The objective of this contract is to develop and demonstrate a high performance, vacuum insulation which is capable of withstanding 15 psi plus battery loading with low compression operating in the 660 to 840/sup 0/F range. The developed insulation would allow construction of rectangular, lightweight and low-cost, vacuum-insulated enclosures for electric vehicles using Na/S or Li/MS batteries. The goals of the program are to develop a vacuum insulation with the following properties: thermal conductivity 140 x 10/sup -5/ Btu/h-ft/sup 0/F, density, 18 lbs/ft/sup 3/ and compression 10% from 0 to 15 psi load. A new milestone in high-temperature, load-bearing, preformed insulation was achieved. The two insulation systems demonstrated to-date have exceeded the goals of the program. Pegged Multi-Foil system has a measured conductivity of 100 x 10/sup -5/ Btu/h-ft/sup 0/F between 840 and 75/sup 0/F, density 11 lbs/ft/sup 3/ and compression of 10%. The second system which exceeded the goals of the program is a Linde Multi-Foil inslation with discrete load-carrying support areas. It has a measured thermal conductivity of 95 x 10/sup -5/ Btu/h-ft/sup 0/F, a density of 15 lbs/ft/sup 3/ and a compression of 21%. A third inslation is a continuous support, load-bearing board system. Although the thermal …

Materials included in this Appendix to Final Report to CONS-4212-T2) provide support and background data for the body of that report. Data selected for inclusion are intended to provide background analysis or to clarify methodology. In most instances, the Appendix information is referenced to the body of the final report. Sections are devoted to: climate; building design data;energy-simulation data; and resources and contracts. 36 references.

Methodology and data bases are described which can provide a comprehensive planning assessment of the potential for geothermal district heating in any US market. This economic systems model encompasses life-cycle costing over a period of rising competitive fuel prices, it addresses the expansion and financing of a district system over time, and it includes an overall optimization of system design. The elemental area for all analyses is the census tract, for which published data allow estimation of residential and commercial heating demands, building retrofit requirements, and competitive fuel consumption and cost. A system type design, an appropriate hot water district piping system, and costing of heat supply is performed for groups of contiguous tracts in any urban market. Groups are aggregated, in decreasing benefit to cost order, to achieve optimal systems. A specific application for Salt Lake City, Utah, is also described.

Instrumented spool pieces for installation in the piping of the German Primarkreislauf (PKL) test reactor have been designed and tested. The primary objective of the spools is to provide measurements of two-phase steam-water flow parameters (pressure, temperature, velocity) from which mass flow rates can be calculated. Each spool contains a three-beam densitometer, flow turbine, drag screen, and pressure and temperature sensors. The spools were prototype tested in single- and two-phase steam-water flows and the results of the mass flow calculations were compared to known values. The present software calculations of total mass flow in two-phase flows requires data from two instruments only: the flow turbine and drag screen. In this report, mass flow calculations based on other instrument combinations are investigated and compared to the programmed calculations.

Analysis of the energy-economic-environmental impacts of energy policies, such as a major synthetic fuels program, requires methodologies that reflect the potential benefits and costs of proposed policy alternatives. Energy policies typically have secondary economic and environmental effects as well as direct effects on energy itself, and these must collectively be assessed to provide a complete basis for policy selection. The focus of this report is on approaches to the analysis of long-term impacts that may result from current decisions regarding energy policy. The interrelationships among the energy, economic, and environmental systems, and alternative ways of analyzing long-term impacts within an integrated framework are discussed. An application of such a framework to the assessment of a major synthetic fuels program is presented as an example. The use of idealized problem formulations is a necessary part of technology assessment, particularly in considering highly integrated policy issues, such as a synfuels policy. Nonquantifiable factors, such as equity, are not always considered in mathematical models. Model results should be viewed only as aids for decision making among policy alternatives, as they may not take into account all of the policy's implications. A decision maker must recognize the limitations to using model outputs and must …

Techniques and equipment are described which are used for video recordings of the single- and two-phase fluid flow tests conducted with the PKL Spool Piece Measurement System designed by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and EG and G Inc. The instrumented spool piece provides valuable information on what would happen in pressurized water reactor emergency coolant loops should an accident or rupture result in loss of fluid. The complete closed-circuit television video system, including rod lens, light supply, and associated spool mounting fixtures, is discussed in detail. Photographic examples of test flows taken during actual spool piece system operation are shown.

