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Application of geometry correction factors for low-level waste package dose measurements. Revision 1
Plans are to determine the Cs-137 content of low-level waste packages generated in High-Level Waste by measuring the radiation level at a specified distance from the package with a hand-held radiation instrument. The measurement taken at this specified distance, either 3 or 5 feet, is called the far-field measurement. This report documents a method for adjusting the gamma exposure rate (mR/hr) reading used in dose-to-curie determinations when the far-field measurement equals the background reading. This adjustment is necessary to reduce the conservatism resulting from using a minimum detection limit exposure rate for the dose-to-curie determination for the far-field measurement position. To accomplish this adjustment, the near-field (5 cm) measurement is multiplied by a geometry correction factor to obtain an estimate of the far field exposure rate (which is below instrument sensitivity). This estimate of the far field exposure rate is used to estimate the Cs-137 curie content of the package. This report establishes the geometry correction factors for the dose-to-curie determination when the far-field gamma exposure measurement equals the background reading. This report also provides a means of demonstrating compliance to 1S Manual requirements for exposure rate readings at different locations from waste packages while specifying only two measurement positions. …
Date:
January 5, 1995
Creator:
Chandler, M.C. & Parish, B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Predicting tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl radical in a global, three-dimensional, chemistry, transport, and deposition model
Two of the most important chemically reactive tropospheric gases are ozone (O{sub 3}) and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Although ozone in the stratosphere is a necessary protector against the sun`s radiation, tropospheric ozone is actually a pollutant which damages materials and vegetation, acts as a respiratory irritant, and is a greenhouse gas. One of the two main sources of ozone in the troposphere is photochemical production. The photochemistry is initiated when hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO) react with nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x} = NO + NO{sub 2}) in the presence of sunlight. Reaction with the hydroxyl radical, OH, is the main sink for many tropospheric gases. The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a lifetime on the order of seconds. Its formation is initiated by the photolysis of tropospheric ozone. Tropospheric chemistry involves a complex, non-linear set of chemical reactions between atmospheric species that vary substantially in time and space. To model these and other species on a global scale requires the use of a global, three-dimensional chemistry, transport, and deposition (CTD) model. In this work, I developed two such three dimensional CTD models. The first model incorporated the chemistry necessary to model tropospheric ozone production from the reactions …
Date:
January 5, 1995
Creator:
Atherton, C.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Natural gas monthly, November 1995
The Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the natural gas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for natural gas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting natural gas information.
Date:
December 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Modeling of statistical tensile strength tensile of short-fiber composites
This Paper develops a statistical strength theory for three-dimensionally (3-D) oriented short-fiber reinforced composites. Short-fiber composites are usually reinforced with glass and ceramic short fibers and whiskers. These reinforcements are brittle and display a range of strength values, which can be statistically characterized by a Weibull distribution. This statistical nature of fiber strength needs to be taken into account in the prediction of composite strength. In this paper, the statistical nature of fiber strength is incorporated into the calculation of direct fiber strengthening, and a maximum-load composite failure criterion is adopted to calculate the composite strength. Other strengthening mechanisms such as residual thermal stress, matrix work hardening, and short-fiber dispersion hardening are also briefly discussed.
Date:
October 5, 1995
Creator:
Zhu, Yuntian T.; Blumenthal, William R.; Stout, Michael G. & Lowe, Terry C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Household energy consumption and expenditures 1993
This presents information about household end-use consumption of energy and expenditures for that energy. These data were collected in the 1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey; more than 7,000 households were surveyed for information on their housing units, energy consumption and expenditures, stock of energy-consuming appliances, and energy-related behavior. The information represents all households nationwide (97 million). Key findings: National residential energy consumption was 10.0 quadrillion Btu in 1993, a 9% increase over 1990. Weather has a significant effect on energy consumption. Consumption of electricity for appliances is increasing. Houses that use electricity for space heating have lower overall energy expenditures than households that heat with other fuels. RECS collected data for the 4 most populous states: CA, FL, NY, TX.
