Structures are subjected to a 50-kt blast, in order to obtain fundamental data on structures subjected to blast loading, to observe the response of the structures under this loading, and to determine the relative blast-resistance merits of several structural types. Modes of failure are determined. Shaped structures are found to be superdor to rectangular structures. Earth cover for the structures is also found to increase the blast resistance. It is found that standard Navy heavy bomb-proof structures with modifications can withstand a near-surface atomic burst at ground zero. (T.F.H.)

In order to determine the effects of atomic explosions on small civil defense shelters for family use, 29 simple structures were built along an arc 1200 ft from the target point and exposed to Buster Bursts B, C, and D. The structures were of four basic types; covered-trench, metal-arch, wood-arch, and basement lean-to. Because of poor cohesive properties of the soil, much of the earth cover on the shelters was removed by the first shot. Since test procedures prevented restoration of structures and replacement of cover after each blast, test results were materially affected. Partly above-grade cover-trench shelters provided less protection against blast than belowgrade cover-trench shelters and were much less desirable as protection against gamma radiation. Metal-arch shelters set in concrete appeared to have good potentialities with minor design modifications. Wood-arch shelters as designed, proved to be unsuitable substitutes for metalarch shelters. No worthwhile information was obtained on basement lean-to shelters. Unusual conditions disclosed design deficiencies in entrance construction, front, and end sections, and effective earth cover. Small shelters are potentially capable of meeting requirements of civil defense. (auth)

This report is a comprehensive study of the cooling water systems for Hanford production reactors. It includes: film formation study, water plant flow improvement study, water quality tests, sodium dichromate elimination tests, corrosion in aluminium coagulated water study, and water composition, film formation, and effluent activity relationships. A section on special water studies is also included. 22 figs., 25 tabs.

The radioactive liquid wastes from a separations facility are customarily stored in underground waste storage tanks. The wastes from the proposed Purex Separations Plant will have a high concentration of the fission products and will result in a large evolution of heat. The possibility of these wastes boiling due to radio-disintegration of fission products has made a survey of the problem desirable. This report lists the results of this investigation.

Discussed activities include: boiling consideration studies, C pile Panellit ranges and orifice sizes, testing of time delay relay, tube water flow studies, extrapolation of pile design data, temperature distributions in cold-sized canned J-slugs, pressure drop film studies, short tube mockup, film formation studies experiment, pile pressure drop increase studies, pile process specifications, loss of pile cooling water study, thermocouple slug, measurement of slug bond coefficients, slug temperature distribution, resistance heating of slugs, induction heating of slugs, shield temperatures with no water flow in the thermal shield cooling pipes, distortion and stress in the biological shields of B, D, and F piles, and studies of high density concrete for biological shields.

This document describes aspects of heat transfer for the Hanford production reactors. Boiling, flow rate, cooling water failures, thermocouples, and shielding are considered.

The GE Nucleonics Division Staff Department which now is called the Radiological Sciences Department was formerly known as the ``Health Instrument Divisions. A part of this department, presently known as the Biology Section, was formerly identified as the ``Biology Division.`` This project is concerned with a laboratory facility which is being built for the use of the Aquatic Biology Unit of the Biology Section. The Aquatic Biology group was established in 1945 to study the effect of the pile effluent on the Columbia River salmon industry. A hutment was erected to provide space for a laboratory, fish troughs, equipment, offices, and service. Thirteen outside ponds were built. Although minor improvements were subsequently added to the original facility, the expansion of the plant did not keep pace with the expansion in the operating program. This inadequacy gave rise to the project hereafter described.

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Isotopes of americium and curium with mass numbers less than 242 have been produced by cyclotron bombardment techniques, and several of their nuclear properties have been investigated. The partial alpha half-lives of Am{sup 239}, Cm{sup 241}, and Cm{sup 240} and the partial half-life for spontaneous fission of Cm{sup 240} were measured. The alpha decay daughter of Cm{sup 238} was found and evidence for the discovery of Am{sup 237} (an {approx}1 hour electron capture activity) and Cm{sup 239} (an {approx}10 hour electron capture activity) has been presented. An Appendix indicating the conditions for separation of the plus three actinides by selective elution from ion exchange resin with citric acid has been included.

A representative series of aircraft which could be powered by a relatively low-temperature liquid-coolant-cycle nuclear power plant are described. Present aircraft such as the B-36, B-52, and B-47 bombers as well as new designs were investigated. Design and performance characteristics of all the aircraft are presented.

A preliminary feasibility study is made of seals for a machine running at 8000 rpm, having a 2-in. shaft, and operating with a pressure differential of 5 lb/in{sup2}. The following conditions must be met: during operation the air inleak shall not exceed 50 lb/2000 hr and the loss of Freon 11 shall not exceed 0.02 lb/hr; the leak-up rate during shutdown shall not exceed 1/10 in. of Hg per 24 hr (the contained volume is 100 ft{sup3}). Dry-contact and Freon 11-lubricated contact seals are considered briefly, but neither appears to be practical. The following positive-clearance seals are more feasible and are discussed in greater detail: concentric-cyinder seal, utilization of a journal bearing of the machine as a seal, and a radial-controlled-gap type of seal.

