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Geoecology: a county-level environmental data base for the conterminous United States
The Geoecology Data Base represents a unique compilation of computerized environmental data for research and development needs. Environmental assessment and planning for energy development require rapid access to data at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. In the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we have developed an integrated data base of diverse environmental resource information from extant sources. Data are stored at the county level of resolution for the conterminous United States with some data available for subcounty units within larger, more diverse eastern counties. The Geoecology Data Base contains selected data on terrain and soils, water resources, forestry, vegetation, agriculture, land use, wildlife, air quality, climate, natural areas, and endangered species. Basic files on human population are also included to complement the environmental files. Data are stored in metric-SI units. The Geoecology Data Base is currently fulfilling diverse ongoing research needs while it is being expanded and updated as needs and new data are identified. This report is both a documentation and a user's guide to the Geoecology Data Base. It describes the Data Base design, illustrates applications, provides examples of accessing the Data Base, and gives general information on the data set contents.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Olson, R. J.; Emerson, C. J. & Nungesser, M. K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Utility FGD survey, January--December 1988
This report summarizes the status of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technology as of December 1988. It highlights the status of the electric utility power industry, projected growth of coal-fired power generation, and the current status and future trends in FGD application. Also discussed is the implementation status of other control technologies such as fluidized bed boilers, which utilities may opt for instead of FGD systems. 15 refs., 2 figs., 10 tabs.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Hance, S.L.; McKibben, R.S. & Jones, F.M. (IT Corp., Cincinnati, OH (United States))
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Acceleration of beam ions during major radius compression in TFTR
Tangentially co-injected deuterium beam ions were accelerated from 82 keV up to 150 keV during a major radius compression experiment in TFTR. The ion energy spectra and the variation in fusion yield were in good agreement with Fokker-Planck code simulations. In addition, the plasma rotation velocity was observed to rise during compression.
Date:
September 1, 1985
Creator:
Wong, K. L.; Bitter, M.; Hammett, G. W.; Heidbrink, W.; Hendel, H.; Kaita, R. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Solar hot water system installed at Days Inn Motel, Jacksonville, Florida
The solar energy hot water system installed in the Days Inns of America, Inc., Days Inn Motel (120 rooms) I-95 and Cagle Road, Jacksonville, Florida, is described. The solar system was designed by ILI, Incorporated to provide 65 percent of the hot water demand. The system is one of eleven systems planned under this grant. Water (in the Solar Energy Products, Model CU-30ww liquid flat plate collector (900 square feet) system) automatically drains into the 1000 gallon lined and vented steel storage tank when the pump is not running. Heat is transferred from storage to Domestic Hot Water (DHW) tanks through a tube and shell heat exchanger. A circulating pump between the DHW tanks and heat exchanger enables solar heated water to help make up DHW standby losses. All pumps are controlled by differential temperature. This system was turned on June 19, 1979. The solar components were partly funded ($15,823 of $31,823 cost) by the Department of Energy.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Classification of disruptions in PBX
Disruptions in beam-heated plasmas on PBX were studied by classifying precursor oscillations detected by a soft x-ray imaging system and Mirnov coils. A data base consisting of 80 discharges was constructed. In low I/sub p/ operation, attainable ..beta../sub T/ values are limited by disruptions preceded by m = 1 activity at the center and coupled an m/n = even/1 mode. In high I/sub p/ and high ..beta../sub T/ operation with high indentation, the sawtooth activity disappears. At these disruptions the plasma loses vertical position or distorts on a relatively fast time scale (<100 microseconds).
Date:
September 1, 1985
Creator:
Itami, K.; Jahns, G.; Yamada, H. & McGuire, K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy and protein production from pulp mill wastes. Progress report, June 15, 1977--September 15, 1977
Experiments conducted during this past quarter demonstrated the decided difference both in amount and composition of the gas produced from the fermentation of ozonated versus unozonated yeast-plant SSL. Gas from ozonated SSL averaged over 80% methane content while unozonated effluent was mostly carbon dioxide. Gas production rates and retention time studies indicated that the fermentation was substrate-limited. Preliminary tests using supplemental carbon sources have verified this. The success of the ozonation process in producing fermentable substrates was clearly shown by the appreciable yeast growth in the ozonated SSL. Of particular significance was the maximum yield obtained at the short ozonation time of 10 minutes as compared to the 2-hour treatment. It is possible that shortening the ozonation time could also increase the amount of substrate available for methane production. This would be very important in transferring this process to a commercial basis and reducing the operating costs.