Date:
October 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conceptual design report for a Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for transportation application
This report presents the conceptual design for a Direct-Hydrogen-Fueled Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System for transportation applications. The design is based on the initial selection of the Chrysler LH sedan as the target vehicle with a 50 kW (gross) PEM Fuel Cell Stack (FCS) as the primary power source, a battery-powered Load Leveling Unit (LLU) for surge power requirements, an on-board hydrogen storage subsystem containing high pressure gaseous storage, a Gas Management Subsystem (GMS) to manage the hydrogen and air supplies for the FCS, and electronic controllers to control the electrical system. The design process has been dedicated to the use of Design-to-Cost (DTC) principles. The Direct Hydrogen-Powered PEM Fuel Cell Stack Hybrid Vehicle (DPHV) system is designed to operate on the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) and Hiway Cycles. These cycles have been used to evaluate the vehicle performance with regard to range and hydrogen usage. The major constraints for the DPHV vehicle are vehicle and battery weight, transparency of the power system and drive train to the user, equivalence of fuel and life cycle costs to conventional vehicles, and vehicle range. The energy and power requirements are derived by the capability of the DPHV system to …
Date:
September 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Detection of inherent and laser-induced scatter in optical materials
As Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory moves forward with the design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) program, issues relating to the detection and measurement of laser-induced damage on large optics must be addressed. Currently, microscopy is used to evaluate surface quality and measure damage thresholds on small witness samples. In order to evaluate large areas, an automated system was constructed which can scan optics with dimensions as large as 1 meter and weighing as much as 400 pounds. The use of microscopy as the main test diagnostic has been replaced with an optical scatter detection system. Now large areas can be rastered, and maps can be generated, reflecting inherent and laser-induced scatter in multilayer optical coatings and bulk materials. The integrated scattered light from a test piece is measured in transmission using a HeNe laser as the probe source. When the probe beam is overlapped on a pulsed, high power, ND:YAG laser beam, damage related scatter may be measured. This technique has been used for: (1) mapping of inherent scatter in an optic, (2) on-the-fly damage detection during a high fluence raster scan of an optic, and (3) single site damage evaluation for the …
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
Sheehan, L. & Kozlowski, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conversion and Blending Facility highly enriched uranium to low enriched uranium as oxide. Revision 1
This Conversion and Blending Facility (CBF) will have two missions: (1) convert HEU materials into pure HEU oxide and (2) blend the pure HEU oxide with depleted and natural uranium oxide to produce an LWR grade LEU product. The primary emphasis of this blending operation will be to destroy the weapons capability of large, surplus stockpiles of HEU. The blended LEU product can only be made weapons capable again by the uranium enrichment process. To the extent practical, the chemical and isotopic concentrations of blended LEU product will be held within the specifications required for LWR fuel. Such blended LEU product will be offered to the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) to be sold as feed material to the commercial nuclear industry. Otherwise, blended LEU will be produced as a waste suitable for storage or disposal.
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Closed-form approach to checking frame design
This brief report contains calculations of deflections and stresses of the support frame on the XMM project. The goal is to provide an independent view of structural integrity of the frame utilizing a noncomputer approach to design based on elementary closed form solutions and approximate models of mechanical and structural behavior. It is recognized that full confidence can only be assured when computer generated results pertaining to the critical areas and features of the integrating structure can be enveloped by the bracketing solutions. Although the computer solutions have come from the three independent sources, this report utilizes the numerical values from the LLNL studies represented by the computer runs and analysis of the critical elements of the frame. Since the frame geometry, deformation patterns, and the nature of loading are highly complex, this study is restricted to simplified models of selected areas of the structure which can be handled by the conventional formulas and reasonable approximations. This report contains some comments related to material properties, stress concentration, and elements of fracture mechanics directly applicable to frame analysis and design. Such topics and parameters fall usually outside the finite element modeling, but they can have a crucial influence on the mechanical …
Date:
April 5, 1995
Creator:
Blake, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status report on preliminary assessment of variations of regional phases and discriminants with distance
An improved understanding of the variability of regional seismic phases with distance is needed to improve the performance and transportability of regional seismic discriminants. Observations of large variations in regional phase amplitudes, over relatively short distances, are not uncommon. For example, large variations in Pn amplitudes of the Non-Proliferation Experiment (NPE) were observed along lines to the west (e.g., Keller et al., 1994), and northwest (e.g., McCormack et al., 1994). Numerous studies, in a number of areas, have also observed large variations in Sn and Lg over relatively short distances (e.g., Kadinsky-Cade et al., 1981; Ni and Barazangi, 1983). An improved understanding of these variations has been gained from numerous empirical observations (e.g., Chavez and Priestley, 1984; Zhang et al., 1994) and theoretical studies (e.g., Campillo, 1990, Kennett, 1993). We are developing a number of techniques and procedures for characterizing such features on a region specific basis.
