This is the final report covering work performed on research into methods of attaining clean ferrous castings. In this program methods were developed to minimize the formation of inclusions in steel castings by using a variety of techniques which decreased the tendency for inclusions to form during melting, casting and solidification. In a second project, a reaction chamber was built to remove inclusions from molten steel using electromagnetic force. Finally, a thorough investigation of the causes of sand penetration defects in iron castings was completed, and a program developed which predicts the probability of penetration formation and indicates methods for avoiding it.

This note is intended to provoke discussion on Collider Run II shot setup. We hope this is a start of activities that will converge on a functional description of what is needed for shot setups in Collider Run II. We will draw on observations of the present shot setup to raise questions and make suggestions for the next Collider run. It is assumed that the reader has some familiarity with the Collider operational issues. Shot setup is defined to be the time between the end of a store and the time the Main Control Room declares colliding beams. This is the time between Tevatron clock events SCE and SCB. This definition does not consider the time experiments use to turn on their detectors. This analysis was suggested by David Finley. The operational scenarios for Run II will require higher levels of reliability and speed for shot setup. See Appendix I and II. For example, we estimate that a loss of 3 pb{sup {minus}1}/week (with 8 hour stores) will occur if shot setups take 90 minutes instead of 30 minutes. In other words: If you do 12 shots for one week and accept an added delay of one minute in each …

The primary goal of this project is the engineering development of two advanced physical fine coal cleaning processes, column flotation and selective agglomeration, for premium fuel applications. The project scope includes laboratory research and bench-scale testing on six coals to optimize these processes, followed by the design, construction, and operation of a 2-t/hr process development unit. During Quarter 13 (October--December 1995), testing of the GranuFlow dewatering process indicated a 3--4% reduction in cake moisture for screen-bowl and solid-bowl centrifuge products. The Orimulsion additions were also found to reduce the potential dustiness of the fine coal, as well as improve solids recovery in the screen-bowl centrifuge. Based on these results, Lady Dunn management now plans to use a screen bowl centrifuge to dewater their Microcel{trademark} column froth product. Subtask 3.3 testing, investigating a novel Hydrophobic Dewatering process (HD), continued this quarter. Continuing Subtask 6.4 work, investigating coal-water-slurry formulation, indicated that selective agglomeration products can be formulated into slurries with lower viscosities than advanced flotation products. Subtask 6.5 agglomeration bench-scale testing results indicate that a very fine grind is required to meet the 2 lb ash/MBtu product specification for the Winifrede coal, while the Hiawatha coal requires a grind in the 100- …

The Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System, or TORIS, was developed by the Department of Energy in the early 1980s with a goal of accounting for 70% of the nation`s original oil in place (OOIP). More than 3,700 oil reservoirs were included in TORIS, but coverage in the Appalachian basin was poor. This TORIS enhancement project has two main objectives: to increase the coverage of oil fields in the Appalachian basin; and to evaluate data for reservoirs currently in TORIS, and to add, change or delete data as necessary. Both of these objectives have been accomplished. The geological surveys in Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia have identified 113 fields in the Appalachian basin to be included in TORIS that collectively contained 80% of the original oil in place in the basin. Furthermore, data in TORIS at the outset of the project was checked and additional data were added to the original 20 TORIS oil fields. This final report is organized into four main sections: reservoir selection; evaluation of data already in TORIS; industry assistance; and data base creation and validation. Throughout the report the terms pool and reservoir may be used in reference to a single zone of oil accumulation …

The Gulf of Mexico Basin offers the greatest near-term potential for reducing the future decline in domestic oil and gas production. The Basin is less mature than productive on-shore areas, large unexplored areas remain, and there is great potential for reducing bypassed oil in known fields. On February 18, 1992, Louisiana State University with two technical subcontractors, BDM, Inc. and ICF, Inc., began a research program to estimate the potential oil and gas reserve additions that could result from the application of advanced secondary and enhanced oil recovery technologies and the exploitation of undeveloped and attic oil zones in the Gulf of Mexico oil fields that are related to piercement salt domes. This project is a one year continuation of this research and will continue work in reservoir description, extraction processes, and technology transfer. Detailed data will be collected for two previously studied reservoirs: a South Marsh Island reservoir operated by Taylor Energy and one additional Gulf of Mexico reservoir operated by Mobil. Additional reservoirs identified during the project will also be studied if possible. Data collected will include reprocessed 2-D seismic data, newly acquired 3-D data, fluid data, fluid samples, pressure data, well test data, well logs, and core …