Date:
September 15, 1977
Creator:
Jurgensen, M. F. & Patton, J. T.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
CALCULATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION OF REFRACTORY-METAL COMPONENTS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE IN VACUUM
Equations based on kinetic theory relate the contamination of refractory metals in vacuum to the appropriate variables. Several examples are given for which the allowable system pressures are calculated. The examples illustrate the effect of varying several parameters. The importance of the sticking factor for active gases on hot refractory metals and its effect on the system design are discussed. The data for estimating the sticking factor for O/sub 2/ on Nb are given, along with some estimated values. Experimental data on the composition and rates of outgassing of ultrahigh-vacuum systems and their importance in system design are discussed. Several methods of reducing contamination rates and the relative ease and effectiveness of these methods are presented. It was concluded that tests of 1000 hr or longer will probably require system pressures of between 10/sup -9/ and 10/sup -6/ torr, the particular pressure depending upon the residual gas composition, test duration, allowable contamination level, and the other variables discussed. Since the most important source of contamination in a properly designed ultrahigh-vacuum system is the outgassing process, bakeable systems should be designed to operate with walls as cool as practical, and to have a minimum of surface area and outgassing materials inside. …
Date:
September 18, 1962
Creator:
Clausing, R.E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Emission in the 50-80 A region from highly ionized silver in PLT tokamak plasmas
The spectrum of silver emitted by Princeton Large Torus (PLT) tokamak plasmas has been recorded in the 25 to 150 A region by a multichannel time-resolving grazing-incidence spectrometer. Silver atoms have been introduced in the tokamak plasma using the laser blow-off technique. For the first time, lines emitted within the 3p-3d transitions of Ag XXIX, Ag XXX, and Ag XXXI ions, between 50 and 80 A, have been identified.
Date:
September 1, 1985
Creator:
Schwob, J.L.; Wouters, A.; Suckewer, S.; Cohen, S.A. & Finkenthal, M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SACRD: a data base for fast reactor safety computer codes, operational procedures
SACRD (Safety Analysis Computerized Reactor Data) is a data base of nondesign-related information used in computer codes for fast reactor safety analyses. This document reports the procedures used in SACRD to help assure a reasonable level of integrity of the material contained in the data base. It also serves to document much of the computer software used with the data base.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Forsberg, V. M.; Arwood, J. W.; Greene, N. M. & Raiford, G. B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnetic measurements of the transuranium elements. Progress report, January 1-December 31, 1986
Magnetic measurements have been made on polycrystalline CfCl/sub 3/ in both a hexagonal and orthorhombic crystal form. The magnetic properties were studied as a function of crystal structure by converting the same sample back and forth from one form to the other. In a continuation of a study of the magnetic transition temperature as a function of actinide-actinide separation of the curium pnictide series we have undertaken magnetic measurements on curium bismuthide during this contract period. We have accomplished several milestones in our program to grow single crystals of actinide metals and compounds and determine their solid-state properties. Previous physical property measurements on transamericium actinide materials have been mainly limited to polycrystalline samples due to the limited availability of materials and the great material losses incurred during the common crystal growth methods. We have investigated a low-loss, microscale technique of crystal growth using lanthanides as non-radioactive stand-ins for the radioactive actinides.