Date:
June 5, 1995
Creator:
Goldstein, P. & Schultz, C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of solid-state induction modulators for high PRF accelerators
Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and EG&G Energy Measurements are developing a new solid-state power system for two proposed accelerators. One of the accelerators is a circular arrangement of induction cells called a recirculator. It is designed to accelerate heavy ions for an inertial fusion study that proposes to substitute heavy-ion beams for laser beams as the driver for fusion targets. The other accelerator is a linear induction accelerator for electron beams called the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM). Both accelerators require their induction cells to be pulsed at a very high repetition frequency (prf) for a short burst containing 5 to 15 pulses. The recirculator has a pulse schedule that varies in pulse width from 1 {mu}s to 400 ns and in prf from 50 to 150 kHz. The ARM accelerator has a pulse schedule that varies in pulse width from 1 {mu}s to 200 ns and in prf from 150 kHz to 1 MHz. The need for complex pulse agility in these accelerators led the authors to examine solid-state switching components that have an on/off capability. The intrinsic speed of solid-state switching satisfies the high prf requirements, while the on/off switching action of some semiconductor devices enables …
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
Kirbie, H.; Hawkins, S. & Hickman, B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conversion and Blending Facility highly enriched uranium to low enriched uranium as uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. Revision 1
This Conversion and Blending Facility (CBF) will have two missions: (1) convert HEU materials to pure HEU uranyl nitrate (UNH) and (2) blend pure HEU UNH with depleted and natural UNH to produce HEU UNH crystals. The primary emphasis of this blending operation will be to destroy the weapons capability of large, surplus stockpiles of HEU. The blended LEU product can only be made weapons capable again by the uranium enrichment process. To the extent practical, the chemical and isotopic concentrations of blended LEU product will be held within the specifications required for LWR fuel. Such blended LEU product will be offered to the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) to be sold as feed material to the commercial nuclear industry. Otherwise, blended LEU Will be produced as a waste suitable for storage or disposal.
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
POC-scale testing of an advanced fine coal dewatering equipment/technique. Quarterly technical progress report 3, April--June 1995
Economical dewatering of an ultra-fine clean coal product to a 20% or lower level moisture will be an important step in successful implementation of the advanced fine coal cleaning processes. The main objective of the proposed program is to evaluate a novel surface modification technique, which utilizes the synergistic effect of metal ions-surfactant combination, for dewatering of ultra-fine clean coal on a proof-of-concept (POC) scale of 1 to 2 tph. The novel surface modification technique developed at the UKCAER will be evaluated using vacuum, centrifuge, and hyperbaric filtration equipment. Dewatering tests will be conducted using the fine clean coal froth produced by the column flotation units at the Powell Mountain Coal Company, Mayflower Preparation Plant in St. Charles, Virginia. The POC-scale studies will be conducted on two different types of clean coal, namely, high sulfur and low sulfur clean coal. The Mayflower Plant processes coals from five different seams, thus the dewatering studies results could be generalized for most of the bituminous coals. During this quarter, addition of reagents such as ferric ions and a novel concept of in-situ polymerization (ISP) was studied in the laboratory. Using the ISP approach with vacuum filtration provided 25% moisture filter cake compared to …
Date:
August 5, 1995
Creator:
Groppo, J. G. & Parekh, B. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conversion and Blending Facility Highly enriched uranium to low enriched uranium as uranium hexafluoride. Revision 1
This report describes the Conversion and Blending Facility (CBF) which will have two missions: (1) convert surplus HEU materials to pure HEU UF{sub 6} and a (2) blend the pure HEU UF{sub 6} with diluent UF{sub 6} to produce LWR grade LEU-UF{sub 6}. The primary emphasis of this blending be to destroy the weapons capability of large, surplus stockpiles of HEU. The blended LEU product can only be made weapons capable again by the uranium enrichment process. The chemical and isotopic concentrations of the blended LEU product will be held within the specifications required for LWR fuel. The blended LEU product will be offered to the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) to be sold as feed material to the commercial nuclear industry.