The project involves improving thermal recovery techniques in a slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoir in the Wilmington field, Los Angeles Co., California using advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. This is the third quarterly technical progress report for the project. Through December 1995, the project is on schedule and on budget. Several significant technical achievements have already been successfully accomplished including the drilling of four horizontal wells (two producers and two steam injectors) utilizing a new and lower cost drilling program, the drilling of five observation wells to monitor the horizontal steamflood pilot, the installation of a subsurface harbor channel crossing for delivering steam to an island location, and a geochemical study of the scale minerals being created in the wellbore. Steam injection into the two horizontal injection wells began in mid-December 1995 utilizing the new 2400 ft steam line under the Cerritos Channel. Work on the basic reservoir engineering is expected to be completed in March 1996. A working deterministic geologic model was completed which allowed work to commence on the stochastic geologic and reservoir simulation models.

The Congress and the White House have agreed to abolish the Bureau of Mines within the Department of the Interior (DOI). H.R. 1977, appropriating funds for the DOI, would have provided $64 million for the "orderly closure" of the Bureau of Mines within 90 days of enactment. Orderly closure entails relocating certain functions to other agencies and completely eliminating others. H.R. 1977 was vetoed for unrelated reasons, but an attempt to override that veto was unsuccessful. In its latest action, January 26, 1996, Congress passed a continuing resolution (P.L. 104-99) affirming the closure of the Bureau and the transfer of some functions to other agencies

This project is designed to study the nature of sulphur-containing organic compounds and their respective linkages in coals and related materials using a variety of microscale pyrolysis techniques combined with gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The majority of the work will be undertaken using a PYRAN pyrolysis system purchased with funds from the DOE University Instrumentation Program. Since the last report, we have reached the point in the project that we are satisfied with the nickel boride chemical degradation method, and are now working our way through the large amounts of data collected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. While we have tentatively identified a variety of compounds produced by the chemical degradation method with spectra from the literature, we have yet to confirm many of these identifications with pure standards or specialized oil samples. As a result we will present in this report chromatograms of one of the coals (Illinois No. 6) and compare the free aliphatic hydrocarbons with those compounds cleaved from the polar extract, asphaltenes and pre-extracted coal matrix.

The Port Neches Marg Area I production stabilized at 215 BOPD for this quarter. CO{sub 2} purchase has been discontinued since November of 1995. Currently the project performance is being evaluated using a reservoir model in order to justify additional CO{sub 2} purchases, especially with the production rate being below expectation. CO{sub 2} purchases will be justified based on continuous operations. Water injection is continuing in the horizontal well to maintain reservoir pressure. Wells Kuhn {number_sign}17 and Stark {number_sign} I0 continue to inject CO{sub 2} in the vicinity of the producing wells Kuhn {number_sign}15R and Kuhn {number_sign}38. reservoir production and yield will be monitored for additional WAG cycles.

A number of experiments have been performed to study water injection in fractured porous media. These experiments reveal that: (1) the co-current imbibition may be the primary flow process in water-wet fractured media, and (2) the imbibition may result in over 20 percent recovery from very tight rock (Austin Chalk with K{sub ma} of the order of 0.01 md) for an imbibition period of about 2 months. Theoretical consideration reveal that the exponential function of Aronofsky et al. [``A Model for the Mechanism of Oil Recovery from Porous Matrix Due to Water Invasion In Fractured Reservoirs,`` Trans. AIME (1958) 213, 17-19] does not describe the early-time, but may represent the late-time recovery.

During this quarter, we have investigated rates and product compositions of NO reduction on chars in gases. N{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} internal surface areas of chars, selected from runs of various pyrolysis and reaction conditions have been measured to assist in interpreting the experimental results. Implications of Langmuir- Hinshelwood mechanisms and mass transfer limitations were examined. Oxidants suppress NO reduction on bituminous coal char more than on lignite char. Observations suggest that NO adsorption and desorption of stable surface oxygen complexes are potentially important rate- limiting steps and may be catalyzed by mineral matter during reburning with lignite char. Relative inert nature of lignite char to CO{sub 2} presence may have potential value in use of fuel system involving both solid and volatile fuels. Lignite char produced at 950 C and zero holding time has higher reactivity than that produced at 1100 C and 5 min holding time. Bituminous coal chars produced at these two conditions, however, have similar reactivity with NO. Internal surface areas of both type chars vary with pyrolysis conditions and gas composition in the subsequent reaction. When oxidants are introduced in the feed, internal surface areas of these two chars vary in opposite directions.

