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Magnetic Refrigeration: The Promise and the Problems
Magnetic refrigeration uses the temperature- and field-dependence of the entropy of some magnetic materials to accomplish cooling. Because of the intrinsically high efficiency of the magnetization and demagnetization process and because of the potential for excellent heat transfer between solids and fluids, magnetic refrigerators promise to have higher efficiency than existing gas-cycle refrigerators. Many ground-based and space-based applications could benefit significantly from the cost savings implied by higher efficiency. Other attributes of these devices are high reliability and low volume and mass per unit cooling power. The development of these refrigerators is underway at several places around the world, including the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The progress to date has been encouraging but some problems have been clearly identified. The arguments for high efficiency and the problems that will need to be solved to achieve this goal are discussed.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barclay, J. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Selection of Regenerator Geometry for Magnetic Refrigerator Applications
In our effort to develop magnetic regenerators of high efficiency we have looked at the following geometries: (1) tube channels in solid block; (2) stack of perforated plates normal to the fluid flow direction; (3) stack of solid plates parallel to fluid flow direction, and packed bed of spherical particles; (4) loose packed; and (5) sintered. Reported are computations of the overall efficiency of the regenerator, considering heat transfer, longitudinal conduction, and fluid pressure drop, for all the above arrangements as a function of geometrical variables, such as overall length and particle diameter or plate thickness. The results yield the optimum geometry for a given combination of other controlling parameters, such as frequency, porosity, and fluid properties. The different geometries are compared under the constraint that the mass of magnetic material is the same for all. This condition is peculiar to the magnetic refrigeration process because the net refrigeration and driving forces are proportional to the mass of magnetic material.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barclay, J. A. & Sarangi, S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of dimensional analysis to the problem of solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling
The constraints imposed by dimensional analyses are used to find how the solar wind-magnetosphere energy transfer rate depends upon interplanetary parameters. The analyses reported here assume that only magnetohydrodynamic processes are important in controlling the rate of energy transfer. The study utilizes ISEE-3 solar wind observations, the AE index, and U/sub T/ from three 10-day intervals during the IMS: Simple linear regression and histogram techniques are used to find the value of the MHD coupling exponent, ..cap alpha.., which is consistent with observations of magnetospheric response. Once ..cap alpha.. is estimated, the form of the solar wind energy transfer rate is obtained by substitution into an equation of the interplanetary variables whose exponents depend upon ..cap alpha... 7 references, 6 figures, 1 table.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Bargatze, L.F.; McPherron, R.L.; Baker, D.N. & Hones, E.W. Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
LWR spent fuel approved testing materials for radionuclide release studies
Criteria are defined for the selection of light water reactor (LWR) spent fuels for use as MCC-Approved Testing Materials (ATMs) in radionuclide dissolution and interaction studies. Fuel-related characteristics affecting the release of radionuclides from spent fuel are reviewed and their pertinency evaluated. ATM spent fuel criteria are defined and classes of ATM spent fuels are determined. The available inventory of government-owned LWR spent fuel is identified and current plans for acquisition by the MCC are summarized. The characterization data to be supplied with the spent fuel ATMs are also described. 11 references, 3 figures, 7 tables.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barner, J. O.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Confinement time and energy balance in the CTX spheromak
The multipoint Thomson scattering diagnostic on CTX allows measurement of electron plasma pressure. The pressure correlates well with the poloidal flux function. Analysis using equilibrium models allows the (..beta..)/sub vol/ to be calculated from over 100 Thomson scattering profiles taken under standard conditions of spheromak operation where the plasma parameters vary widely within the discharge. The calculated tau/sub E/ increases with central core temperature and with density. The global magnetic energy decay time tau/sub B/2 is consistent with Spitzer-Harm resistivity, but with an anomaly factor of 2 to 4 which may decrease at small ratios of B/n. The n tau/sub E/ product reaches 4 x 10/sup 9/ s cm/sup -3/ during the hottest part of the discharge. A zero-dimensional energy balance code, which accurately includes all the major atomic physics processes and whose parameters have been constrained by comparision to experimental data, is used to identify the causes of energy loss that contribute to the observed confinement time. The most important power loss is that needed to replace the particles being lost and to maintain the constant density of the plateau.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barnes, C. W.; Henins, I.; Hoida, H. W. & Jarboe, T. R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermochemical seasonal energy storage for solar thermal power