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conversion and Blending Facility highly enriched uranium to low enriched uranium as metal. Revision 1
The mission of this Conversion and Blending Facility (CBF) will be to blend surplus HEU metal and alloy with depleted uranium metal to produce an LEU product. The primary emphasis of this blending operation will be to destroy the weapons capability of large, surplus stockpiles of HEU. The blended LEU product can only be made weapons capable again by the uranium enrichment process. The blended LEU will be produced as a waste suitable for storage or disposal.
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Headspace gas and vapor characterization summary for the 43 vapor program suspect tanks
During the time period between February 1994 and September 1995, Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) sampled the waste tank headspace of 43 single-shell tanks for a variety of gaseous and/or volatile and semi-volatile compounds. This report summarizes the results of analyses of those sampling activities with respect to both the Priority 1 Safety Issues and relative to the detection in the headspace of significant concentrations of target analytes relating to worker breathing space considerations as recommended by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) Toxicology Review Panel. The information contained in the data tables was abstracted from the vapor sampling and analysis tank characterization reports. Selected results are tabulated and summarized. Sampling equipment and methods, as well as sample analyses, are briefly described. Vapor sampling of passively ventilated single-shell tanks (tanks C-105, C-106, and SX-106 were sampled and are actively ventilated) has served to highlight or confirm tank headspace conditions associated with both priority 1 safety issues and supports source term analysis associated with protecting worker health and safety from noxious vapors.
Date:
October 5, 1995
Creator:
Bratzel, D.R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Slag recycling of irradiated vanadium
An experimental inductoslag apparatus to recycle irradiated vanadium was fabricated and tested. An experimental electroslag apparatus was also used to test possible slags. The testing was carried out with slag materials that were fabricated along with impurity bearing vanadium samples. Results obtained include computer simulated thermochemical calculations and experimentally determined removal efficiencies of the transmutation impurities. Analyses of the samples before and after testing were carried out to determine if the slag did indeed remove the transmutation impurities from the irradiated vanadium.
Date:
April 5, 1995
Creator:
Gorman, P.K.
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A distributed activation energy model of heterogeneous coal ignition. Technical progress report, April 1-- June 30, 1995
Experiments designed to measure kinetic rate constants of ignition of pulverized coals showed clearly that, for single particles or dilute suspensions, particle-to-particle variations due to reactivity and/or thermophysical properties are important. There exists ample evidence that the most important factor in interpreting these data is the existence of a variation in chemical reactivity in the sample. It is surprising, therefore, to note that all previous studies presumed that a single (average) activation energy is adequate to describe the ignition process. The equations formulated using this presumption are then correlated to the experimental measurements to infer the kinetic rate constants of ignition. The major objectives are to develop a model of heterogeneous ignition which allows for a distribution of activation energies, and to implement this model to interpret previously published data. It is the authors hypothesis that variations in chemical reactivity account for the experimental trends observed. Another objective of this project is to examine the effects of variations in thermodynamic and physical properties (e.g. specific heat, particle diameter, density) on data interpretation from previous ignition experiments. An attached paper submitted for review to ``Combustion and Flame`` summarizes the Distributed Activation Energy Model of Ignition, which accounts for particle-to-particle variations in …
Date:
July 5, 1995
Creator:
Chen, J. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Estimation of total error in DWPF reported radionuclide inventories. Revision 1
The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Savannah River Site is required to determine and report the radionuclide inventory of its glass product. For each macro-batch, the DWPF will report both the total amount (in curies) of each reportable radionuclide and the average concentration (in curies/gram of glass) of each reportable radionuclide. The DWPF is to provide the estimated error of these reported values of its radionuclide inventory as well. The objective of this document is to provide a framework for determining the estimated error in DWPF`s reporting of these radionuclide inventories. This report investigates the impact of random errors due to measurement and sampling on the total amount of each reportable radionuclide in a given macro-batch. In addition, the impact of these measurement and sampling errors and process variation are evaluated to determine the uncertainty in the reported average concentrations of radionuclides in DWPF`s filled canister inventory resulting from each macro-batch.
