This report provides basic information on the U.S. aid program and on the general situation in Honduras. It also outlines major issues that have arisen in the aid debate.

In the past three years, the Administration has moved to substantially increase U.S. aid levels for Guatemala from $18.3 million in FY84 to a proposed $149.7 million in FY88. Budgetary limits on the overall size of the U.S. foreign aid program may cause reductions in the proposed 1988 levels, however, independent of any choices related to the Guatemalan, situation. This issue brief provides basic information on the U.S. aid program and on the general situation in Guatemala. It also outlines major issues that have arisen in the aid debate.

This issue brief provides basic information on the U.S. aid program and on the general situation in Costa Rica. It is one in a series on U.S. assistance to key countries.

The purpose of this manual is to assist users of Federal budget information in understanding how the process works and how data are to be interpreted.

The purpose of this manual is to assist users of Federal budget information in understanding how the process works and how data are to be interpreted.

This report aims to synthesize discussions, correspondences and readings in terms of a novel framework that characterizes advances in the field of educational science and technology.

This progress report presents information on a number of different projects worked on during the reporting period. One project is the design and performance of a multiplicity jump trigger. The prototype consist of an upstream interaction veto detector, a 3/16 inch long graphite target, a pair of before multiplicity detectors, a 1 inch decay region, and finally six after multiplicity detectors. All detectors were 300 micron thick silicon wafers with a 14 mm square active area. A tritium proportional chamber was built to check Simpson`s result regarding evidence for a 17 keV massive neutrino seen in tritium decay. An electrostatic beta spectrograph has been constructed over the past five years. This detector will use hemispherical electrostatic fields to decelerate electrons from tritium beta decay. Integral endpoint spectra will be measured. The objective is to measure the electron antineutrino mass. A wide ranging theoretical program on non-perturbative quantum field theory work has been ongoing. The calculations which are being worked on involve both the electroweak and the strong interactions. In addition research work on a beam drift chamber, beam solid state detectors, and time-of-flight system are reviewed. A resistive plastic, proportional tube, gas hadron calorimeter with pad readout is described. Also …

This report covers the third quarter of the third phase of the reciprocating charge pump improvement program. The program was begun in 1982 for the purpose of improving the operating life of packings and plungers used in 300 psig, 300F coal/solvent slurry pumps employed in synthetic fuel generating plants. The testing to be performed during this phase has been modified since the last quarterly report. This test measured the effects of slurry migration past the floating piston seal and the time to wear the packing and plunger beyond the acceptable limit. Table 1 summarizes all testing to date, 456 hours total at this time with 72 hours on 35% slurry. It denotes the valve problems seen with rapid pressure decay when pumping slurry. Throughout this time, 33 specific and different equipment failures and operation problems occurred that delayed the testing.

This report marks the fourth quarter of the third phase of the centrifugal slurry pump improvement program. The program was begun in 1982 to improve the operating life of centrifugal slurry pumps for coal liquefaction service. The first phase reviewed pilot plant experience with centrifugal slurry pumps and identified, with the help of a literature search, the critical design parameters and materials required for such improvement. The second phase encompassed extensive small-scale testing of several hydraulic design concepts and materials testing and selection - the results being incorporated in a prototype slurry pump design. This third phase of the work has included i) prototype slurry pump testing against a state-of-the-art coal liquefaction slurry pump, wherein substantial reduction of wear was obtained at 60% higher speed at the same head and flow rate therefore at 60% higher specific speed - and ii) an investigation as to whether still higher specific speed is possible. The prototype pump tested in (i) had a specific speed of 600. Another pump of this same design was re-fitted for investigation (ii) with a smaller impeller and associated liners so as to operate at a specific speed of 1000. Both the 600 and the 1000 impellers for …

1986 was another year of major advances for SSRL as the ultimate capabilities of PEP as a synchrotron radiation source became more apparent and a second PEP beam line was initiated, while effective development and utilization of SPEAR proceeded. Given these various PEP developments, SSRL abandoned its plans for a separate diffraction limited ring, as they abandoned their plans for a 6--7 GeV ring of the APS type last year. It has become increasingly apparent that SSRL should concentrate on developing SPEAR and PEP as synchrotron radiation sources. Consequently, initial planning for a 3 GeV booster synchrotron injector for SPEAR was performed in 1986, with a proposal to the Department of Energy resulting. As described in Chapter 2, the New Rings Group and the Machine Physics Group were combined into one Accelerator Physics Group. This group is focusing mainly on the improvement of SPEAR`s operating conditions and on planning for the conversion of PEP into a fourth generation x-ray source. Considerable emphasis is also being given to the training of accelerator physics graduate students. At the same time, several improvements of SSRL`s existing facilities were made. These are described in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes new SSRL beam lines being …

