The Biotechnology Center for Fuels and Chemicals (BCFC) leads a national effort, in cooperation with industry, to develop innovative, market-driven biotechnologies for producing fuels and chemicals from renewable resources. The BCFC researchers focus on using bioprocesses to convert renewable biomass feedstocks into valuable products.

It is clear that high-resolution synchrotrons X-ray powder diffraction is a very powerful and convenient tool for material characterization and structure determination. Most investigations to date have been carried out under ambient conditions and have focused on structure solution and refinement. The application of high-resolution techniques to increasingly complex structures will certainly represent an important part of future studies, and it has been seen how ab initio solution of structures with perhaps 100 atoms in the asymmetric unit is within the realms of possibility. However, the ease with which temperature-dependence measurements can be made combined with improvements in the technology of position-sensitive detectors will undoubtedly stimulate precise in situ structural studies of phase transitions and related phenomena. One challenge in this area will be to develop high-resolution techniques for ultra-high pressure investigations in diamond anvil cells. This will require highly focused beams and very precise collimation in front of the cell down to dimensions of 50 {micro}m or less. Anomalous scattering offers many interesting possibilities as well. As a means of enhancing scattering contrast it has applications not only to the determination of cation distribution in mixed systems such as the superconducting oxides discussed in Section 9.5.3, but also to …

This special issue of Alternative Fuel News highlights the Fifth National Clean Cities Conference held in Louisville, Kentucky. The momentum for the program is stronger than ever and the coalitions are working to propel the alternative fuel industry forward.

Biomass is an attractive energy source, and transportation fuels made from biomass offer a number of benefits. Developing the technology to produce and use biofuels will create transportation fuel options that can positively impact the national energy security, the economy, and the environment. Biofuels include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.

The Coast Guard military base on Kodiak Island, Alaska, is the largest Coast Guard base in the world. By taking a leadership role in a pilot program to streamline Federal financing and procurement for energy saving projects, the Coast Guard is saving more than $220,000 a year in energy costs at this base. Using the Super ESPC (Energy Savings Performance Contracting) program, the Coast Guard was able to quickly contract with an experienced contractor with energy savings expertise. Working with ERI, one of FEMP's (Federal Energy Management Program) approved energy services contractors, the Coast Guard determined areas of potential energy savings and designed a retrofit to upgrade inefficient equipment and infrastructure. When energy-efficient modifications are complete, the base will be 30% more cost effective.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Agriculture Industry of the Future, a partnership between the Department of Energy and the agriculture industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Aluminum Industry of the Future; a partnership between the Department of Energy and the aluminum industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' BestPractices initiative, which helps manufacturers implement energy and cost saving technologies and practices that are available today.

This document is one in a series of information bulletins about the Building America program, member teams, and current projects. This bulletin highlights the construction completed in Atlanta, Georgia, and will focus on the projects related to the International Builders' Show.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Chemicals Industry of The Future, a partnership between the Department of Energy and the chemicals industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the OIT's Combustion initiative, a research and development program that works with manufacturers to increase the energy efficiency of heat-delivery systems.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Glass Industry of The Future; a partnership between the Department of Energy and the glass industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies Metal Casting Industry of The Future; a partnership between the Department of Energy and the metal casting industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Petroleum Industry of The Future, a partnership between the Department of Energy and the petroleum refining industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

This 8-page brochure describes the Office of Industrial Technologies' Steel Industry of The Future, a partnership between the Department of Energy and the steel industry established to increase industrial energy and cost efficiency.

A detailed account of the activity and accomplishments made by fleets covered by the EPAct State and Alternative Fuel Provider Program.

A fact sheet that introduces the winners of the 2001 Clean Cities coalition awards, including the Empire, Movers and Shakers, Gold Star, Few Good Fleets and Madison Avenue awards.

The Wind Powering America Initiative is a regionally-based effort to increase the use of clean wind energy in the United States over the next two decades. The purpose of this brochure is to provide a brief description of the initiative, its goals, benefits, and strategy as well as a list of contacts for those interested in obtaining more information.

The Henry's law type constants of OH and HO{sub 2} have not been experimentally determined for obvious reasons: it is extremely difficult to measure the concentrations of these reactive species in either the gas phase or the aqueous phase, let alone simultaneously in both phases. At a more fundamental level, because these radicals react rapidly in both phases, compared with mass-transfer rates characterizing typical laboratory multi-phase systems, the gas-liquid equilibrium which is necessary for such measurements to be feasible is typically not attainable. Consequently, the Henry's law constants of these radicals are traditionally evaluated from the free energy of solution, {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup 0}(X) accompanying the process of transferring a molecule X from the gas phase, denoted g, to the aqueous phase, a, i.e. X{sub g} {rightleftharpoons} X{sub a} (9.10); using the equation {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) = -RT ln k{sub H} (9.11); {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) is defined as {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) = {Delta}{sub f}G{sup o}(X){sub a} - {Delta}{sub f}G{sup o}(X){sub g} (9.12) where the free energies of formation of X in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase are typically evaluated using thermochemical cycles.

The solubility of gases in water and other aqueous media such as seawater and more concentrated solutions is central to the description of the uptake and reactions of these gases in aerosols, precipitation, surface water and other aqueous media such as the intracellular fluids of plants and animals. It is also pertinent to sampling of soluble atmospheric gases in aqueous medium for analytical purposes. This book presents evaluated summaries of data pertinent to the solubility of gases in aqueous media. This chapter introduces the terminology by which this solubility is described and the pertinent units and presents examples of applications pertinent to atmospheric chemistry. As is seen below, a variety of units have been and continue to be employed for gas solubility data, so some attention must be given to this subject. As this is an IUPAC publication, every effort is made to employ units that are consistent with the International System of Units (Systeme International, SI). However, in IUPAC publications of solubility data it is usual to publish data in the original units in addition to SI units. The consistency of SI makes this system of units convenient for application in atmospheric chemistry and related disciplines. However, as elaborated …

Temperature and salinity are two of the key properties of ocean water masses. The distribution of these two independent but related characteristics reflects the interplay of incoming solar radiation (insolation) and the uneven distribution of heat loss and gain by the ocean, with that of precipitation, evaporation, and the freezing and melting of ice. Temperature and salinity to a large extent, determine the density of a parcel of water. Small differences in temperature and salinity can increase or decrease the density of a water parcel, which can lead to convection. Once removed from the surface of the ocean where 'local' changes in temperature and salinity can occur, the water parcel retains its distinct relationship between (potential) temperature and salinity. We can take advantage of this 'conservative' behavior where changes only occur as a result of mixing processes, to track the movement of water in the deep ocean (Figure 1). The distribution of density in the ocean is directly related to horizontal pressure gradients and thus (geostrophic) ocean currents. During the Quaternary when we have had systematic growth and decay of large land based ice sheets, salinity has had to change. A quick scaling argument following that of Broecker and Peng …