During the many years that thermochemical energy storage has been under investigation, the concept has been plagued with two persistent problems: high capital cost and poor efficiency. Literally hundreds of chemical reactions have also been carried out. For short-term storage, thermochemical systems suffer in comparison with highly efficient sensible storage media such as molten salts. Long-term storage, on the other hand, is not cost-competitive with systems employing fossil backup power. Thermochemical storage will play a significant role in solar thermal electric conversion only under highly select circumstances. The portion of electric demand served by solar plants must be sufficiently high that the balance of the grid cannot fully supplant seasonal storage. High fossil fuel costs must preclude the use of gas turbines for backup power. Significant breakthroughs in the development of one or more chemical reaction systems must occur. Ingeniously integrated systems must be employed to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of thermochemical storage. A promising integration scheme discussed herein consists of using sensible storage for diurnal cycling in parallel with thermochemical seasonal storage. Under the most favorable circumstances, thermochemical storage can be expected to play a small but perhaps vital role in supplying baseload energy from solar thermal electric …
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barnhart, J.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Experimental capabilities and prospects for measuring soft x-ray photoabsorption
Absolute soft x-ray photoabsorption measurements are difficult but, if state-of-the-art apparatus and techniques are brought to bear on the problem, measured absorption values with accuracies in the range of 1 to 5% can be obtained.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Bartlett, R.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Hard quark-quark scattering with exclusive reactions
We present data from ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. elastic and rho/sup -/p final states for scattering at 90/sup 0/ center of mass, -t = 9 GeV/sup 2//c/sup 2/. A large rho/sup -/p signal is seen and the rho/sup -/ is strongly polarized. This polarization tests a QCD prediction that quarks cannot flip helicity. The test fails dramatically. 9 references, 4 figures.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barton, D. S.; Bunce, G. M.; Carroll, A. S.; Makdisi, Y. I.; Baller, B.; Blazey, G. C. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary results on single spin asymmetry measurements in inclusive p + p reactions at high P/sub perpendicular to/ and 16. 5 GeV/c
Preliminary results are presented on the scattering asymmetries of pions, kaons, and protons produced inclusively from a 16.5 GeV/c polarized proton beam incident on an unpolarized hydrogen target. The data are for transverse momenta between 1.0 and 2.7 GeV/c and X/sub F/ near zero. 8 references.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Barton, D.; Bunce, G.; Carroll, A.; Makdisi, Y.; Remsberg, L.; Baller, B. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computational methods for fracture mechanics analysis of pressurized-thermal-shock experiments
Extensive computational analyses are required to determine material parameters and optimum pressure-temperature transients compatible with proposed pressurized-thermal-shock (PTS) test scenarios and with the capabilities of the PTS test facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Computational economy has led to the application of techniques suitable for parametric studies involving the analysis of a large number of transients. These techniques, which include analysis capability for two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) superposition, inelastic ligament stability, and upper-shelf arrest, have been incorporated into the OCA/USA computer program. Features of the OCA/USA program are discussed, including applications to the PTS test configuration.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Bass, B. R.; Bryan, R. H.; Bryson, J. W. & Merkle, J. G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Comparison of electron cyclotron heating theory and experiment in EBT
It is shown that the microwave power P/sub ..mu../ effectively vanishes near ..cap omega../sub e/ (s) approx. = ..omega... The implication of this is that for fixed epsilon passing particles are preferentially heated and for fixed pitch angle high energy particles are preferentially heated. The effect of the heating is to increase v/sub perpendicular to/, pushing passing particles toward the trapped-passing boundary where confinement is poor.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Batchelor, D.B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnetic divertor design for the compact reversed-field pinch reactor
A recently completed design of a pumped-limiter-based Compact Reversed-Field Pinch Reactor is used to estimate for the first time the impact of magnetic divertors. A range of divertor options for the low-toroidal-field RFP is examined, and a design selection is made constrained by consideration of field ripple (magnetic island), blanket displacement, recirculating power, cost, heat flux, and access. Design choices based on diversion of minority (toroidal) field lead to a preference for (poloidally) symmetric or bundle divertor geometries.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Bathke, C. G.; Miller, R. L. & Krakowski, R. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Downhole seismic monitoring of an acid treatment in the Beowawe Geothermal Field
During the acid treatment of a subeconomic well at the Beowawe Geothermal Field, numerous seismic events were detected of which 22 could be located. The events occurred following a first stage of the acid treatment and generally define a trend paralleling the surface trace of the Malpais fault. No seismic signals were detected following a second stage of the acid treatment, despite the injection of almost twice as much additional fluid. It is postulated that the cause of seismic events following the first stage was due to shear failure of chemically weakened cemented fracturs or joints in the reservoir. Presumably reservoir strain was sufficiently reduced to preclude further rock failure during the second day of treatment.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Batra, Ravi; Albright, James N. & Bradley, Christopher
