Table 1 summarizes the number of jobs associated with the development and operation of a 50 MW geothermal dual flash power system. The values shown are person years (PY) of employment for the 50 MW system. About 1500 person years (PY) of labor are incorporated in the manufacture and installation of capital components of the system. Of these, about 300 PY are local to the area of the geothermal system, and about 1200 are dispersed elsewhere in the U.S. or other countries. About 71 PY of labor per year are required for the operation of the system. Of those, about 39 PY are local to the plant, and about 32 are dispersed. The total person years of labor over the entire life cycle of such a system, assuming a 30-year operational life, is on the order of 3630 person years. These include jobs during the 5 to 10 years of exploration and construction activities prior to plant start up. Of these jobs, about 1470 PY are local to the system, and about 21 60 are dispersed elsewhere.

This report briefly describes some current applications of advanced computerized digital display and control systems at US commercial nuclear power plants and presents the results of a literature search that was made to gather information on the reliability of these systems. Both hardware and software reliability were addressed in this review. Only limited failure rate information was found, with the chemical process industry being the primary source of information on hardware failure rates and expert opinion the primary source for software failure rates. Safety-grade digital control systems are typically installed on a functional like-for-like basis, replacing older analog systems without substantially changing interactions with other plant systems. Future work includes performing a limited probabilistic risk assessment of a representative DCS to assess its risk significance.

The board considers technical and policy issues pertaining to computer science, telecommunications, and associated technologies. Functions include providing a base of expertise for these fields in NRC, monitoring and promoting health of these fields, initiating studies of these fields as critical resources and sources of national economic strength, responding to requests for advice, and fostering interaction among the technologies and the other pure and applied science and technology. This document describes its major accomplishments, current programs, other sponsored activities, cooperative ventures, and plans and prospects.

In this article, we discuss fundamentals of the spectrum analysis in beam diagnostics, where several important particle motions in a circular accelerator are considered. The properties of the Fourier transform are presented. Then the coasting and the bunched beam motion in both longitudinal and transverse are studied. The discussions are separated for the signal particle, multiple particle, and the Schottky noise cases. To demonstrate the interesting properties of the beam motion spectrum, time domain functions are generated, and then the associated spectra are calculated and plotted. In order to show the whole picture in a single plot, some data have been scaled, therefore they may not be realistic in an accelerator.

In this paper, the authors present a new formulation for the longitudinal coherent dipole motion, where a quadrature response of the environmental impedance is shown to be the effective longitudinal impedance for the beam instability. The Robinson-Pedersen formulation for the longitudinal dipole motion is also presented, the difference of the two approaches is discussed in the comparison. The results by using the Sacherer integral equation for the coherent dipole motion can generate the same results as by using the other two approaches, except for a scaling difference. The formulation is further generalized to the rigid bunch motion using signal analysis method, where a form factor shows up naturally. Finally, the formulation is applied to solve the coupled bunch instabilities. Examples of the AGS Booster and the AGS coupled bunch instabilities are used to illustrate the applications of the formulation.

Research at Virginia Tech led to two complementary concepts for improving the removal of inorganic sulfur from much of the Eastern US coals. One controls the surface properties of coal pyrite (FeS[sub 2]) by electrochemical-.potential control, referred to as the Electrochemically Enhanced Sulfur Rejection (EESR) Process: The second controls the flotation of middlings, i.e., particles composed of pyrite with coal inclusions by using polymeric reagents to react with pyrite and convert the middlings to hydrophilic particles, and is termed the Polymer Enhanced Sulfur Rejection (PESR) Process. These new concepts are based on recent research establishing the two main reasons why flotation fails to remove more than about 50% of the pyritic sulfur from coal: superficial oxidization of liberated pyrite to form polysulfide oxidation products so that a part of the liberated pyrite floats with the coal; and hydrophobic coal inclusions in the middlings dominating their flotation so that the middlings also float with the coal. These new pyritic-sulfur rejection processes do not require significant modifications of existing coal preparation facilities, enhancing their adoptability by the coal industry. It is believed that they can be used simultaneously to achieve both free pyrite and locked pyrite rejection.