This System Safety Program Plan (SSPP) outlines the safety analysis strategy for project W-314, ``Tank Farm Restoration and Safe Operations.`` Project W-314 will provide capital improvements to Hanford`s existing Tank Farm facilities, with particular emphasis on infrastructure systems supporting safe operation of the double-shell activities related to the project`s conceptual Design Phase, but is planned to be updated and maintained as a ``living document`` throughout the life of the project to reflect the current safety analysis planning for the Tank Farm Restoration and Safe Operations upgrades. This approved W-314 SSPP provides the basis for preparation/approval of all safety analysis documentation needed to support the project.

This report provides the results of sensitivity analyses designed to assist the test planners in focusing their in-situ measurements on parameters that appear to be important to waste isolation. Additionally, the study provides a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of certain thermal management options. A decision on thermal loading is a critical part of the scientific and engineering basis for evaluating regulatory compliance of the potential repository for waste isolation. To show, with reasonable assurance, that the natural and engineered barriers will perform adequately under expected repository conditions (thermally perturbed) will require an integrated approach based on thermal testing (laboratory, and in-situ), natural analog observations, and analytic modeling. The Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management needed input to assist in the planning of the thermal testing program. Additionally, designers required information on the viability of various thermal management concepts. An approximately 18-month Thermal Loading Study was conducted from March, 1994 until September 30, 1995 to address these issues. This report documents the findings of that study. 89 refs., 71 figs., 33 tabs.

Functional statements and organization charts for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission offices, divisions, and branches are presented.

The primary objective of this research is to conduct advanced reservoir characterization and modeling studies in the Antelope Shale reservoir. Characterization studies will be used to determine the technical feasibility of implementing a CO{sub 2} enhanced oil recovery project in the Buena Vista Hills field. The Buena Vista Hills pilot CO{sub 2} project will demonstrate the economic viability and widespread applicability of CO{sub 2} flooding in fractured siliceous shales reservoirs of the San Joaquin Valley. The research consists of four primary work processes: reservoir matrix and fluid characterization; fracture characterization; reservoir modeling and simulation; and, CO{sub 2} pilot flood and evaluation. Work done in these areas can be subdivided into two phases or budget periods. The first phase of the project will focus on the application of a variety of advanced reservoir characterization techniques to determine the production characteristics of the Antelope Shale reservoir. Reservoir models based on the results of the characterization work will be used to evaluate how the reservoir will respond to secondary recovery and EOR processes. The second phase of the project will include the implementation and evaluation of an advanced EOR pilot in the West Dome of the Buena Vista Hills field. The project has …

The data for each coal sample used in this study are included in a separate appendix. The information for each coal is presented in the following order: coal sample data (literature); coal sample data (measured); thermogravimetric data; mass spectroscopy data; mercury intrusion pore analysis; quantachrome gas sorption analysis (BET) using nitrogen (raw whole coal sample); quantachrome gas sorption analysis (BET) using nitrogen (activated whole coal sample; and plot of FTIR (DRIS) information absorbance vs wavenumbers).

The Liquid Phase Methanol (LPMEOEP") Demonstration Project at K.ingsport, Tennessee, is a $213.7 million cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Air Products Liquid Phase Conversion Company, L, P. (the Partnership). The LPMEOHY Process Demonstration Unit is being built at a site located at the Eastman Chemical Company (Eastman) complex in Kingsport. On 4 October 1994, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Air Products) and signed the agreements that would form the Partnership, secure the demonstration site, and provide the financial commitment and overall project management for the project. These partnership agreements became effective on 15 March 1995, when DOE authorized the commencement of Budget Period No. 2 (Mod. AO08 to the Cooperative Agreement). The Partnership has subcontracted with Air Products to provide the overall management of the project, and to act as the primary interface with DOE. As subcontractor to the Partnership, Air Products will also provide the engineering design, procurement, construction, and commissioning of the LPMEOHTM Process Demonstration Unit, and will provide the technical and engineering supervision needed to conduct the operational testing program required as part of the project. As subcontractor to Air Products, Eastman will be responsible for operation of the LPMEOHTM Process Demonstration …

This report was prepared to support development of the Department of Energy Environmental Management cost infrastructure -- a new capability to independently estimate and analyze costs. Currently, the cost data are reported according to a structure that blends level of effort tasks with product and process oriented tasks. Also. the budgetary inputs are developed from prior year funding authorizations and from contractor-developed parametric estimates that have been adjusted to planned funding levels or appropriations. Consequently, it is difficult for headquarters and field-level activities to use actual cost data and technical requirements to independently assess the costs generated and identify trends, potential cost savings from process improvements, and cost reduction strategies.