This Report is a presentation of time versus concentration plots for results of the groundwater monitoring program conducted by the Health Protection Department. This purpose of this report is to provide a tool for interpretation of the groundwater at the sites monitored. It should be used in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Plant Environmental Report for 1984 (DPSPU-86-30-1), the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Plant Environmental Report for 1986 (DPSPU-86-30-1), and the quarterly reports of the groundwater monitoring program for the first two quarters of 1987 (HPR-87-158 and HPR-87-286)

Since last year we have (1) Investigated the production of Rh-105 by the Szilard-Chalmers process using Ru(acac){sub 3} targets, (2) Synthesized several new ligands and their rhodium complexes, (3) Done preliminary studies of the radiochemical properties of some of these complexes of Rh-105 at 10{sup -4} -10{sup -3} M concentration, and (4) Done preliminary animal studies on one of the complexes.

This progress report details activities on the JASPER Shielding Program for the time period of April 1, 1987 through May 31, 1987.

This report details activities on the JASPER Shielding Program for the time period of February 1, 1987 through March 31, 1987. During this reporting period the measurements for the Fission Gas Plenum Experiment were completed and the results are enclosed.

In response to Task Order 001, Los Alamos National Laboratory Contract 9-L5H-1508P-1, Betac Corporation is pleased to provide ten quick-response, short-term analytical papers in support of Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) and Special Operations (SO). The papers are study methodologies which provide background, baseline, concepts, approaches, and recommendations in the mission areas identified in the Statement of Work. Although the Statement of Work specifies only nine papers, a tenth paper has been included addressing Command Relationships, since this subject affects all other topics and is of critical importance to USCINCSOC in establishing the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). Each paper addresses the feasibility of further effort in each area of interest. The ten papers address: (1) mission support systems; (2) research, development, and acquisition; (3) headquarters equipment; (4) C3I architecture; (5) intelligence dissemination; (6) intelligence collection management; (7) intelligence support to SOF targeting; (8) joint mission area analysis (JMAA); (9) joint SOF master plan; and (10) command relationships.

The Rock Valley fault system trends northeasterly through the southeast corner of the Nevada Test Site. The system records left-lateral offset of Paleozoic and Tertiary rocks, although total offset amounts to only a few kilometers. Distinct scarps in alluvial deposits of Quaternary age and a concentration of seismicity, particularly at its north end, suggest that the Rock Valley fault system may be active. Two trenches were excavated by backhoe in 1978 across a 0.5-m-high scarp produced by a strand of the Rock Valley fault system. A detailed logging of the two Rock Valley fault trenches was undertaken during the spring of 1984. This report presents: (1) logs of both walls of the two trenches, (2) a general description of the lithologic units and the soils formed in these units that are exposed in and near the fault trenches, (3) observations of the clast fabric of unfaulted and faulted deposits exposed in the trench walls, and (4) a map of the surficial deposits in the vicinity of the trenches.

The authors have studied the precipitation of heavy metals by sulfide generated as a result of anaerobic sulfate respiration by sulfate-reducing bacteria. These bacteria are able to remove salts of mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel , and zinc from media that support sulfate respiration. A survey of metal-contaminated soils along East Fork Poplar Creek showed that all samples contained sulfate-reducing bacteria, but none had sufficient concentration of free sulfate to support active sulfate respiration. This situation represents a potential hazard in that sulfate-reducing bacteria can methylate mercury under conditions of low available sulfate, possibly releasing methyl mercury to the groundwater. The authors have proposed that amendment of soil with sulfate will promote sulfate respiration by bacteria. This would both enhance precipitation of heavy metals and also inhibit the formation of the toxic methylated metal compounds. Studies with soil columns demonstrated the feasibility of surface application of calcium sulfate to soil in providing sufficient concentration of sulfate at depths of at least 40 cm.