The concept that methane fermentation cannot tolerate chronic or slug doses of toxicants has almost totally precluded methane fermentation as a viable contender for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. This study assayed a wide variety of toxicants, heavy metals, inorganic salts, organic chemicals, solvents, and antibiotics which are used in industrial processes and, therefore, appear in the industrial wastewaters therefrom. Toxicity was related to the reduction in methane production of a control containing no toxicant. The response of methane fermentation after exposure to a toxicant was assayed with unacclimated cultures as well as cultures which had been acclimated to increasing concentrations of the toxicant over long periods of time. The reversible nature of the toxicants was assayed by adding slug doses to plug flow anaerobic filters and recording gas production prior to, during, and after toxicant addition.

During the past year and a half, both theoretical and engineering investigations have been carried forward in a research program to assess the feasibility, and provide conceptual designs and engineering design studies for high current, steady state Auto-Resonant Accelerators. The behavior of each of the various components of an Auto-Resonant Accelerator has been carefully examined for the case of moderately relativistic electron energy and high electron current which will be appropriate for steady state operation. In general, a very considerable amount of progress has been achieved on the front-end components of the accelerator, with design options narrowed significantly and preliminary design parameters even determined for the power supplies, the electron beam source, the radiation shielding, the convergent Pierce gun diode, and the electron cyclotron wave exciter. For the downstream accelerator components consisting of the gas cell and electrode structures which are used to generate and load the ions into the cyclotron wave and to eliminate secondary electrons, conceptual designs have been realized; however, some further work remains to be done before an optimized engineering design of these components can be constructed for a first experimental test of a steady state Auto-Resonant Accelerator.

The Hawaiian lava lake in the Kilauea Iki pit crater, resulting from the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea volcano, has served as a natural laboratory for the continuing study of the petrology, rheology, and thermal history of ponded molten basalt flows in the field environment. During 1975 and 1976, a series of electromagnetic and seismic experiments were coordinated in an attempt to define the in-situ geophysical properties and the configuration of the molten lava core as closely as possible. Drilling and geophysical experiments in 1976 suggested that the solidified crust of the lava lake had a cool, resistive surface layer, undersaturated with water to a depth of 5 meters. A warm, wet layer containing appreciable water and/or steam was essentially isothermal (100/sup 0/C) to 33 meters. From 33 to 45 meters the temperature climbed rapidly (from 100/sup 0/ to 1070/sup 0/C) until a thin plexus of molten sills was encountered, interbedded with solid layers. Below this (50 meters) was apparently a layer having the highest temperature, lowest viscosity, and lowest density of olivine phenocrysts. At 70 meters, a transition zone to a crystalline mush was indicated, and finally (between 80 and 95 meters), solid basalt extended down to the preflow …

Three types of polysilicon materials were experimentally evaluated with Sensor Technology's standard production processing sequence during this reporting period. These materials include Wacker, Crystal Systems, and Exotic Materials polysilicon wafers. The average crystal grain size in the three polysilicon materials was obtained by statistically averaging the longest and shortest dimensions of each crystal grain in a set of random grain size measurements. An equation was derived to compute the fractional power loss associated with insufficient gridline coverage of polysilicon crystal grains. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the use of the fractional power loss equations in determining the suitability of the gridline spacing in a particular polysilicon grid pattern design. Other processes were explored for the purpose of improving the polysilicon solar cell efficiencies. Several metallization techniques were examined for suitability with a spray-on-dopant junction formation process sequence. A metallization problem was incurred in this program with cause and solution yet to be determined.