On Wednesday, July 24, 1991, we studied the effectiveness of constant amplitude'' transverse damping at the Fermilab Tevatron. In this mode of damping, whenever a bunch's displacement exceeds a specified threshold, a constant (usually maximum) aplitude correction pulse is applied to the damper kicker. This is in contrast to the linear'' mode, where the kick is proportional to the displacement.

Accurate calculation of hyperfine structure of (d+s)[sup n] states involves dealing with both relativistic and correlation effects in a multi-reference framework (all (d+s)[sup n] states of fixed n,J treated at once). The algorithms were improved (BCB and REDUCE methods) and applied to the hfs of Zr II for (d+s)[sup 3] states. The fs intervals were determined to within 0.075 eV, and the hfs was only 17% in error; this represents the first time that all of the (d+s)[sup n] fs levels have been accurately determined by ab initio theory. Calculations for Nb III, La I, and Hf II [J=1.5] will be published when the J=0.5 calculations are complete. 9 refs, 1 tab.

AGS beam losses at transition are now tolerable ([lt]5%), but as the present improvement plans are implemented and the intensity is increased, new mechanisms will become important and the losses will increase. This Note describes studies directed towards minimizing these losses. Werner Hardt has studied these losses at the CERN PS. In particular, he found that by sharply reducing the time spent going through transition he could reduce the losses. Hardt visited Brookhaven in early June, 1986, in order to help us better understand the AGS. As a result of work inspired by his visit, we now believe that intensities of [approximately]5x10[sup 13] circulating protons are attainable in the AGS without significant losses at transition.

Effect of 5% and 10% coal solids loadings was studied in two types of bench scale bioreactors and in chemostat cultures. The bench scale reactors used were rotating biological contactor (RBC) and upflow bioreactors. In RBC, Texas lignite was loaded at 0% and 5% (w/v), while in the upflow and chemostat reactors at 0%, 5% and 10%. Methane, total gas production, soluble carbon and volatile fatty acid production (VFA), as well as microbial growth (measured as cell protein) were monitored. Gas analysis of the headspace from the above mentioned reactors showed higher CO[sub 2] production in experiments with 5% and 10% coal solids (for example, Figure 1). This indicates that acetate degraded into CO[sub 2] but there was not enough hydrogen to carry out the reaction to convert CO[sub 2] to CH[sub 4]. These data obtained confirmed our previous results from laboratory scale reactors, that at coal solids loadings higher than 1%, methane production does not enhance significantly. This phenomena could be due to the production of higher quantities of inhibitory compounds or depletion of factors necessary for methanogenesis.

The study area is located at the southern end of the Powder River Basin in Converse County in east-central Wyoming. It is a low permeability fractured site, with both gas and oil present. Reservoirs are highly compartmentalized due to the low permeabilities, and fractures provide the only practical paths of production. During this eighth quarter of the seismic study of this area, work continued in processing seismic data, collecting additional geological information to aid in the interpretation, and integrating regional structural information and fracture trends with observations of structure in the study area.

High statistics, (> 4 x 10{sup 8} counts), room temperature measurements of the electron-positron momentum density of La{sub 2-x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} have been performed for samples with Sr concentrations of x - 0.0, 0.1, 0.13 and 0.2. These spectra have been analyzed in conjunction with theoretical calculations of the electron-positron momentum density. The metallic samples show features consistent with the presence of a Fermi surface, but its evolution with increasing Sr concentration does not follow the predictions of band theory. These results may indicate the effects of electron-electron correlation on the electron momentum distribution in the Cu-O plane.

In this article, we discuss fundamentals of the spectrum analysis in beam diagnostics, where several important particle motions in a circular accelerator are considered. The properties of the Fourier transform are presented. Then the coasting and the bunched beam motion in both longitudinal and transverse are studied. The discussions are separated for the signal particle, multiple particle, and the Schottky noise cases. To demonstrate the interesting properties of the beam motion spectrum, time domain functions are generated, and then the associated spectra are calculated and plotted. In order to show the whole picture in a single plot, some data have been scaled, therefore they may not be realistic in an accelerator.