The design of nuclear waste repositories in hard rock underground requires an understanding of how the jointed rock mass responds to the various loads introduced. The Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations (NNWSI) is conducting a series of field tests in G-Tunnel on the Nevada Test Site to characterize the behavior of welded tuff. In particular, one of the ways its modulus of deformation is being measured in situ is by means of a slot loaded by a pressurized flatjack. This is called the Modified Rocha Slot Test, after Manuel Rocha who pioneered investigations using this type of test. Numerical calculations were undertaken using the stress-wave dynamic finite difference code STEALTH. Using dynamic relaxation, the code is able to follow the quasi-static loading curve quite closely, so that the path-dependent aspects of the solution are captured economically. The material model (CAVS) represents an elastic-plastic rock matrix with evenly-spaced joints in three mutually perpendicular planes. The joints have nonlinear normal compliance, shear cohesion, and shear strength that depend on the slip history. Slip-induced dilation of the joints is also taken into consideration. Results of the calculations are presented which illustrate the stresses, deformations, and joint slippages resulting from the application of pressure …

The sorption of cesium and strontium has been modeled with a heterogeneity-based isotherm equation for various tuff materials including those within a sequence of geologic stratigraphic units. The theory of the isotherm foresees the relative retardation and the chemical dispersion of the studied radionuclides during transport. The concepts of heterogeneity of sites and variability in the maximum number of sites available for sorption are incorporated into the model. 16 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.

Stratigraphic units in the Tecopa basin, located in southeastern California, provide a framework for interpreting Quaternary climatic change and tectonism along the present Amargosa River. During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, a climate that was appreciably wetter than today`s sustained a moderately deep lake in the Tecopa basin. Deposits associated with Lake Tecopa consists of lacustrine mudstone, conglomerate, volcanic ash, and shoreline accumulations of tufa. Age control within the lake deposits is provided by air-fall tephra that are correlated with two ash falls from the Yellowstone caldera and one from the Long Valley caldera. Lake Tecopa occupied a closed basin during the latter part, if not all, of its 2.5-million-year history. Sometime after 0.5 m.y. ago, the lake developed an outlet across Tertiary fanglomerates of the China Ranch Beds leading to the development of a deep canyon at the south end of the basin and establishing a hydrologic link between the northern Amargosa basins and Death Valley. After a period of rapid erosion, the remaining lake beds were covered by alluvial fans that coalesced to form a pediment in the central part of the basin. Holocene deposits consist of unconsolidated sand and gravel in the Amargosa River bed and …

About 15,000 gravity stations were used to create the gravity map. Gravity studies at the Nevada Test Site were undertaken to help locate geologically favorable areas for underground nuclear tests and to help characterize potential high-level nuclear waste storage sites. 48 refs. (TEM)

The Oak Ridge Research Institute has addressed the question of whether sulfate-reducing bacteria can be used in the remediation of heavy metal contamination. The authors have performed experiments in which mercury, lead, and cadmium have been removed from liquid media in which sulfate-reducing bacteria were growing. It is clear that heavy metals can be precipitated from solution by sulfate-reducers. The authors believe that the activity of these organisms can be enhanced to help stabilize mercury and other metals in waste holding pond sludges, sediments and in contaminated soils.

As part of its ongoing efforts to ensure environmental regulation compliance at DOE facilities, DOE published on April 26, 1985, a notice of intent to write an Environmental Impact Statement on Waste Management Activities for Groundwater Protection (Groundwater EIS) at the Savannah River Plant (SRP). To perform a human health risk assessment of each waste site for each closure action considered, DuPont organized a project team led by personnel from the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) and supported by outside contractors specializing in risk assessment work. As part of that team, JBF Associates, Inc. (JBFA) performed an atmospheric containment transport analysis and human health risk assessment of nonradioactive contaminants from SRP waste sites. For each waste site, three closure actions were examined: (1) excavate the site, backfill it, and cap it followed by regular groundwater monitoring (Option 1); (2) backfill and cap the site followed by regular groundwater monitoring (Option 2); and (3) no remedial action, regular groundwater monitoring, and some site maintenance work (Option 3). The human health risk assessment performed by JBFA estimated the public and worker risks from contaminants released to the atmosphere from each waste site for each closure option. This paper first presents the methodology JBFA …

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate in strongly alkaline solution has been studied using nickel, lead, zinc, and iron cathodes. Intermediate formation of nitrate ion and ammonia product was observed for all electrode materials. Coating a nickel sponge electrode with phthalocyanine renders it less active toward nitrate reduction, while iron electrodes appear to be activated. Electrolysis between a lead cathode and a nickel anode is an efficient means of removing nitrate from strongly alkaline solutions. Electrode pretreatment and solution conditions were chosen to correspond to those that might be encountered in practical applications, for example, the cleanup of radioactive waste solutions.