This report describes the geologic, stratigraphic, thermal, and mechanical considerations applicable to repository design. The topics discussed in the report include: tectonic activity; geologic structure; stratigraphy; rock mechanical properties; and hydrologic properties.

An investigation of a new Coriolis mass flow meter was carried out to determine the feasibility of using it to meter the multi-phase flow of pulverized coal-transport gas mixtures. The Coriolis meter accurately measured dense phase coal flows on a continuous basis, producing an output which was a linear function of the coal flow. In less dense flows the meter monitored flow fluctuations and slugging, but when slugging became substantial the meter behaved erratically. Because the meter indicates flow fluctuation and slugging, it promises to be a valuable instrument for evaluating new coal delivery systems as well as for monitoring and adjusting flow in established systems.

This report examines the educational and employment characteristics of scientists and engineers who graduated during the years 1972, 1974, 1975, and 1976, with special attention to those whose work involves energy. The characteristics of energy-related graduates are also compared to those of more experienced scientists and engineers involved in energy activities. Information is based on the results of the 1976 and 1978 National Surveys of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates, and the 1976 National Survey of Natural and Social Scientists and Engineers, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy. Tabulations are included for the first time on employment involving specific energy sources and activities. Other characteristics discussed include educational level, salary, primary work activity, type of employer, and the proportion of graduates who found employment in their major field.

This report presents a compilation of research contributions from the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory of NOAA for 1978. Areas of research performed include: (1) the modeling of regional scale transport and diffusion; (2) energy effects on the atmosphere; (3) planetary boundary layer modeling; (4) transport modeling; (5) Lagrangian turbulence statistics; (6) statistical diffusion model; and (7) climatological studies. (ACR)

The heat and mass transfer processes taking place in molten core debris/concrete systems have been experimentally investigated. Two types of experiments have been conducted. The first experiment simulates the growth of a molten debris pool in a composite sacrificial bed. This experiment models debris pool growth in an inner, low-melting point, sacrificial material zone followed by a melting attack on the concrete bed. The purpose of the inner zone is to quickly melt and dilute the debris pool so that its subsequent downward growth in the concrete may be slowed. In the second experiment a two-layer immiscible liquid system is volumetrically heated and allowed to melt into a low-density gas releasing solid bed which is miscible in the initially-higher-density bottom liquid. The solid melts, mixes with, and dilutes the bottom liquid pool until its density is lower than that of the top liquid.

The most important aspects of the Auxiliary System Testing Program to the overall startup of FFTF were in the areas of integrated testing of inerted cells, integrated leak rate testing of the containment building and testing of the waste gas processing systems for effluent cover gas and effluent cell atmosphere gases. The basic test methods and test results for these areas of the FFTF startup program are presented.

This publication lists the education, research interests, professional affiliations, committee memberships, research experience, and selected publications of BNL staff members in energy sciences programs. (RWR)

The FY 1979 Program, recommended seismic surveys in conjunction with DOE/DGE's industry coupled program in the Northern Basin and Range Province, and the objectives of the Marina del Rey conference are presented. Final reports of six committees which met to define the state-of-the-art in geothermal exploration and to recommend exploration technology development are included. These committees are: structure, stratigraphy, and igneous processes; exploration architecture; electrical methods; seismic methods; thermal methods; water/rock interaction; and reservoir engineering. (MHR)

This final report summarizes the effort and presents the results of a Phase II fabrication effort to build an industrial prototype of the LBL developed high energy neutral beam source. The effort was primarily concentrated on incorporating hard vacuum dielectric seals and a ceramic high voltage accelerator insulator. Several other design changes were incorporated for cost, reliability or life improvements to include: (1) accelerator grid locating dowel pins to aid final alignment, (2) plasma source to accelerator captive fasteners to aid filament replacement during source maintenance, (3) molybdenum cooling tubes on all accelerator grids, (4) additional fasteners in the plasma generator to facilitate hard seals, (5) modified suppressor grid rails and holders to simplify final grid alignment, (6) adjusting screws on exit grid rail holders to simplify final grid alignment, (7) addition of adjusting screws to the grid end pieces to simplify alignment, and (8) addition of accelerator hat shims to allow two different grid positioning locations.

