Poor adhesion of CdS films to zinc-plated copper foil substrates has been eliminated by depositing somewhat thinner films than earlier and by using the mat (as opposed to the smooth) side of the electroformed copper foil for deposition. Particle spatter effects have been reduced and cells of 4 cm/sup 2/ area have been produced with average efficiency of 5.4%. Use of Zn--plated Cu, Mo, Zn--plated Mo and glass substrates appears to influence the etching behavior of CdS films in dilute chromic acid. The results suggest a sensitivity to the presence of zinc. Laser scanned reflection and photocurrent response studies reveal some influence of substrate morphology. Direct correlations are weak, presumably because of strong local variations in topography, due to texturing and in carrier transport or junction collection efficiency. Similar types of studies on single crystal-based cells have established the feasibility of using localized photoresponse to characterize minority carrier transport in special test structures. Compositional analysis of Cu/sub 2/S layers on single crystal CdS have been attempted using ESCA and ion etching methods. A major problem is the formation of copper nodules, presumably due to the ion etching method, which do not permit obtaining a true profile of this element. Films …

Two possible means are described for producing closed, toroidal pinch-like configurations with hot electrons starting from a microwave-heated, hot electron plasma confined in open fields. The final configurations are directly related to Spheromak and Tormac.

The accuracy of the standard US test method for certifying High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters has been in question since the finding by Hinds, et al. that the dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol used in the test is not monodisperse as had been assumed and that particle-size analyzers, or owls, could not distinguish between different particle-size distributions with the same owl reading. We have studied theoretically and experimentally the filter efficiency for different DOP size distributions with the same owl reading. Our studies show that the effect of varying DOP size distributions on the measured HEPA-filter penetration depends on the light-scattering-photometer response and on the HEPA-filter penetration curve, both measured as a function of particle size. HEPA-filter penetration for a heterodisperse DOP aerosol may be increased, decreased, or remain the same when compared to the filter penetration for monodisperse aerosols. Using experimental HEPA-filter penetration and photometer response curves, we show that heterodisperse DOP aerosols (D/sub cmd/ 0.19 and sigma g = 1.4) yield 24% lower penetrations than that for monodisperse DOP aerosols (D/sub cmd/ = 0.3 and sigma g = 1.0). This surprisingly small effect of the DOP heterodispersion on HEPA-filter penetration is due to the response function of the owl …

A network model was developed to simulate the hydrological flow and the transport of radionuclides from a deep geological repository to the biosphere subsequent to closure. By means of very efficient computational methods for solving the fundamental differential equations, a code was developed to treat in great detail the effects of waste form characteristics and of repository designs on the repository risks. It is possible to examine near field effects heretofore not attempted. Without sacrificing the essential details of description, the code can also be applied to perform probabilistic risk analyses to high confidence levels. Analytical results showed: (1) for waste form release rates greater than approximately 5 x 10/sup -7//yr, dose to man is insensitive to release rate and release rate uncertainty; (2) significant reduction in dose can be achieved through simple design modifications; (3) a basalt repository generally does not perform as well as a salt repository; and (4) disruptive events are relatively unimportant for repository safety. 82 references.

A report which covers progress on the testing of the General Engineering and Consulting Laboratory Turbine Pump No. 1 from June 16, 1948, to July 31, 1948.

An experimental study was undertaken to determine the droplet size distribution, the droplet spatial distribution and the mean droplet velocity in low-quality, steam-water flow from a rectangular cross-section, converging-diverging nozzle. A unique forward light scattering technique was developed for droplet size distribution measurements. Droplet spatial variations were investigated using light transmission measurements, and droplet velocities were measured with a laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) system incorporating a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer. Nozzle throat radius of curvature and height were varied to investigte their effects on droplet size. Droplet size distribution measurements yielded a nominal Sauter mean droplet diameter of 1.7 ..mu..m and a nominal mass-mean droplet diameter of 2.4 ..mu..m. Neither the throat radius of curvature nor the throat height were found to have a significant effect upon the nozzle exit droplet size. The light transmission and LDV measurement results confirmed both the droplet size measurements and demonstrated high spatial uniformity of the droplet phase within the nozzle jet flow. One-dimensional numerical calculations indicated that both the dynamic breakup (thermal equilibrium based on a critical Weber number of 6.0) and the boiling breakup (thermal nonequilibrium based on average droplet temperature) models predicted droplet diameters on the order of 7.5 ..mu..m, which are approximately …

Both the proton and antiproton bunches which will collide in the Tevatron have longitudinal emittance greater than can be accelerated by the main ring from 8 GeV without large loss and emittance growth. We have previously described the technique of combining several smaller bunches at the Tevatron injection energy with little increase in the total emittance and negligible loss. This technique requires adiabatic debunching of several adjacent 53 MHz bunches by smooth reduction of the RF voltage from approx. 1 MV to approx. 100 V. The very low voltage is extremely difficult to attain with a high-Q system designed for megavolt accelerating potential. The counterphasing technique of voltage reduction which we have used in main ring experiments and proposed for the TeV I project is to divide the accelerating cavities into two closely matched groups and to smoothly shift the relative phase of the drive to the two groups by 180 degrees. When the net voltage has been reduced by this means to the lowest practical level, about 10 kV, the final voltage reduction may be performed by turning off the high-Q system and using a low-Q cavity. The voltage induced on the undriven gaps of the high-Q system is …

This report looks at the background and current status of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), which was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

This report discusses the lowering of the U.S. government debt credit rating by Standard & Poor's (S&P) on August 5, 2011. It discusses the reasons behind the lowered credit rating and implications for the U.S. economy, other debt markets, and banking regulations.

