The details of a shingle module design which produces in excess of 97 watts/m/sup 2/ of module area at 1 kW/m/sup 2/ insolation and at 60/sup 0/C are reported. This selected design employs a tempered glass coverplate to provide the primary solar cell structural support. The use of the B.F. Goodrich FLEXSEAL roofing system as the outer skin of the shingle substrate provides a high confidence of achieving the 15 year service life goal. The fabrication and testing of a preproduction module of this design has demonstrated that this selected approach will meet the environmental testing requirements imposed by the contract. Attempts to fabricate a preproduction module of an alternative design, which embeds the solar cell assembly within a methyl methacrylate casting, proved unsuccessful.

This report discusses legislative proposals for a national heath insurance system and alternatives to a national health insurance plan.

This report provides a listing of legislation introduced in the 91st Congress related to agriculture.

This report includes the Possible Legal Effects of the Proposed "Equal Rights" Amendment in the Area of Domestic Relations.

An investigation of available data on the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers has been carried out. Pertinent oceanographic data is lacking at or near potential OTEC sites for the calculation of the degree of saturation of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate. Consequently, only ''extrapolated'' saturation values can be used. These indicate that near surface seawater is probably supersaturated, with respect to the calcium carbonate phases calcite and aragonite, at all potential OTEC sites. The deep seawater that would be brought to the surface at the potential Atlantic Ocean sites is also likely to be supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The deep seawater at the potential Pacific Ocean sites may be slightly undersaturated. The fact that OTEC heat exchangers will be operating in seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, means that if nucleation of calcite or aragonite occurs on the heat exchanger surfaces, significant growth rates of calcium carbonate scale may be expected. The potential for calcium carbonate nucleation is highest at cathodic metal surface locations, which are produced as the result of aluminum corrosion in seawater. …

To measure and classify the Post-Rosenbluth convective loss-cone instability in MFTF, we propose to use a CO/sub 2/ laser consisting of a TEA-pulsed section and a low pressure CW section, together with a light mixing receiver. Calculations show that this system offers sufficient power and sensitivity to detect instability throughout the range from strong coherent light scattering to weak incoherent scattering when the instability is eliminated.

The Linear Free Electron Laser is numerically analyzed in the one dimensional limit by following an average (resonant) particle. Several different wiggler schemes are presented, and electron beam current density requirements are discussed. A variable phase angle buncher is also proposed.

At the request of the Department of Energy, field techniques were developed to evaluate and improve the injection of brine into wells at Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) sites. These wells are necessary for the disposal of saturated brine removed from salt domes where oil is being stored. The wells, which were accepting brine at 50 percent or less of their initial design rates, were impaired by saturated brine containing particulates that deposited on the sand face and in the geologic formation next to the wellbore. Corrosion of the brine-disposal pipelines and injection wells contributed to the impairment by adding significant amounts of particulates in the form of corrosion products. When tests were implemented at the SPR sites, it was found that the poor quality of injected brines was the primary cause of impaired injection; that granular-media filtration, when used with chemical pretreatment, is an effective method for removing particulates from hypersaline brine; that satisfactory injection-well performance can be attained with prefiltered brines; and that corrosion rates can be substantially reduced by oxygen-scavenging.

Expanded development of total-flow expander technology in order to obtain efficient energy extraction from the liquid flow component of the geothermal well flow, in addition to steam enthalpy conversion, has been undertaken by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL). The flow conditions necessary for this type of complete system performance characterization are beyond the capabilities of the test facility utilized in the preliminary tests at the LLL hot-water test facility. As an alternative to increasing the existing facility to meet the expanded test requirements, test facilities in the industrial California community are being surveyed to assess their capability in supporting future tests of the LLL expander. Biphase Engines, Inc. of Santa Monica, California was contracted by LLL to perform this survey. The goal of the Biphase Engines survey is to identify organizations with, first, an interest in supporting the LLL turbine test program and, second, to review their test capabilities with respect to the turbine test requirements. The results of the survey are described in the following sections which includes a listing of all organizations contacted. The responses to all inquiries are given. The affirmative responses to the test-support requirement are detailed with a description of the test …

Efforts of this task indicate that powerplant productivity is a complex issue that has to take into account economic factors, equipment limitations, and system-loading characteristics as well as external constraints such as regulatory requirements. Among the specific findings are: (1) utilities in Illinois use the industry-wide measures of performance such as capacity factor, availability factor, forced outage rates etc.; equivalent availability as a measure is not in common practice; (2) several unit performance statistics are collected on a routine basis such as the daily unit status, component outage data, monthly production figures etc.; (3) identifying major causes of lost productivity appears to be a relatively simple task, but finding economically and technically acceptable corrective actions are generally more difficult; (4) selection of improvement projects, as well as evaluating their future impacts, is mostly based on operating experience and engineering judgement, with no use of formal analytical/statistical models; (5) there generally is a group in every utility - typically called the power production department - with routine responsibilities for upkeep of unit productivity; and (6) recently the Commonwealth Edison Co. has developed a procedure for utilizing the Edison Electric Institute outage data base for analyzing productivity-related questions at nuclear plants; this …