Monitoring and evaluation of Viking 1 Lander power system data continued. The RTG series power range as measured at the PCDA was 65 to 68 watts at fin root temperatures between 280/sup 0/F and 310/sup 0/F. The Mars landed performance history of Viking 1 include both the minimum and maximum data for each of the SOL days. Monitoring and evaluation of Viking 2 Lander power system data continued. The RTG series power range as measured at the PCDA was 71 to 72 watts at fin root temperatures between 230/sup 0/F and 260/sup 0/F. The Mars landed performance history of Viking 2 include both the minimum and maximum data for each of the SOL days. The performance of both power systems continues to be very satisfactory. Power system performance data for Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft were monitored through the reporting period. The estimated RTG system net power was 116 watts for Pioneer 10 and 118 watts for Pioneer Saturn. The September 1 encounter with Saturn appears to have had no deleterious effect on the RTG's of the spacecraft power system. The telemetry signals from both spacecrafts remain satisfactory.

The following data tables are included: pressure buildup, pressure survey, geothermal field test, analyses of reservoir brine, recombination analysis, analyses of separator gas, analyses of scale samples, H/sub 2/S in separator gas, and analysis of reservoir data. (MHR)

This report describes a sensitivity study using LISTRA1A, a model for use in the development of a long-range, time-dependent plan for licensing nuclear waste repositories. The objectives of the model are: (1) to provide information concerning the impact of various licensing strategies on the ability to dispose of nuclear waste effectively; and (2) to provide long-range budget forecasts for differing strategies of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Department of Energy (DOE). The model is designed to analyze the interaction between NRC regulatory policy and DOE technical programs. A sensitivity study is reported for a single parameter in a hypothetical review process.

This study assesses the potential of mediation as a tool for resolving disputes related to the environmental regulation of new energy facilities and identifies possible roles the Federal government might play in promoting the use of mediation. These disputes result when parties challenge an energy project on the basis of its potential environmental impacts. The paper reviews the basic theory of mediation, evaluates specific applications of mediation to recent environmental disputes, discusses the views of environmental public-interest groups towards mediation, and identifies types of energy facility-related disputes where mediation could have a significant impact. Finally, potential avenues for the Federal government to encourage use of this tool are identified.

Research progress on amorphous Si:H solar cells is described. Tasks include theoretical modeling, deposition and doping studies, experimental characterization of a-Si:H, formation of solar cell structures, and evaluation of solar cell parameters. A new method for determining the drift mobility of majority carriers in doped a-Si:H is discussed. Deposition and doping studies have been performed in an rf magnetron discharge system. Mass spectroscopy has been used to show that the major impurities in the SiH/sub 4/ discharge occur at m/e values of 45, 47, and 49 at concentrations 10/sup -4/-10/sup -5/ times that of the principal ion, SiH/sub 3//sup +/. Boron implantation of an i-n structure produces a p-i-n cell with an enhanced V/sub oc/ but reduced J/sub sc/ as compared to cells in a nonimplanted region. Laser annealing at power densities up to 60 MW/cm/sup 2/ (30-ns pulse) causes partial crystallization of the a-Si:H, but there are no significant changes in the photoluminescence spectrum or the hydrogen content. the photo-Hall effect in undoped a-Si:H has been measured as a function of wave-length and temperature. The photoelectromagnetic spectrum for the short-circuit current has been used to estimate a hole diffusion length of approx.0.1-0.3 ..mu..m in undoped a-Si:H. Recently p-i-n cells …