The results of an experiment to search for lasing in atomic transitions at x-ray energies in N{sub 2} gas target plasmas using ultra-short laser pulses is presented. Particular emphasis was placed on a search for a predicted 24.7 nm optical-field-ionization (OFI) induced lasing line from the Li-like nitrogen (N{sup 4+}, 3d {yields} 2p) transition. The excitation laser was a multi-terawatt Cr:LiSrAlF{sub 6} laser system operating at a wavelength of 825 nm and a pulse duration of 135 fs located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Experimental conditions were optimized and a series of Li-like (including the 24.7 rm N{sup 4+} 3d {yields} 2p) lines were observed and identified. Further experimental studies are required before an attempt at measurement of any potential lasing gain can be made.

Objective is to apply CMZP and Mg-Al{sub 2}TiO{sub 5} as coatings to SiC to improve corrosion resistance under coal combustion atmospheres as well as to improve high temperature mechanical properties. The research will also study the mechanism of coal combustion corrosion of SiC at 1000-1400 C. 16 figs, 8 tabs.

Chaotic systems are known for their unpredictability due to their sensitive dependence on initial conditions. When only time series measurements from such systems are available, neural network based models are preferred due to their simplicity, availability, and robustness. However, the type of neural network used should be capable of modeling the highly non-linear behavior and the multi- attractor nature of such systems. In this paper we use a special type of recurrent neural network called the ``Dynamic System Imitator (DSI)``, that has been proven to be capable of modeling very complex dynamic behaviors. The DSI is a fully recurrent neural network that is specially designed to model a wide variety of dynamic systems. The prediction method presented in this paper is based upon predicting one step ahead in the time series, and using that predicted value to iteratively predict the following steps. This method was applied to chaotic time series generated from the logistic, Henon, and the cubic equations, in addition to experimental pressure drop time series measured from a Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR), which is known to exhibit chaotic behavior. The time behavior and state space attractor of the actual and network synthetic chaotic time series were analyzed and …

The four major tasks conducted during this quarter include: (1) extensive investigation in pore structures of chars before and after reactions with NO , CO,, and 02, (2) effects of pyrolysis time on char reactivities, (3) estimations of rates of NO reduction and mass transfer limitations, and, (4) char reactivities at low feed NO concentrations. Pore structure analyses include BET-N{sub 2}, BET-CO{sub 2}, and DR-CO{sub 2} surface areas, pore size distribution, micropore volume, total pore volume, and average pore radius. These studies suggest that neither BET-N{sub 2} nor DR-CO{sub 2} surface area is a normalization factor of chars of different origin. Parameter study reveals that the effectiveness of heterogeneous reburning strongly depends on variables in three areas: (1) the origin of char, (2) char devolatilization temperature and time, and, (3) the competitions of NO with C0{sub 2} and 02 for the active sites on the char surface. The studies on pore structure and on parameter screening signify the importance of transient kinetics (TK) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in the future research. These two techniques all lead to the direct measurements of both stable and reactive surface oxygen complexes, reactive surface area, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model which has both importance …

An experiment has been proposed to investigate a photopumped x-ray laser approach using a novel, high-density, laser heated supersonic gas jet plasma to prepare the lasant plasma. The scheme uses the He- like sodium 1.10027 nm line to pump the He-like neon 1s-4p transition at 1.10003 nm with the lasing transitions between the n=4 to n=2,3 states and the n=3 to n=2 state at 5.8 nm, 23.0 nm, and 8.2 nm, respectively. The experiment had been proposed in 1990 and funding began Jan. 1991; however circumstances made it impossible to pursue the research over the past 5 years, and it was decided not to pursue the research any further.

An experiment had been proposed to investigate a photopumped x-ray laser approach using a novel, high-density, laser heated supersonic gas jet plasma to prepare the lasant plasma. The scheme to be investigated uses the he-like sodium 1.10027 nm line to pump the He-like neon 1s-4p transition at 1.10003 nm with the lasing transitions between the n = 4 to n = 2,3 states and the n = 3 to n = 2 state at 5.8 nm, 23.0 nm, and 8.2 nm, respectively. The experiment had been proposed in 1990 and funding began in January 1991. After extensive preparations to perform the experiment on the GDL laser, a series of circumstances made it impossible to pursue the research over the past 5 years. These were (1) lack of access to the GDL laser and its eventual closing, (2) the inability to identify an alternate laser system with which to perform the experiment, and (3) the lack of problem relevancy after 5 years of delays. As a consequence, it has been decided not to pursue the research any further.