Accurate calculation of hyperfine structure of (d+s){sup n} states involves dealing with both relativistic and correlation effects in a multi-reference framework (all (d+s){sup n} states of fixed n,J treated at once). The algorithms were improved (BCB and REDUCE methods) and applied to the hfs of Zr II for (d+s){sup 3} states. The fs intervals were determined to within 0.075 eV, and the hfs was only 17% in error; this represents the first time that all of the (d+s){sup n} fs levels have been accurately determined by ab initio theory. Calculations for Nb III, La I, and Hf II [J=1.5] will be published when the J=0.5 calculations are complete. 9 refs, 1 tab.

Primary purpose is to establish under thermal and catalytic reaction conditions whether hydrogen transfer occurred between cycloalkane type structures present in resids and aromatics present in coal and liquefied coal. Idea was to determine if hydrogen could be transferred from the cycloalkane to the atomatic in a hydrogen atmosphere, which is always present in co-processing. This document gives an extensive literature review, as well as a brief account of the experimental work. 3 tabs, 26 refs.

The purposes of Argonne`s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program are to encourage the development of novel concepts, enhance the Laboratory`s R&D capabilities, and further the development of its strategic initiatives. Projects are selected from proposals for creative and innovative R&D studies which are not yet eligible for timely support through normal programmatic channels. Among the aims of the projects supported by the Program are establishment of engineering ``proof-of-principle`` assessment of design feasibility for prospective facilities; development of an instrumental prototype, method, or system; or discovery in fundamental science. Several of these projects are closely associated with major strategic thrusts of the Laboratory as described in Argonne`s Five Year Institutional Plan, although the scientific implications of the achieved results extend well beyond Laboratory plans and objectives. The projects supported by the Program are distributed across the major programmatic areas at Argonne as indicated in the Laboratory LDRD Plan for FY 1993.

Effect of 5% and 10% coal solids loadings was studied in two types of bench scale bioreactors and in chemostat cultures. The bench scale reactors used were rotating biological contactor (RBC) and upflow bioreactors. In RBC, Texas lignite was loaded at 0% and 5% (w/v), while in the upflow and chemostat reactors at 0%, 5% and 10%. Methane, total gas production, soluble carbon and volatile fatty acid production (VFA), as well as microbial growth (measured as cell protein) were monitored. Gas analysis of the headspace from the above mentioned reactors showed higher CO{sub 2} production in experiments with 5% and 10% coal solids (for example, Figure 1). This indicates that acetate degraded into CO{sub 2} but there was not enough hydrogen to carry out the reaction to convert CO{sub 2} to CH{sub 4}. These data obtained confirmed our previous results from laboratory scale reactors, that at coal solids loadings higher than 1%, methane production does not enhance significantly. This phenomena could be due to the production of higher quantities of inhibitory compounds or depletion of factors necessary for methanogenesis.

Ultra-shallow, box-like impurity profiles are produced using Gas Immersion Laser Doping (GILD) and then analyzed by spreading resistance profilometry (SRP) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to determine the impurity distribution. At high concentrations, the profiles obtained by SRP exhibit the expected box-like shape over the entire range of junction depths: The measured concentration within the junction region is uniform while the dopant gradient at the junction exceeds 0.5 decades/nm. In comparison, the same profiles analyzed by SIMS show a broader transition at the metallurgical junction. Caused by knock-ons and ion mixing during the sputtering process, this inaccuracy is reduced, but not eliminated by lowering the acceleration energy of the primary Cs{sup +} ion beam. At lower concentrations (< 10{sup 19}/cm{sup 3}), profiles analyzed by SRP exhibit shallower junctions than expected. Electrical measurements of diodes and Hall structures show that high-quality, ultra-shallow n{sup +}p, np and pn are fabricated with good dose control using GILD. For complete characterization of GILD, accurate measurement of both chemical and electrically-active dopant profiles are required. At present, neither SIMS nor SRP provides an entirely accurate impurity profile.

