Traditional security approaches do not adequately addressall the requirements of open, scientific computing facilities. Many ofthe methods used for more restricted environments, including almost allcorporate/commercial systems, do not meet the needs of today's science.Use of only the available "state of the practice" commercial methods willhave adverse impact on the ability of DOE to accomplish its sciencegoals, and impacts the productivity of the DOE Science community. Inparticular, NERSC and other high performance computing (HPC) centers havespecial security challenges that are unlikely to be met unless DOE fundsdevelopment and support of reliable and effective tools designed to meetthe cyber security needs of High Performance Science. The securitychallenges facing NERSC can be collected into three basic problem sets:network performance and dynamics, application complexity and diversity,and a complex user community that can have transient affiliations withactual institutions. To address these problems, NERSC proposes thefollowing four general solutions: auditing user and system activityacross sites; firewall port configuration in real time;cross-site/virtual organization identity management and access control;and detecting security issues in application middleware. Solutions arealsoproposed for three general long term issues: data volume,application complexity, and information integration.

The HEIGHTS integrated model has been developed as an instrument for simulation and optimization of laser-produced plasma (LPP) sources relevant to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The model combines three general parts: hydrodynamics, radiation transport, and heat conduction. The first part employs a total variation diminishing scheme in the Lax-Friedrich formulation (TVD-LF); the second part, a Monte Carlo model; and the third part, implicit schemes with sparse matrix technology. All model parts consider physical processes in three-dimensional geometry. The influence of a generated magnetic field on laser plasma behavior was estimated, and it was found that this effect could be neglected for laser intensities relevant to EUV (up to {approx}10{sup 12} W/cm{sup 2}). All applied schemes were tested on analytical problems separately. Benchmark modeling of the full EUV source problem with a planar tin target showed good correspondence with experimental and theoretical data. Preliminary results are presented for tin droplet- and planar-target LPP devices. The influence of three-dimensional effects on EUV properties of source is discussed.

This report discusses design approaches for a Greenhouse Gas reduction program related to Climate change.

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This report provides historical background on the enactment of declarations of war and authorizations for the use of force and analyzes their legal effects under international and domestic law.

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The reports is categorized into sic categories: (I) Types of Retirement Plans, (II) Enrollment Practices, (III) IRS Rulings, (IV) Policy Issues, (V) Plan Participation, and (VI) The Pension Protection Act.

This report provides a brief explanation of the audio flag and its relationship to digital audio radio broadcasts, and summarizes legislative proposals considered by the 109th Congress, including H.R. 4861 (Audio Broadcast Flag License Act of 2006) and S. 2686 (Digital Content Protection Act of 2006), that would have authorized its adoption.

In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, the Congress passed legislation, S.J.Res. 23, on September 14, 2001, authorizing the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons..." The President signed this legislation into law on September 18, 2001. This report provides a legislative history of this statue, the "Authorization of Use of Military Force", which, as Congress stated in its text, constitutes the legislative authorization for the use of U.S. military force contemplated by the War Powers Resolution.

Simulations are performed using GEANT4 of a second-generation compact Compton imaging detector called CCI2 which uses silicon and germanium detector crystals. Realistic simulated detector geometry and realistic detector parameters are used. Results are obtained for the CCI2 detector for the intrinsic photopeak efficiency, imaging efficiency, and angular resolution, and simulated images are created for point sources with various energies and source angles.

The objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate more efficient methods for solving radiation transport equations using adaptivity in angle variables. Conventional angular discretization methods require that the angular finite-difference grid be fine enough in any region. If the grid is too coarse, the well-known ''ray effects'' appear. In addition, subdomains appear with a highly anisotropic particle flux distribution over directions (where a very fine angular difference grid must be used), as well as subdomains where the distribution is nearly isotropic. In view of this, a promising approach to multi-dimensional transport solution efficiency enhancement using finite-difference approximations is one employing adaptive grids. Such adaptive methods are expected to resolve the ''ray effect'' problem in a cost-efficient manner. The algorithm for solving the radiation transport equation using an angle-adaptive method with dynamic criteria for constructing the grid was evaluated using a set of benchmark test problems (pipe, slit, vacuum, and spherical).

State renewables portfolio standards (RPS) have emerged as one of the most important policy drivers of renewable energy capacity expansion in the U.S. Collectively, these policies now apply to roughly 40% of U.S. electricity load, and may have substantial impacts on electricity markets, ratepayers, and local economies. As RPS policies have been proposed or adopted in an increasing number of states, a growing number of studies have attempted to quantify the potential impacts of these policies, focusing primarily on projecting cost impacts, but sometimes also estimating macroeconomic and environmental effects. This report synthesizes and analyzes the results and methodologies of 28 distinct state or utility-level RPS cost impact analyses completed since 1998. Together, these studies model proposed or adopted RPS policies in 18 different states. We highlight the key findings of these studies on the costs and benefits of RPS policies, examine the sensitivity of projected costs to model assumptions, assess the attributes of different modeling approaches, and suggest possible areas of improvement for future RPS analysis.

This document summaries the actions taken to remove asbestos-reinforced-concrete (transite) pipe and miscellaneous debris from Power Purst Facility (PBF)-33 and PBF-34 sites. Removal of pipe and debris were performed in November 2006 in accordance with the requirements discussed in notice of soil disturbance NSD-PBF-07-01. Debris at these two sites were classified as industrial waste that could be disposed at the Central Facilities Area (CFA) landfill at the Idaho National Laboratory. Asbestos removal was performed as Class IV asbestos cleanup work. All transite pipe was double bagged and dispositioned in the INL Landfill Complex at CFA. The remaining miscellaneous debris was loaded into dump trucks and taken to the INL Landfill Complex at CFA for final disposition. Cleanup actions are complete for both sites, and no debris or hazardous constituents remain. Therefore, both sites will be classified as No action sites.

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This report discusses the political context and congressional consideration of various funding and other restrictive legislative language applying to military operations in Indochina between 1970 and 1973.It briefly mentions similar congressional actions applying to U.S. military operations in Somalia in 1993 and Kosovo in 1999.

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This report provides information about Environmental Activities of the U.S. Coast Guard which focus on prevention programs, accompanied by enforcement and educational activities.

This report provides background information on major instances, since 1970, when congress has utilized funding cutoffs to compel the withdrawal of United States military forces from overseas military deployments.

This report discusses the Trade Restriction, The livestock "Feed Ban", BSE Surveillance and testing in Cattle and Federal spending in BSE.

This report lists all U.S. Presidents, their terms of service, information concerning their grave sites, such as the address and the congressional districts of the grave sites, and the names and the telephone numbers of the burial locations or organizations or groups that maintain the burial sites. This report also includes information on presidential wreath laying ceremonies.

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