Date:
June 5, 1995
Creator:
Edwards, T. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Petroleum marketing monthly, December 1995
This publication provides information and statistical data on a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products. It presents statistics on crude oil costs and refined petroleum products sales for use by industry, government, private sector analysts, educational institutions, and consumers. Data on crude oil include domestic first purchase price, f.o.b. and landed cost of imported crude, and refiners` acquisition cost of crude. Refined petroleum product sales data include motor gasoline, distillates, residuals, aviation fuels, kerosene, and propane.
Date:
December 5, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A human factors engineering evaluation of the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility. Final report
This report documents the methods and results of a human factors engineering (HFE) review conducted on the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility (MWTF), Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) Project 236A, to be constructed at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility at Hanford, Washington. This HFE analysis of the MWTF was initiated by WHC to assess how well the current facility and equipment design satisfies the needs of its operations and maintenance staff and other potential occupants, and to identify areas of the design that could benefit from improving the human interfaces at the facility. Safe and effective operations, including maintenance, is a primary goal for the MWTF. Realization of this goal requires that the MWTF facility, equipment, and operations be designed in a manner that is consistent with the abilities and limitations of its operating personnel. As a consequence, HFE principles should be applied to the MWTF design, construction, its operating procedures, and its training. The HFE review was focused on the 200-West Area facility as the design is further along than that of the 200-East Area. The review captured, to the greatest extent feasible at this stage of design, all aspects of the facility activities and included the major topics …
Date:
June 5, 1995
Creator:
Donohoo, D.T. & Sarver, T.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dallas Voice (Dallas, Tex.), Vol. 12, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, May 5, 1995
Weekly newspaper from Dallas, Texas that includes local, state, and national news and advertising of interest to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community.
Date:
May 5, 1995
Creator:
Vercher, Dennis
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The UNT Digital Library
[Barbara Jordan Thayer Award Acceptance Speech, October 5, 1995]
Text of speech delivered by Barbara Jordan before an audience at West Point Military Academy. She discusses the concepts of honor and duty while accepting the Sylvanus Thayer Award.
Date:
October 5, 1995
Creator:
Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996
Object Type:
Text
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Large-eddy simulation formulation and implementation in HYDRA
This report provides the equation formulation for a large-eddy simulation (LES) approach and Smagorinsky subgrid-scale (SGS) model for incompressible flow using the finite element method (FEM). This report also outlines the model implementation in the computer code HYDRA and the results of a coding check. The check was accomplished by running simple two- and three-element problems for a specified velocity field. The values of the eddy viscosity (the coefficient of proportionality in the SGS eddy diffusion model), the SGS diffusion term, and overall diffusion term (molecular plus SGS plus balancing tensor diffusivity) were compared to known hand-calculated values. Coding checks are best done by comparing the code-calculated solution to known analytical solutions. However, with LES turbulence modeling, these analytical solutions do not exist. It is also impossible to determine that the eddy viscosity is free of coding errors when performing code validation by comparing the LES to direct numerical simulations (DNS) (i.e., fine discretization with no turbulence model) or experimental results. Therefore, the coding checks presented here for a specified velocity field are necessary.
Date:
December 5, 1995
Creator:
McCallen, R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library