None

AGS beam losses at transition are now tolerable ({lt}5%), but as the present improvement plans are implemented and the intensity is increased, new mechanisms will become important and the losses will increase. This Note describes studies directed towards minimizing these losses. Werner Hardt has studied these losses at the CERN PS. In particular, he found that by sharply reducing the time spent going through transition he could reduce the losses. Hardt visited Brookhaven in early June, 1986, in order to help us better understand the AGS. As a result of work inspired by his visit, we now believe that intensities of {approximately}5x10{sup 13} circulating protons are attainable in the AGS without significant losses at transition.

The objective of Phase 1 of this program is to develop a novel low NO{sub x} pulverized coal burner, which offers near-term commercialization potential, uses preheated combustion air of up to 1000{degree}F, and which can be applied to high-temperature industrial heating furnaces, chemical process furnaces, fired heaters, and boilers. In the low NO{sub x} coal burner concept, the flue gas is recycled to the burner by jet pump action provided by the momentum of the primary air flow. The recycled flue gas is used to convey the pulverized coal to the jet pump where mixing with the primary air takes place. Ignition occurs downstream of the jet mixing section. The recycled flue gas is at high temperature. When the pulverized coal is entrained, it is heated by conduction from the flue gas. The coal is pyrolyzed to a large extent before being mixed with the primary air. These pyrolysis products are the source of energy for the downstream flame. In this process, the fuel nitrogen associated with pyrolysis products can be converted to molecular nitrogen in the pyrolysis flame if the oxygen is held to substoichiometric concentrations based upon the burning species (pyrolysis products and some char). Pyrolysis products combustion …

This report describes the modifications and repairs made to the 200 ton absorption refrigeration pilot plant since April 1992, when Clarkson University assumed responsibility for it. Current operating problems and the performance of the plant, achieved to date, are detailed. Performance has been limited by small air leaks into the absorption section of the plant and by plugging in a heat exchanger which has limited the flow of purified glycol to the absorber. Nonetheless, the plant has been operated for periods of over eight hours with sustained cooling loads of 40 tons. Chilled water has been produced at a temperature as low as 38 degrees Fahrenheit. The principal leak sources have been pinpointed. Plans are described for achieving plant operation at designed levels.

The Alaska Power Administration (APA) has prepared an Environmental Assessment (EA) (DOE/EA-0862) evaluating the Marketing Plan for the Eklutna Project that establishes long-term allocation and sales of power. The proposed long-term sales contract will replace long-term agreements that expire at the end of December, 1993. The EA evaluates the proposed alternative and the no action alternative. The proposed alternative replaces the expiring contracts with new 20-year contracts with the same terms, conditions and allocations as the previous long-term contracts. No other alternatives were developed, as the three preference utilities are the only ones in the marketing area, and the ratio of power allocations with proposed alternative are the same as those contained in a divestiture purchase agreement signed among the power customers. The divestiture of this Federal project is expected to be approved by Congress; the power contracts signed under the marketing plan would remain in force after the sale to the three existing customers, who would then own the project in the same ratio as the power sales contracts. The EA identified no actions associated with the proposal that will cause significant environmental or socioeconomic impacts. The Marketing Plan for the Eklutna Project deals with replacement of expiring contracts.

CIRCE is an efficient beam dynamics code developed to facilitate the design and analysis of heavy-ion accelerators. The code combines an envelope description of the beam transverse dynamics with a fluid-like treatment of longitudinal dynamics, and terms are included to account for the effects of space charge, emittance, and image forces. CIRCE is currently being adapted to model the Induction Linac Systems Experiments (ILSE) facility, a proposed heavy-ion accelerator designed to test aspects of an inertial-fusion driver. The numerical model in the code is discussed, and changes needed for modeling ILSE are outlined. Preliminary work is presented on beam matching along the ILSE lattice and on transport around the ILSE achromatic bend.