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Use of the Streaming Matrix Hybrid Method for discrete-ordinates fusion reactor calculations
The use of the discrete-ordinates method for solving two-dimensional, neutral-particle transport in fusion reactor blankets and shields is often limited by inherent inaccuracies due to the ray-effect. This effect presents a particular problem in the case of neutron streaming in the large internal void regions of a fusion reactor. A deterministic streaming technique called the Streaming Matrix Hybrid Method (SMHM) has been incorporated in the two-dimensional discrete-ordinates code TRIDENT-CTR. Calculations have been performed for an actual inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) reactor design using TRIDENT-CTR both with and without the SMHM. Comparisons of the calculated fluxes indicate that substantial mitigation of the ray effect can be achieved with the SMHM. Calculations were performed for the Los Alamos FIRST STEP hybrid ICF reactor designed for tritium production. Conventional /sup 238/U fuel rod assemblies surround the spherical steel target chamber to form an annular cylindrical blanket. An axial fuel region is included to complete the blanket.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Battat, M. E.; Davidson, J. W.; Dudziak, D. J. & Thayer, G. R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
PFR/TREAT Tests L04 and L06: irradiated versus fresh LMFBR fuel under TUCOP accident conditions
Test L06, closely following L04 in the PFR/TREAT series, was a multi-pin simulation of a LMFBR transient under cooling/overpower (TUCOP) accident using full-length prototypic UK fast reactor fuel. In L04 the test fuel had been pre-irradiated to effect some fuel restructuring and fission gas retention. By contrast, in L06 the test fuel ws fresh. The pre-failure test fuel power and coolant flow histories in L04 were duplicated as closely as possible in L06 to make the L04/L06 pair a direct comparison of the performance of fresh versus irradiated fuel under TUCOP conditions. Identical 7-pin gridded test bundles in identically outfitted MK-3 integral flowing sodium loops also contributed to test environments in L04 and L06 that were as close as possible.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Bauer, T. H.; Tylka, J. P.; Fink, C. L.; Stanford, G. S.; Wright, A. E. & Herbert, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results of comparative assessment of US and Foreign Nuclear Power Plant dose experience and dose reduction programs
Based on data evaluated to date it is clear that US plants have higher collective dose equivalents per reactor and per MW-y generated than most other countries. Factors which contribute to low doses include: (1) minimization of cobalt in primary system components exposed to water, (2) careful control of primary system oxygen and pH, (3) good primary system water purity to minimize corrosion product formation, (4) careful plant design, layout and component segration and shielding, (5) management interest and commitment, (6) minimum number of workers and in-depth worker training, (7) use of special tools, and (8) plant standardization. It should be pointed out that reductions in exposure are more difficult and costly in plants already built and operating. The cost-effectiveness of dose reduction efforts at US plants should be carefully evaluated before recommendations are made concerning existing plants.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Baum, J. W.; Horan, J. R. & Dionne, B. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Defense waste processing facility project at the Savannah River Plant
The Du Pont Company is building for the Department of Energy a facility to vitrify high-level waste at the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) will solidify existing and future radioactive wastes produced by defense activities at the site. At the present time engineering and design are 45% complete, the site has been cleared, and startup is expected in 1989. This paper will describe project status as well as features of the design. 9 figures.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Baxter, Richard G.; Maher, Robert; Mellen, Joseph B.; Shafranek, L. F. & Stevens, W. R., III
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Iodine volatility. [PWR; BWR]
The ultimate aim of this program is to couple experimental aqueous iodine volatilities to a fission product release model. Iodine partition coefficients, for inorganic iodine, have been measured during hydrolysis and radiolysis. The hydrolysis experiments have illustrated the importance of reaction time on iodine volatility. However, radiolysis effects can override hydrolysis in determining iodine volatility. In addition, silver metal in radiolysis samples can react to form silver iodide accompanied by a decrease in iodine volatility. Experimental data are now being coupled to an iodine transport and release model that was developed in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Beahm, E.C. & Shockley, W.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simulator experiments: effects of NPP operator experience on performance