EDOT is a code that calculates the slowing down of a test particle in a Maxwellian plasma utilizing continuous slowing down theory. Both nuclear scattering and reactions are included. The output includes slowing down parameters as well as spectra of knock-on ions and in-flight reaction probabilities. The theory, input, and output for the code are described.

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A summary of total cumulative fuel consumption differences by fuel type through 1990 for four improvement scenarios is presented for Commonwealth Edison Company (CE) and for Illinois Power Company (IP). In all scenarios, liquid-fuel consumption is reduced. Generation is shifted to the coal and/or nuclear units for which improved availability has been assumed. For a 2% improvement in both planned (POR) and forced outage rates (FOR), a total of more than 16 million barrels of No. 6 oil will have been saved by 1990 by the two companies. This is the result of improving 10,894 MW on the CE system and 2234 MW on the IP system. For the two utilities combined, gross savings (in 1978 dollars) range from $83 million for a 1% POR improvement to $346 million for 2% improvements in both POR and FOR. In terms of their effect on ratepayers, these savings would be even greater since gross receipt taxes and other charges would be applied to a smaller-generation cost base under the improvement scenarios. Caution must be exercised however, since results do not take into consideration the costs of achieving the improved performance. The proportion of net benefits that would be passed on to ratepayers …

The objective of Phase I of this project is to support the Solar Central Receiver Power Plant research, development and demonstration effort by: (1) Establishment of a heliostat design, with associated manufacturing, assembly, installation and maintenance approaches, that, in quantity production will yield significant reductions in capital and operating costs over an assumed 30 year plant lifetime as compared with existing designs. (2) Identification of needs for near term and further research and development in heliostat concept, materials, manufacture, installation, maintenance, and other areas, where successful accomplishment and application would offer significant payoffs in the further reduction of the cost of electrical energy from Solar Central Receiver Power Plants. The Phase I study will define a low-cost heliostat preliminary design and the conceptual design of a heliostat manufacturing/installation plan which will result in low life cycle cost when produced and installed at high rate and large quantities for commercial Solar Central Receiver Power Plants. The study will develop the annualized life cycle cost and the performance of heliostats for a 30 year plant life, for each of three rates of continuous production and installation. The three specified rates are 25,000, 250,000, and 1,000,000 heliostats per year. The analysis of these …

The conceptual design of a solar process steam system began with studies and evaluations of various alternative design configurations. From these evaluations a final candidate design configuration was selected which is to be used for further detailed analysis and engineering. An evaluation of various types of distributed collector systems is presented. Cost-effectiveness of various distributed collectors was determined on the basis of total relative cost (including foundation and installation) of the collector per square foot of collector surface for the same thermal output at noon. The considerations used to select the optimum site also are given. System optimization studies are presented, including a discussion of whether a storage facility should be provided. It was found that none is required. Three alternate system configurations are described, optimized, and compared and a final concept is selected in which water is partially boiled in the slat type collectors and steam is separated in a steam drum. A cost-effectiveness criterion based on the unit cost of net annual thermal energy generated was used in the optimization studies and is discussed. The impact of the system on the environment is assessed and a preliminary safety analysis is presented. (LEW)

A comprehensive set of kerma factors for neutrons and photons has been computed for the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) standard man, ICRP soft tissue, ICRP red bone marrow, ICRP eye lens, H/sub 2/O, dry air, Al, Si, /sup 32/S, Ar, and four thermoluminescent dosimeter materials. The energy range for neutrons is 10/sup -9/ to 20 MeV, divided into 175 energy groups. For photons, the energy range is 10/sup -3/ to 20 MeV, and kerma factors are calculated at 144 energy values. The kerma factors were computed using the neutron group-averaged and photon pointwise Evaluated Nuclear Data Library. Results are compared with those in other works where appropriate. The use of kerma factors to convert fluence to absorbed-dose index for ICRP tissue is discussed.

This report addresses the program and the problems of Vietnamization.