Date:
September 1, 1986
Creator:
Nave, S.E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Case study of the Wendel-Amedee Exploration Drilling Project, Lassen County, California, User Coupled Confirmation Drilling Program
The Wendel-Amedee KGRA is located in Honey Lake basin in Lassen County, California, on the boundary between the Modoc Plateau and the Basin and Range geologic provinces. A variety of geophysical surveys was performed over the project property. Geophysical data helped in establishing the regional structural framework, however, none of the geophysical data is sufficiently refined to be considered suitable for the purpose of siting an exploration drill hole. Drilling of reservoir confirmation well WEN-1 took place from August 1 to September 22, 1981. Pulse and long-term flow testing subjected the reservoir to a maximum flow of 680 gpm for 75 hours. At that rate, the well exhibited a productivity index of 21.6 gpm/psi; the reservoir transmissivity was 3.5 x 10/sup 6/ md-ft/cp. The maximum bottom-hole temperature recorded during testing was 251/sup 0/F. The conceptual model of the geothermal resource at Wendel Hot Springs calls on ground water, originating in the neighboring volcanic highlands, descending through jointed and otherwise permeable rocks into the granitic basement. Once in the basement, the fluid is heated as it continues its descent, and lateral movement as dictated by the hydrologic gradient. It then rises to the discharge point along transmissive faults. 45 refs., 28 …
Date:
September 1, 1984
Creator:
Zeisloft, J.; Sibbett, B.S. & Adams, M.C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Confirmation test for gas/slurry flow in SRC-I coal liquefaction process. Internal R and D final report
The overall objective of program 12.11.1 was to provide data needed to confirm the design of the transport system, slurry heat exchangers, and slurry feed manifolds for the SRC-I Demonstration Plant. Because of lack of funds, the program was terminated before most of the work was completed. Two studies related to distribution of two-phase flow in the heat exchanger tubes were finished. A special system was designed to measure slurry concentration and flow rate in different tubes. Results showed that withdrawing slurry samples from the sides of the tubes gives a reasonably accurate measure of the concentration. Flow rate was measured indirectly with a photodiode/digital counter arrangement that measured velocity of a gas slug injected in the tube. A simple linear correlation was found to exist between the average slurry velocity and the gas-slug velocity. 1 reference, 25 figures.
Date:
September 1, 1983
Creator:
Moujaes, S.F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Neoclassical transport in stellarators
The stellarator neoclassical transport due to particles trapped in local helical wells is calculated in the low-collisionality regime using a systematic expansion. The behavior of electron transport is found to be the same over a wide range of energies, but the behavior of ion transport for low energy ions is found to be different than that for high energy ions. Furthermore, the electron fluxes do not vary with the change in the radial ambipolar electric field nearly as much as do the ion fluxes. Thus, the particle diffusion is controlled by the electrons. A nonradial ambipolar electric field is induced by ion drift. This electric field enhances the transport by about 15 to 20%. A convenient graphical method that allows one to determine the magnitude of the radial ambipolar field for machines with different parameters is presented. Numerical examples show that electron energy confinement time is comparable to the ion energy confinement time for all the different size stellarators studied. Although the neoclassical losses are large, it is shown that ignition can be achieved in a reasonably sized stellarator reactor. Finally, from the standpoint of reactor economics, the confinement scaling law shows that in order to increase n tau, it …
Date:
September 1, 1985
Creator:
Ho, D.D.M. & Kulsrud, R.M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermo-chemical energy conversion and storage. Final report
Research support for the cyclohexane/benzene heat pipe development program at Sandia Laboratories is reported. The apparent kinetics of the gas-phase catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene in an internally recirculated (gradientless) reactor over the temperature range from 500 to 800/sup 0/F at 1 atm at various space velocities was studied. A kinetic model was developed based on a reversible mass-action rate expression and a catalyst effectiveness factor which is able to correlate both the conversion and reaction rate data very well over the temperature range 500 to 750/sup 0/F. The data taken at 800/sup 0/F appear to be qualitatively and quantitatively different than the data taken at the lower temperatures. It is not as yet clear, whether this can be attributed to a change in kinetic mechanism or some reversible alteration of the catalyst surface at the higher temperature. The formation of side products in this system over the same temperature range was also studied. Both the number and amount of side product(s) formed increases with increasing temperature and residence time. Over the temperature range from 500 to 600/sup 0/F the side products produced appear to be strongly related to the presence of low molecular weight unsaturated hydrocarbon impurities in …
Date:
September 1, 1978
Creator:
Ritter, A.B.; DeLancey, G.B.; Schneider, J. & Silla, H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cross Sections for X-Ray Photoelectron-Induced Desorption of Hydrogen Ions From Metal Surfaces
We have measured the cross sections for x-ray photoelectron-induced desorption of hydrogen ions from beryllium, carbon, aluminum, tantalum, and gold surfaces. This report describes the results of the cross-section measurements, and discusses a time-of-flight technique that allows the determination of ionic-desorption cross sections as small as 10/sup -25/ cm/sup 2/ per photoelectron. 19 refs., 7 figs.
