with coal using the technique of ash agglomeration has proven to be more difficult than originally envisioned. Ash must be removed from the gasifier at the same rate as it is being fed to achieve overall ash balance. Adequate ash balance has been achieved by bed withdrawal, but in order to attain high levels of carbon utilization, preferential removal of high-ash material from the gasifier will be required. It is the conclusion of all parties involved that the operating parameters necessary to achieve ash balance and high carbon utilization must be demonstrated at the pilot plant level before a full scale demonstration plant design effort is started. IGT, with guidance from the program Steering Committee and assistance from the Technical Sub-Committee has re-evaluated its efforts under Task IX, Technical Support. With a critical assessment of data generated to date and an …

This document is the second of a two-volume Overall Program Plan for rescheduling Task IX (Technical Support) of the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program (MLGW/DOE), Contract ET-77-C-01-2582. Volume I presents the schedule and organization for carrying out the overall plan which is divided into three major tasks: Bench Scale Tests, Cold-Flow Model Studies, and Pilot Plant Operations. This volume, Volume II, gives a more detailed presentation of the test objectives and procedures for the most important part of the plan, Pilot Plant Operations. The objective of Volume II is to provide a systematic approach to obtain high carbon conversion under steady-state, ash agglomerating conditions with coal in the U-GAS pilot plant. This will allow the achievement of the principal goal of pilot plant operations, that is, to obtain data for the design of the U-GAS demonstration plant. The test program for pilot plant operations has been formulated with the assistance of the Technical Subcommittee which has members from all the parties involved in the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program, namely, Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division, Department of Energy, Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, Delta Refining Company, Institute of Gas Technology, and Monsanto Research Corporation.

Testing plans for a full-scale test receiver panel and supporting hardware which essentially duplicate both physically and functionally, the design planned for the Barstow Solar Pilot Plant are presented. Testing is to include operation during normal start and shutdown, intermittent cloud conditions, and emergencies to determine the panel's transient and steady state operating characteristics and performance under conditions equal to or exceeding those expected in the pilot plant. The effects of variations of input and output conditions on receiver operation are also to be investigated. Test hardware are described, including the pilot plant receiver, the test receiver assembly, receiver panel, flow control, electrical control and instrumentation, and structural assembly. Requirements for the Solar Thermal Test Facility for the tests are given. The safety of the system is briefly discussed, and procedures are described for assembly, installation, checkout, normal and abnormal operations, maintenance, removal and disposition. Also briefly discussed are quality assurance, contract responsibilities, and test documentation. (LEW)

This report deals with the REXCO-code predictions of the SRI SM-2 test. Two calculations were performed with the REXCO-HEP code: one used the pressure history of the core detonation products as input and the other the pressure-volume relations of the detonation products as input. The other inputs of the computer analysis are the vessel and the core-barrel dimensions and boundary conditions, the constitutive equations of the vessel and the core barrel materials, and the equation of state for the coolant. The REXCO-predicted well deformations, pressure loadings, and dynamic strain histories at various gauge positions are compared with the experimental data. Results of the comparisons are discussed.

A number of memoranda and reports are collected which deal with evaluations of solar energy policy options, including direct and indirect labor impacts and costs of different options and consumer protection. (LEW)

The performance and cost-effectiveness of three photovoltaic total energy system concepts designed to meet the thermal and electrical demands of a typical single family house are compared. The three photovoltaic total energy system concepts considered are: (1) All-photovoltaic systems. Passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels provide electricity to meet both electrical and thermal demands. (2) Separate-panel systems. Solar thermal panels provide thermal energy, while passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels serve the purely electric demand. (3) Combined thermal/electric panel systems. Water-cooled photovoltaic panels provide both thermal energy (transported by cooling water) and electrical energy to meet the separate thermal and electrical demands. Additional passively air-cooled photovoltaic panels are added, as required, to meet the electrical demand. The thermal demand is assumed to consist of the energy required for domestic hot water and space heating, while the electrical demand includes the energy required for baseload power (lights, appliances, etc.) plus air conditioning. An analysis procedure has been developed that permits definition of the panel area, electrical and/or thermal storage capacity, and utility backup energy level that, in combination, provide the lowest annual energy cost to the homeowner for each system concept for specified assumptions about costs and system operations. The procedure appears capable of being …