The results of analyses of the airborne gamma radiation and total magnetic field survey flown for the region identified as the Bozeman National Topographic Map NL12-8 are presented in Volume I and II of this report. The airborne data gathered are reduced by ground computer facilities to yield profile plots of the basic uranium, thorium, and potassium equivalent gamma radiation intensities, ratios of these intensities, aircraft altitude above the earth's surface, total gamma ray and earth's magnetic field intensity, correlated as a function of geologic units. The distribution of data within each geologic unit, for all surveyed map lines and tie lines, has been calculated and is included. Two sets of profiled data for each line are included with one set displaying the above-cited data. The second set includes only flight line magnetic field, temperature, pressure, altitude data plus magnetic field data as measured at a base station. A general description of the area, including descriptions of the various geologic units and the corresponding airborne data, is included also.

In an effort to upgrade outdated instrumentation and to take advantage of current and imminent technologies the Nuclear Chemistry Division at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is about to undertake a major upgrade of their low level radiation counting and analysis facilities. It is expected that such a project will make a more coordinated data acquisition and data processing system, reduce manual data handling operations and speed up data processing throughput. Before taking on a systems design it is appropriate to establish a definition of the requirements of the facilities. This report examines why such a project is necessary in the context of the current and projected operations, needs, problems, risks and costs. The authors also address a functional specification as a prelude to a system design and the design constraints implicit in the systems implementation. Technical, operational and economic assessments establish necessary boundary conditions for this discussion. This report also establishes the environment in which the requirements definition may be considered valid. The validity of these analyses is contingent on known and projected technical, scientific and political conditions.

During the past quarter, 5 runs were made on a number of hydrotreated samples including a mildly hydrotreated simulated in-situ (1.35% N) and two moderately hydrotreated Tosco II (0.82% N and 1.55% N) distillates. The results are, in general, consistent with previous results which indicated an increase in olefins yield as the severity of hydrogenation increased. The olefins yields for the simulated in-situ oil were greater than those for the Tosco II oil for oil hydrogenated to comparable severities. The moderately hydrogenated Tosco II oil exhibited gasification tendencies at severe pyrolysis conditions, similar to the severely hydrogenated Tosco II oil. Correlational efforts were continued in using the propylene yield versus severity factor, and the yields of all major gas components versus propylene to ethylene ratio as a means of correlating pyrolysis yields. The efforts were extended to the hydrogenated simulated in-situ and Tosco II distillates.

This report disucsses the development of on-line state and parameter estimators used to analyze the structural response of buildings. The estimator/identifier is an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which has been applied with great success in other technological areas. It is shown that the EKF can perform quite well on simulated noisy structural response data.

A subscale, direct contact heat exchanger (1-ft dia packed column) was built and operated under conditions applicable to the Biphase diesel bottoming cycle. Special probes for measuring gas and liquid temperatures and for measuring gas-phase compositions were designed and installed in the exchanger. The data obtained are unique in that they indicate both the extent of evaporation and condensation zones within the exchanger and the effect that those mass transport mechanisms have upon heat exchanger performance. For gas temperatures greater than 500/sup 0/F it was found that the maximum temperature to which Therminol 66 could be heated was strongly dependent upon vaporization effects. Data obtained are sufficient to provide for the preliminary design of a direct contact heat exchanger using Therminol 66 as the thermal fluid. Recommendations are made for further testing using other heat transfer fluids to derive a more general engineering approach to the design of direct heat exchangers.

A sensitivity analysis was conducted of the utilization levels for Solar, Geothermal, and Advanced Energy Systems (ASGA) technologies during the 1985-2000 time period. In particular, the sensitivity of the utilization levels was tested with respet to both analytical techniques and to specific parameter assumptions. The sensitivity to analytical techniques was examined insofar as certain criteria were examined to elucidate their importance in determining the level of use of the ASGA technologies. The criteria incorporated consideration of such factors as total cost of the energy system, environmental impacts, and resource use patterns. The parameter assumptions studied included costs of ASGA costs of ASGA technologies, costs of non-renewable resources, and limitations on the use of technologies and resources. (MHR)

Voitenko compressors are used to generate 43 mm/..mu..s air shocks in both a steel and a grout outlet pipe containing ambient atmospheric air. Fiber-optic ports provide diaphragm burst times, time-of-arrival (TOA) data, and velocities for the shock front along the 20-mm-ID exit pipes. Pressure profiles are obtained at higher enthalpy shock propagation than ever before and at many locations along the exit pipes. Numerous other electronic sensors and postshot observations are described, as well as experimental results. The primary objectives of the experiments are as follows: (1) provide a data base for normalization/improvement of existing finite-difference codes that describe high-energy air shocks and gas propagation; (2) obtain quantitative results on the relative attenuation effects of two very different wall materials for high-energy air shocks and gas flows. The extensive experimental results satisfy both objectives.