During the FY83 research, a simulator experiment was conducted at the control room simulator for a GE Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) NPP. The research subjects were licensed operators undergoing requalification training and shift technical advisors (STAs). This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of senior reactor operator (SRO) experience, operating crew augmentation with an STA and practice, as a crew, upon crew and individual operator performance, in response to anticipated plant transients. Sixteen two-man crews of licensed operators were employed in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The SROs leading the crews were split into high and low experience groups on the basis of their years of experience as an SRO. One half of the high- and low-SRO experience groups were assisted by an STA. The crews responded to four simulated plant casualties. A five-variable set of content-referenced performance measures was derived from task analyses of the procedurally correct responses to the four casualties. System parameters and control manipulations were recorded by the computer controlling the simulator. Data on communications and procedure use were obtained from analysis of videotapes of the exercises. Questionnaires were used to collect subject biographical information and data on subjective workload during each simulated casualty. …
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Beare, A.N. & Gray, L.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Technical Area 55 Entry Control System (ECS). [Plutonium facilities]
The exchange badge system which was used at the Plutonium Facility located in Technical Area 55 was replaced on a trial basis with an automated Entry Control System. As a result of the success of the trial system, a new system incorporating expanded features and increased reliability is being implemented. The new Entry Control System incorporates several features not previously available in relatively inexpensive entry systems. The reliability of the system is enhanced by redundant microprocessors incorporating bubble memory for nonvolatile storage of the system data base. The badge readers incorporate dual communication lines to two different controllers to further increase the total system reliability.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Beaumont, A.; Brundige, E.; DesJardin, R. & Rivera, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multi-pion production
Preliminary analysis of pion production in 1.2 GeV/nucleon Kr-RbBr collisions is presented. The negative pion multiplicity is consistent with a convolution of Poisson distributions and a freeze-out density between 1/3 and 1/2 normal nuclear density is extracted. Global negative pion kinematic variables are used to search for possible structure in the multi-pion emission. No evidence for structured emission or conservation constraints is found. Pion interferometry analysis gives a source radius of 5.4 +- 1.2 Fermi and a freeze-out density of .3 +- .2 times normal nuclear density. 10 refs., 5 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Beavis, D.; Fung, S.Y.; Gorn, W.; Keane, D.; Liu, Y.M.; Poe, R.T. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vacancy-rearrangement theory in the first Magnus approximation
In the present paper we employ the first Magnus approximation (M1A), a unitarized Born approximation, in semiclassical collision theory. We have found previously that the M1A gives a substantial improvement over the first Born approximation (B1A) and can give a good approximation to a full coupled channels calculation of the mean L-shell vacancy probability per electron, p/sub L/, when the L-vacancies are accompanied by a K-shell vacancy (p/sub L/ is obtained experimentally from measurements of K/sub ..cap alpha../-satellite intensities). For sufficiently strong projectile-electron interactions (sufficiently large Z/sub p/ or small v) the M1A ceases to reproduce the coupled channels results, but it is accurate over a much wider range of Z/sub p/ and v than the B1A. 27 references.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Becker, R.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multiple vacancy production by high energy heavy ions
The theory of atomic collisions has two ingredients: collision theory and atomic structure theory. The collision theories differ with respect to (A) the collision dynamics and (B) the treatment of the relative motion of the projectile and target nuclei. With regard to the dynamics multiple vacancy production is of fundamental interest because it is a signature for and probe of strong interactions between the projectile and the target electrons. For projectiles of large nuclear charge, Z/sub p/, especially for those which are highly stripped so as to have a large ionic charge, q, the interaction becomes strong enough to give a high probability of multiple vacancy production and a breakdown of perturbation theory. The familiar first and second Born approximations and their off-shoots cease to be adequate. Not even the recent strong-potential Born approximation (see Taulbjerg 1984) is sufficient, because the weaker of the potentials generated by the projectile and the target nuclei, respectively, is treated in first order. One needs a unitary, non-perturbative collision theory. At present this is generally available for multiple vacancy production only in the form of the highly numerical coupled channels theory (Becker et al. 1983, 1984b). For special problems analytically tractable models have been …
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Becker, R.L.; Ford, A.L. & Reading, J.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theory of K/sup n/L/sup v/ multiple vacancy production by heavy ions
Observation of intensities of K/sub ..cap alpha../ x-ray or Auger satellites and hyper-satellites together with fluorescence yields provides knowledge of KL/sup v/ and K/sup 2/l/sup v/ vacancy distributions produced by ion-atom collisions. The traditional theory used since approx. 1972 employs a single-particle model and a weak-coupling ionization approximation. We review our recent extensions of the theory to include Paul correlations in the independent Fermi particle model, a unitary collision theory in the first Magnus and coupled-channels approximations, electron transfer to the projectile, and contributions from shakeoff which interfere with the collision-induced amplitudes.
Date:
January 1, 1984
Creator:
Becker, R.L.; Ford, A.L. & Reading, J.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library