Date:
September 20, 1985
Creator:
Kinney, J. H.; Siekhaus, W. J. & Anderson, R. A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Interpretation of a dipole-dipole electrical resistivity survey, Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada
An electrical resistivity survey in the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada has defined areas of low resistivity on each of five lines surveyed. Some of these areas appear to be fault controlled. Thermal fluids encountered in several drill holes support the assumption that the hot fluids may be associated with areas of low resistivity. The evidence of faulting as interpreted from modeling of the observed resistivity data is therefore particularly significant since these structures may be the conduits for the thermal fluids. Sub-allurial fault zones are interpreted to occur between stations 0 to 5 NW on Line D and on Line A between stations 4 NW and 4 SE. Fault zones are also interpreted on Line C near stations 1 NW, 1 SE, and 3 SE, and on Line E between stations 2 to 4 NW and near 1 SE. No faulting is evident under the alluvial cover on the southwest end of Line B. A deep conductive zone is noted within the mountain range on two resistivity lines. There is no definite indication that thermal fluids are associated with this resistivity feature.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Mackelprang, C.E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Corrosion Behavior of Reactor Materials in Fluoride Salt Mixtures
Molten fluoride salts, because of their radiation stability and ability to contain both Th and U, offer important advantages as high-temperature fuel solutions for nuclear reactors and as media suitable for nuclear fuel processing. Both applications have stimulated experimental and theoretical studies of the corrosion processes by which molten salt mixtures attack potential reactor materials. Corrosion experiments with fluoride salts which were conducted in support of the Molten-Salt Reactor E xperiment and analytical methods employed to interpret corrosion and masstransfer behavior in this reactor system are discussed. The products of corrosion of metals by fluoride melts are soluble in the molten salt; accordingly passivation is precluded and corrosion depends directly on the thermodynamic driving force of the corrosion reactions. Compatibility of the container metal and molten salt, therefore, demands the selection of salt constituents which are not appreciably reduced by useful structural alloys and the development of container materials whose components are in near thermodynamic equilibrium with the salt medium. Utilizing information gained in corrosion testing of commercial alloys and in fundamental interpretations of the corrosion process, an alloy development program was conducted to provide a high temperature container material that combined corrosion resistance with useful mechanical properties. The program …
Date:
September 19, 1962
Creator:
DeVan, J. H. & Evans, R. B., III
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Protective coatings and sealants for solar applications
An aging study has been completed which evaluated a number of polymeric materials for potential use as (1) protective coatings for back surfaces of mirrors and (2) solar heliostat edge seals. These investigations were conducted in an artificial weathering chamber that accelerated thermal cycling. The primary mirror failure mode was observed to be silver corrosion resulting from moisture exposure. To increase mirror longevity in current heliostat designs, intimate bonding at all the composite interfaces is essential to minimize moisture pathways to the silvered surface. If any voids or delaminations are present, mirror degradation will eventually occur. Delaminations can also occur as the result of mechanical stresses brought about by mismatches in the various materials coefficients of thermal expansion. If good bonding cannot be achieved or mechanical stresses avoided, then improved moisture barriers must be designed to assure mirror longevity. With good adhesion, a KRATON rubber was found to exhibit superior back surface mirror protection (12 months in environmental chamber with no corrosion). An ultraviolet stabilized butyl rubber appeared to be the best edge seal. All heliostats edge sealed with silicones showed silver corrosion which indicated either poor bonding or moisture permeation.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Wischmann, K. B. & Gonzales, M. H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Phase I of the Near-Term Hybrid Vehicle Program. Final report
Heat engine/electric hybrid vehicles offer the potential of greatly reduced petroleum consumption, compared to conventional vehicles, without the disadvantages of limited performance and operating range associated with pure electric vehicles. This report documents a hybrid vehicle design approach which is aimed at the development of the technology required to achieve this potential, in such a way that it is transferable to the auto industry in the near term. The development of this design approach constituted Phase I of the Near-Term Hybrid Vehicle Program. The major tasks in this program were: mission analysis and performance specification studies; design tradeoff studies; and preliminary design. Detailed reports covering each of these tasks are included as appendices to this report. A fourth task, sensitivity studies, is also included in the report on the design tradeoff studies. Because of the detail with which these appendices cover methodology and results, the body of this report has been prepared as a brief executive summary of the program activities and results, with appropriate references to the detailed material in the appendices.