This report analyzes the current unrest in Syria and the U.S. response to the Syrian government's crackdown against demonstrators. It also provides background information on U.S. sanctions against the Asad regime and its supporters.

Abstract: "Formulas are derived for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic field which is a linear function of time. Graphs of certain functions are presented, by means of which a trajectory with given initial position and velocity may be plotted."

This report discusses the announcement by the United States and European Union (EU) that they are at a "new phase" in their relationship for "freer, fairer, and more reciprocal trade." The announcement came on July 25, 2018 at a challenging time for transatlantic trade relations.

This report discusses the issue of hazing as an initiation custom in the Armed Forces. Congress has oversight of this issue under Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution; this report outlines the context of this issue and recent actions taken to counteract it to help Congress decide whether or not to address hazing in the military through oversight and legislation.

The overall objective of the Full-Scale Demonstration of Low-NO{sub x} Cell Burner Retrofit project is to demonstrate the cost-effective reduction of NO{sub x} generated by a large based-loaded (70% capacity factor or greater), coal-fired utility boiler. Specific objectives include: (1) At least 50% NO{sub x} reduction over standard two-nozzle cell burners, without degradation of boiler performance or life; (2) Acquire and evaluate emission and boiler performance data before and after the retrofit to determine NO{sub x} reduction and impact on overall boiler performance; (3) Demonstrate that the retrofit of Low-NO{sub x} Cell Burners in boilers currently equipped with cell burners, is a cost-effective alternative to any other emerging, or commercially-available, NO{sub x} control technology.

The need for better assessments of the ``external`` benefits and costs of environmental effects of various fuel cycles was identified during the development of the National Energy Strategy. The growing importance of this issue was emphasized by US Department of Energy (DOE) management because over half of the states were already pursuing some form of social costing in electricity regulation and a well-established technical basis for such decisions was lacking. This issue was identified as a major area of controversy--both scientifically and politically--in developing energy policies at the state and national level. In 1989, the DOE`s Office of Domestic and International Energy Policy commissioned a study of the external environmental damages and benefits of the major fuel cycles involved in electric power generation. Over the next 3-year period, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future conducted the study and produced a series of documents (fuel cycle documents) evaluating the costs of environmental damages of the coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, hydroelectric, and nuclear fuel cycles, as well as the Background Document on methodological issues. These documents described work that took almost 3 years and $2.5 million to complete and whose implications could be far reaching. In 1992, the …

This report details 200 Area activities for the month of July 1966.

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This report discusses the use of committees as crucial centers of policymaking, oversight of federal agencies, and public education is an organizing principle of the contemporary Congress.

This report tracks the historical governance of Afghanistan and explains how this has caused instability in the country in the present. The information consolidated in the report displays various weapons trade deals between the U.S. and parts of Afghanistan and the Pakistan government, while also including information on how and why the Soviet Union was attempting to gain power in the region.

This report includes information regarding space launch vehicles. U.S. launch vehicle policy, launch vehicle programs and issues, and commercial launch services industry are among topics discussed in this report.

The installation of flow restricting orifices in both the nitrogen gas and instrument air supply lines in the D-Zero Building limits the flow available to the various users. These orifices are strategically positioned along the lines such that no one user can monopolize the gas supply and deprive others of their flow required to operate. Provided that the necessary orifice plates are machined in a manner similar to that of the prototypes, the orifices for the various lines were sized using the discharge coefficient for the round edge orifice because the calculated values were in good agreement with the empirically obtained values for this case. The final calculated orifice diameters for the round edge, sharp edge, and short tube cases are listed in Table 2.

At the Savannah River Site (SRS), Tank 48H currently holds approximately 240,000 gallons of slurry which contains potassium and cesium tetraphenylborate (TPB). A copper catalyzed peroxide oxidation (CCPO) reaction is currently being examined as a method for destroying the TPB present in Tank 48H. Part of the development of that process includes an examination of the fate of the Tank 48H fissile material which is adsorbed onto monosodium titanate (MST) particles. This report details results from experiments designed to examine the potential degradation of MST during CCPO processing and the subsequent fate of the adsorbed fissile material. Experiments were conducted to simulate the CCPO process on MST solids loaded with sorbates in a simplified Tank 48H simulant. Loaded MST solids were placed into the Tank 48H simplified simulant without TPB, and the experiments were then carried through acid addition (pH adjustment to 11), peroxide addition, holding at temperature (50 C) for one week, and finally NaOH addition to bring the free hydroxide concentration to a target concentration of 1 M. Testing was conducted without TPB to show the maximum possible impact on MST since the competing oxidation of TPB with peroxide was absent. In addition, the Cu catalyst was also …

Some of the basic computational features of a computer program used for modeling radiation damage at LLL's Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-I) are presented. Input items required are material cross-section and angular distribution data, such as used for LLL neutron transport calculations, along with one particular neutron spectrum of interest. The nuclear reactions considered are elastic, neutron-emitting, and charged-particle-emitting. Classical and relativistic mechanics are used as required to calculate the resulting primary-recoil energy spectra and damage energy spectra. Calculative results are presented for the RTNS-I neutron spectra on aluminum, titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, tin, tantalum, tungsten, gold, and lead. 63 figures.