The phenomenon of alpha particle emission, a general observable property for the nuclides above lead, makes it possible to relate these nuclides energetically. The radioactive decay energy along a radioactive series can be summed so that the total decay energy for each nuclide in the series is known with respect to its position above teh bottom of the series, that is, with respect to its terminal lead (or bismuth) isotope. This can be done for each of the four mass types and, as shown, one can obtain this information for all the collateral members as well as the members in the main line of decay. Thus it is possible, using the relation between mass and energy and the known mass of the alpha particle, to convert this radioactive decay energy ine ach case to a relative mass value based on the mass of one of the four end products, Pb{sup 208}, Pb{sup 207}, Pb{sup 206}, or Bi{sup 209}. If the absolute mass of each of these is known, it is then possible to calculate the absolute mass for all the heavy nuclides above lead for which decay energy data are known or can be estimated. The absolute mass of only …

The intermediates of carbon dioxide reduction by plants include phosphorylated derivatives of hydroxy acids and sugars. Their identification becane possible when the use of labeled carbon dioxide permitted discrimination between the earliest products and the many other components of photosynthetic tissues. A number of compounds were identified by virtue of the chemical and physical properties of the radioactive compounds in tracer amounts and by direct comparison of these properties with those of suspected known metabolic intermediates. It became apparent that several labeled compounds found in short exposures to radioactive carbon dioxide were not substances previously identified as metabolic intermediates. Two phosphate esters in particular were observed in the products of the first few seconds of steady-state photosynthesis by all the photosynthetic microorganisms and higher plants examined in this laboratory. These esters have been isolated by paper chromatography in tracer quantities and enzymatically hydrolyzed to give two sugars, ribulose and sedoheptulose. This paper contains a description of the chemical identification of these sugars and some observations and suggestions regarding the function of their esters. The general importance of these compounds in photosynthesis was surmized before their identification. The products of photosynthesis with C{sup 14}O{sub 2} by each plant included phosphate esters …

Although there has been considerable progress toward an understanding of the processes of photosyntehsis in recent years, the advances have been followed rather lcosely by symposia, monographs and reviews of the subject matter, particularly during the last three years. In view of the comprehensive coverage it would appear that the present review might very well be limited to a discussion of certain subjects of special interest to the authors and some with which they are especially familiar. These are (1) the extensive discussion by Warburg and his co-workers of their proposal for the existence of a light induced oxygen absorption (and corresponding carbon dioxide evolution) which can amount to three or four times the net oxygen evolution by the same light; and (2) the discovery of the early participation of 7 and 5 carbon sugars in carbon dioxide reduction in photosyntehsis together with some observations on the kinetics of the metabolic transformations. While it is true that a considerable number of significant publications have appears in other aspects of photosynthesis (the Hill reaction and its coupling with carbon dioxide reduction; photochemistry of chlorophyll and related synthetic materials as model reactions in relatively simple defined physical systems; transfer of light energy …

The essential structural element which differentiates metal chelate compounds from metal coordination compounds, or metal complexes in general, is the existence of some linkage between two or more of the donor atoms in the first coordination sphere of the metal. It is the purpose of the present discussion to examine the influences that this structural factor may have upon the physical and chemical properties of chelate compounds. Examples of well known, simple coordination compounds involving a variety of donor atoms (Oxygen, nitrogen), as well as a variety of electrostatic situations are shown in the following formula. Below each one are listed a few corresponding chelate structures.

In 1950, the U.S. Geological Survey studied a uranium deposit, previously exploited, at the Silver Cliff mine near Lusk, Wyoming. The deposit consists primarily of uranophane that occurs as fracture fillings and small replacement pockets in faulted and fractured quartzite of Cambrian (?) age. The country rock in the vicinity of the mine is schist of pre-Cambrian age intruded by pegmatite dikes and unconformably overlain by flat-lying Cambrian (?) quartzite. The mine is at the southern end of the Lusk Dome, a local structure probably related to the Hartville uplift. In the immediate vicinity of the mine, this dome is cut by the Silver Cliff fault, which is a north-trneding high-angle reverse fault approximately 1,200 feet in length with a stratigraphic throw of 70 feet. The fractured quartzite has been the locus for the deposition of uranophane, metatorbernite, pitchblende, calcite, native silver, native copper, chalcocite, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, and cuprite. The fault was probably mineralized throughout its length, but owing to erosion the mineralized zone is now discontinuous. The principal ore body is about 800 feet long. The width and depth of the mineralized zone are not accurately known but are at least 20 feet and 60 feet, respectively. The …

The tested mockup was composed of Be, Fe, Pb, and H/sub 2/O. Neutron doses at various positions beyond the shield are plotted. (D.E.B.)

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