Objective of the NWTS program planning and control plan is to provide the information necessary for timely and effective OWI management decisions. Purpose is to describe the concepts and techniques that will be utilized by OWI to establish structured, completely planned and controlled technical, cost, and schedule NWTS baselines from which performance or progress can be accurately measured.

Research was conducted to improve on presently used techniques for mapping soundspeed variations in the earth by monitoring the return from seismic probes. For small variations in the propagation speed, a linear integral equation was derived for that soundspeed variation. The integral equation is sufficiently general to characterize the placement of sources and receivers. The integral equation was solved in closed form for most of the source-receiver configurations of practical interest. The problem of dealing with the imperfect and incomplete data obtained in the real world was also confronted. The realistically constrained solution was implemented on the computer for a source-receiver configuration commonly used in seismic profiling. This latter project has dominated much of the research effort over the recent contract period.

The mathematical models and computer program comprising the SPP Dynamic Simulation are described. The SPP Dynamic Simulation is a computerized model representing the time-varying performance characteristics of the SPP. The model incorporates all the principal components of the pilot plant. Time-dependent direct normal solar insulation, as corrupted by simulated cloud passages, is transformed into absorbed radiant power by actions of the heliostat field and enclosed receiver cavity. The absorbed power then drives the steam generator model to produce superheated steam for the turbine and/or thermal storage subsystems. The thermal storage subsystem can, in turn, also produce steam for the turbine. The turbine using the steam flow energy produces the mechanical shaft power necessary for the generator to convert it to electrical power. This electrical power is subsequently transmitted to a transmission grid system. Exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed, reheated, deaerated, and pressurized by pumps for return as feedwater to the thermal storage and/or steam generator. A master control/instrumentation system is utilized to coordinate the various plant operations. The master controller reacts to plant operator demands and control settings to effect the desired output response. The SPP Dynamic Simulation Computer program is written in FORTRAN language. Various input options …

The NWTS program planning and control plan is described briefly. (DLC)

The design, fabrication, and testing of a fast kicker system for 800-MeV protons is described. The kicker magnet current pulse has a 1-..mu..s rise time, with a 10-..mu..s flat top. The ferrite magnet is 1.09 m long, has a field strength of 1.25 kG, and is pulsed at up to 7000 A, 120 Hz by a 2-ohm, six-section, lumped-element pulse-forming network.

The economic and technical feasibility of applying low grade geothermal heat (less than 300/sup 0/F) in the beet sugar refining industry for both new factory construction and retrofit conversion of existing factories was assessed. The representative Holly Sugar factory at Brawley, California, was utilized as a baseline primarily because of its centralized location with respect to the known and partially developed geothermal anomalies at Brawley, East Mesa, and Heber. Nominal values for the key parameters of the sugar refining process and typical values for the geothermal fluid parameters representative of geothermal resources in areas of existing or potential future sugar factories were defined, promising points of application were identified, and conceptual designs synthesized for introducing the geothermal heat into the process. The design approaches were then quantified with capital, operating and maintenance costs, and comparative economic evaluations were made with other fuels projected to 1995. In parallel with the detailed study of process conversion to geothermal heat, the existing pattern and potential growth of the sugar refining industry was assessed to estimate the potential market for new factory construction at suitable areas, as well as the potential for retrofit conversion of existing factories. The environmental impact of other geothermal application …

To aid the analysis and evaluation of the biomedical and environmental effects of future energy systems, a county-level data bank of future U.S. energy supply facilities is considered. This data file attempts to fulfill a requirement for a county-level imformation source useful in future energy supply and utilization projections, and the generation of closer links between energy resources, their development and use, and a comprehensive set of the effects of energy consumption. The data file format contains such items as fuel type, process type, year of planned availability, production capacity, employment, and state and county of location for each facility; these formats are described in detail. Finally, a system that has been developed incorporating the data bank of future energy supply facilities for the analysis of the biomedical and environmental consequences of energy production and consumption is described. 22 tables. (RWR)

The objective of the CEM Concept is to describe techniques for systematically identifying, evaluating, and influencing those technical, social, economic, political and institutional factors (i.e., events, trends and conditions) that are perceived as being probable uncertainties to the attainment of planned program objectives.

The report assesses the availability and implementation of energy conservation technology, particularly in the residential sector. Of concern is that energy-conserving innovations are restricted and, in some cases, blocked entirely from reaching the marketplace by a variety of institutional barriers. An ERDA-sponsored project to identify practical policy or program options whose implementation would increase the rate and degree of market penetration of these products is summarized. From research performed over a five-month period, the report describes the results of a survey of energy-conserving products and certification practices and procedures; energy-conserving products identified as being restricted; identification and analysis of the effects of these barriers; and the recommendations of policies and programs to mitigate the effects of the identified barriers. (MCW)

Direct experimental measurements of the inelastic cross sections of neutrons on a variety of nuclei have been made at Fermi lab over the energy range from 50 to 350 GeV. These data may be used, together with nucleon-nucleon total cross sections measured through the same energy range, to justify and verify the interpretation of cosmic ray data on interaction mean free paths in air or iron in terms of nucleon-nucleon total cross sections at much higher energies.