State and federal tax treatment as an incentive to development and non-tax financial incentives such as: the federal geothermal loan guarantee program, the federal geothermal reservoir insurance, and state financial incentives are discussed. (MHR)

A possible accident scenario in a Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR) is the leakage of secondary steam into the core. Considerable analytical effort has gone into the study of the effects of such an accidental steam entry. The work described in this report represents the first full scale experimental study of the steam-entry phenomenon in GCFRs. The reference GCFR model used for the study was the benchmark GCFR Phase II assembly, and polyethylene foam was used to provide a very homogeneous steam simulation.

The contact of two liquid materials, one of which is at a temperature substantially above the boiling point of the other, can lead to fast energy conversion and a subsequent shock wave. This phenomenon is called a vapor explosion. One method of producing intimate, liquid-liquid contact (which is known to be a necessary condition for vapor explosion) is a shock tube configuration. Such experiments in which water was impacted upon molten aluminum showed that very high pressures, even larger than the thermodynamic critical pressure, could occur. The mechanism by which such sharp pressure pulses are generated is not yet clear. The report describes experiments in which cold liquids (Freon-11, Freon-22, water, or butanol) were impacted upon various hot materials (mineral oil, silicone oil, water, mercury, molten Wood's metal or molten salt mixture).

A fission-product source (FPS) was irradiated in EBR-II to provide data for calibrating the facility's fuel-element rupture detector (FERD), which is a delayed-neutron monitor, and germanium-lithium argon-scanning system (GLASS), a fission-gas-activity monitor. A metal alloy source, Ni-3.2 wt.% uranium, provided quantitative recoil release of the fission-product nuclides. The source alloy, in tubular form, was irradiated as core-region segments of 18 capsules in the FPS subassembly. The irradiation showed that the response of the FERD was linear with increasing reactor power. The magnitude of the FERD signal was dependent on local fission rate for the FPS and the flow path of the sodium carrying the delayed-neutron emitters. The relatively high fission-gas activity released by the FPS allowed accurate calibration of the GLASS under several modes of operation and provided data for verifying a gas-release model for the reactor.

Report on electrochemical energy development, including development of advanced, high-temperature lithium/metal sulfide batteries for vehicle propulsion and stationary energy storage.

Quarterly report discussing fuel cell research and development work at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). This report describes efforts directed toward understanding and improving the components of molten-carbonate-electrolyte fuel cells operated at temperatures near 925 K.

A transient, two-dimensional code has been developed to provide a detailed description of fuel-clad conditions during a TOP accident. Emphasis has been directed toward development of a framework within which fuel motion and ejection can be viewed following pin failure. All code modules have been rigorously verified. Illustrative application of the code, with the exercise of its many and varied features, have been included.

This report describes the Fuel Dynamics Test E6 and analyzes the test data. A cluster of six fresh FTR-type fuel pins surrounding a previously irradiated pin was tested to failure in a simulated $3/s FFTF accident.

Type 308 CRE stainless steel weld specimens were subjected to metallographic and fractographic analysis after failure in elevated temperature (593 degrees C) creep-fatigue tests. The failure mode for specimens tested under continuous-cycle fatigue conditions were predominantly transgranular. When the test cycle was modified to include a hold time at the maximum tensile strain, the failure mode became predominantly inter-phase. Sigma phase was observed within the delta-ferrite regions of the weld. However, the presence of sigma phase did not appear to affect the failure mode.

The degenerate parabolic equation has been used to model the flow of gas through a porous medium. Error estimates for continuous and discrete time finite element procedures to approximate the solution of this equation are proved and a new regularity result is described.