Date:
September 10, 1979
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of microfabrication technology to thermionic energy conversion. Progress report 4, 1 May 1980 to 31 July 1980
Two applications of microfabrication technology to thermionic converters have been investigated theoretically. The first is a novel method of maintaining micron or submicron spacings over large areas (>1 cm/sup 2/), using metals of different expansion coefficients to eliminate the shear stresses on the insulating pillars separating the electrodes. The second uses low-voltage field-emission sources to create ions in a large (approx. 1 mm) interelectrode gap for space charge neutralization. The theoretical results for both these approaches are highly encouraging.
Date:
September 5, 1980
Creator:
Brodie, I.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
LFCM vitrification technology. Quarterly progress report, January-March 1986
This report is compiled by the Nuclear Waste Treatment Progrqam and the Hanford Waste Vitrification Program at Pacific Northwest Laboratory to document progress on liquid-fed ceramic melter (LFCM) vitrification technology. Progress in the following technical subject areas during the second quarter of FY 1986 is discussed: melting process chemistry and glass development, feed preparation and transfer systems, melter systems, canister filling and handling systems, off-gas systems, and process/product modeling and control.
Date:
September 1, 1986
Creator:
Burkholder, H. C. & Minor, J. E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Toroidal plasma equilibrium with gravity
Toroidal magnetic field configuration in a gravitational field is calculated both from a simple force-balance and from the calculation using magnetic surfaces. The configuration is found which is positionally stable in a star. The vibrational frequency near the equilibrium point is proportional to the hydrostatic frequency of a star multiplied by the ratio (W/sub B//W/sub M/)/sup 1/2/ where W/sub B/ is the magnetic field energy density, and W/sub M/ is the material pressure at the equilibrium point. It is proposed that this frequency may account for the observed solar spot cycles.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Yoshikawa, S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electrochemical photovoltaic cells. Project 65039 quarterly technical progress report, April 15-July 31, 1980
Liquid-junction photoelectrochemical cells can be used either for the direct conversion of solar energy to electricity or to generate stored chemical species available for later electrochemical discharge. The objectives of this program are to identify experimental approaches for electrochemical photovoltaic cells that not only show promise of high power-conversion efficiencies but also have the potential to achieve long life and the capacity for energy storage. The work is organized as follows: (1) selection of high-efficiency semiconductor photoelectrode/electrolyte systems, (2) development of long-life electrochemical photovoltaic cells, (3) all solid-state electrochemical photovoltaic cell with in situ storage, and (4) demonstration of laboratory-size photoelectrochemical cell with redox storage. This program is directed toward identifying a suitable match between the proposed semiconductor and the redox species present in aqueous, nonaqueous, and solid electrolytes for achieving the necessary performance and semiconductor stability requirements. Emphasis is on aqueous electrolyte-based systems where fast kinetics are favored. The proposed systems will be compatible with convenient storage of the electroactive species generated and its later electrochemical discharge in a redox cell. Progress is reported.
Date:
September 1, 1980
Creator:
Ang, P. G.P. & Sammells, A. F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SNAP 2 REACTOR PUMP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (RADIAL GAP PERMANENT-MAGNET PUMP)
A compact electromagnetic pump utilizing a rotating permanent magnet with radial gap was developed for possible application to the SNAP 2 reactor coolant system. The pump was designed for circulation of NaK at 1000 deg F and 11.2 gpm with a developed pressure of 3 psi, operation at 40,000 rpm, minimum weight and size, and high reliability. The performance characteristics of four developmental pump models were measured in a 1000 deg F NaK test loop and compared with design predictions. The capability of the pump design concept was demonstrated, though further development work is needed to meet the SNAP 2 pump requirements. A flow capacity of 6.8 gpm of NaK at 1000 deg F with a developed head of 3 psi with attained at a magnet rotor speed of 40,000 rpm. The weight of this pump is 3 pounds. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the actual pump characteristics and the design predictions. (auth)
Date:
September 1, 1961
Creator:
Sudar, S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library