Materials used in coal-conversion systems are exposed to high pressure, high temperature, corrosive and erosive gases, and liquids containing particulate matter. These severe environments necessitate an assessment of the integrity of components to prevent premature failures. Gamma radiography was evaluated as a viable technique for testing such components in the laboratory or after operation in situ. Penetrameters (image-quality indicators) were developed for refractory-lined vessels and transfer lines, and exposure times for various combinations of refractory-steel thicknesses were determined. Radiography with /sup 60/Co was performed on gasifier vessels, combustor vessels, and critical transfer lines in existing pilot plants using the experience gained through laboratory experiments. The results show that gamma radiography is a practical and effective method to detect critical conditions in coal-conversion system components.

The state of stress in the crust of the earth is of great fundamental and practical significance. No totally satisfactory method for measuring the complete state of stress has been devised yet. Despite this, many efforts have been made to measure this state of stress at different locations. From a compilation of many of the results, fifty which yielded the complete state of stress and in which one of the principal stresses is vertical, have been selected for a statistical analysis in an endeavor to define the nature of the state of stress in the crust. These data have been analyzed as a whole, and divided into three groups depending upon whether the vertical stress is the maximum, minimum or intermediate principal stress. Linear regression analyses of the values of half the maximum stress difference as a function of half the sum of the maximum and minimum principal stresses have been made. The correlation coefficients for these fits are 0.786 for the data as a whole and 0.848, 0.790 and 0.383 for each of the groups. Values of the coefficient of sliding friction between blocks of rock comprising the crust, interpreted from the slopes of these lines, ranged from 0.625 …

An air quality problem exists at the Geysers California as a result of hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S) emissions from geothermal power generation. The policy and legal issues engulfing the air quality problem and efforts to mitigate the problem are examined. Estimates are made of the air quality impacts of future generation capacity based on utility electricity supply plans as submitted to California Energy Commission (CEC). The status of current and developing H/sub 2/S abatement technologies is examined for availability and technical characteristics. Analysis is provided on the prospect and consequences of inadequate control of H/sub 2/S emissions. H/sub 2/S control efficiencies of less than 95 percent may ultimately be ineffective if full field development is to be achieved at the Geysers.

Several economic feasibility studies of solar heating in the Northwest are described. The case for federal assistance to the solar industry and the consumer is developed. The solar-related activities undertaken by the Northwest states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and Montana are detailed. Finally, roles are addressed which municipal government may play either to encourage or to deter the widespread use of solar heating systems. (MHR)

Progress in biochemical reaction kinetics of photosynthetic energy conversion is reported. (PCS)

A representative cross section of the literature on the disposal of geothermal brine was perused and some of the general information and concepts is summarized. The following sections are included: disposal statistics--Texas Railroad Commission; disposal statistics--Louisiana Office of Conservation; policies for administering salt water disposal operations; salt water disposal experience of Gulf Coast operators; and Federal Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program's brine disposal operations. The literature cited is listed in the appended list of references. Additional literature is listed in the bibliography. (MHR)

Simulation studies have recently been made of the Krafla Geothermal Field in Northern Iceland. The field is close to boiling in the formation at depths of 1800 meters and below. Two simulations were undertaken. The first studied radial flow, i.e., behavior around a production well. It was found that the relative permeability distribution of the liquid and vapor phase had very little effect on the general results. The simulation shows that while the well produced superheated steam after a few days of production, the superheated front moved only 1/10 the distance of the boiling front, which extended to a radial distance of over 200 meters after one-half year production. The second simulation investigated the two-zone system which is believed to exist in Krafla. This study simulated one well producing 50 kg/s from both zones for a period of 33 years. It showed that boiling in the formation begins near the production well and at the connection between the two zones. After 20 years, boiling takes place in the entire lower zone region with saturation (steam volume fraction) ranging from 0-30 percent. After 33 years, saturation increased to over 60 percent at the top of the lower zone, just under the …