The report provides documentation of the generalized equilibrium modeling methodology underlying the SRI-Gulf Energy Model and focuses entirely on the philosophical, mathematical, and computational aspects of the methodology. The model is a highly detailed regional and dynamic model of the supply and demand for energy in the US. The introduction emphasized the need to focus modeling efforts on decisions and the coordinated decomposition of complex decision problems using iterative methods. The conceptual framework is followed by a description of the structure of the current SRI-Gulf model and a detailed development of the process relations that comprise the model. The network iteration algorithm used to compute a solution to the model is described and the overall methodology is compared with other modeling methodologies. 26 references.

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The geotechnical, environmental, socioeconomic impact, and engineering studies undertaken to identify the different uses to which geothermal heat and fluids could be applied as a direct utilization of resource or as heat utilization are reviewed. Six potential sites are identified.

The principal purposes of this report are to identify the jurisdiction areas of the federal pipeline regulating agencies, and to examine the amenability of the regulatory system to the introduction of energy-conservative new technology into the pipeline industry. The history, scope, and agency structure of state and federal regulation are recounted and some gaps, overlaps, and ambiguities are identified. The only significant inhibitory effects upon technological innovation are found to derive from the FPC and ICC limits upon profit, the 1941 Justice Department consent decree limiting dividends to shipper-owned pipelines, and the income tax rules governing recovery of investment credits and startup losses. Effects of these limits are explored by simulation studies using the Systems, Science and Software pipeline economic model (PEM). Two new concepts of regulation are proposed which would neutralize the inhibitory effect of the present regulatory system and would motivate pipeline operators to conserve energy: one, the use of a national equivalent value in the economic trade-off analyses which justify entry of a technological innovation into the rate base (valuation); and two, a valuation allowance which would reverse the presently often-existing situation and insure that the pipeline operator would realize a greater profit from saving energy than …

The objectives of this project are to develop an initial quantification of the magnitude of low-temperature geothermal resources in the San Luis Valley area of south-central Colorado, and to analyze the engineering and economic factors pertinent to the non-electric utilization of these resources. A parametric study is being conducted, considering probable variations in the quality of the available geothermal resources and the effects of such variations on the feasibility of using the contained energy and water. The beet sugar refining process has been thoroughly investigated, and a study of barley malting is under way. A demographic study of the southern Colorado area has been initiated along with a preliminary survey of regional industries, to serve as groundwork for projections of demand for heat and water in that area. The evidence for the existence of geothermal resources in the Valley has been under review. At the end of April, a transition was begun from making a very general compilation of information on hot water resources, to an in-depth study and extrapolation of the hydrogeothermal potential in the Valley.

The following are included: agenda, list of participants, executive summary, and approved minutes. The appendices include the figures for some of the discussions at the meeting and drafts of contributions to the Sourcebook on the Production of Electricity from Geothermal Energy. (MHR)

An examination is made of the railroad industry's structure and facilities and a Long-Run Average Cost and Energy Model is developed to describe the impact of changes to operations or equipment on the cost of railroad transportation. The regulatory and tariff environment of the industry is examined and some energy impacts of rate structures, car utilization rules, and retention of light-density branch lines are analyzed. Efficiency improvements that might result in conservation of fuel by railroads are identified and the outlook for the railroad industry, the opportunities and constraints for marketing technological innovation and operational changes in the industry, the outlook for growth in railroad transportation, and the relationship between potential efficiency improvements and market constraints are examined.

A multiple contact adhesion model has been derived to explain the charge observed on silica dust. This model has good agreement with the observed adhesion of microspheres and microballoons. From theoretical arguments, it appeared feasible that surface acoustic waves could be used to overcome the electrostatic adhesion between a particle and surface, and be used to move the particle along the surface in a controllable fashion. In an inverted geometry, evidence for resonance in the hollow microballoons was found. Two distinct modes were observed. These were the breathing mode and the Lamb wave mode associated with resonance of the walls. The measured Lamb wave velocity was 6.15 x 10/sup 5/ cm/sec.

During the period 1 October 1977 through 30 April 1978 the study has completed work on Task 6, Candidate Reference Systems. Four candidate reference systems have been defined. These are based on the conceptual designs of the UWMAK-III, the General Atomic Company Demonstration Power Reactor, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cassette defined in the Demonstration Power Study and the Culham laboratory Mark II Reactors. These reactor concepts are normalized to 3000 MW/sub th/ and near minimum cost of electricity. In addition, designs of four major subsystems have been selected and defined for application to these reactors. These include a primary coolant system, primary and secondary vacuum zone systems, the neutral beam injection system and the magnetic field system. These magnet systems are unique to each reactor. The cases for which maintenance plans are being developed in Task 7 have been selected to allow evaluation of design features, particularly the vacuum wall locations, and the impacts of unscheduled and contact maintenance of subsystems on the cost of electricity.

Design, specifications, and diagrams for the thermal storage subsystem for the 10-MW pilot tower focus power plant are presented in detail. The Honeywell thermal storage subsystem design features a sensible heat storage arrangement using proven equipment and materials. The subsystem consists of a main storage containing oil and rock, two buried superheater tanks containing inorganic salts (Hitec), and the necessary piping, instrumentation, controls, and safety devices. The subsystem can provide 7 MW(e) for three hours after twenty hours of hold. It can be charged in approximately four hours. Storage for the commercial-scale plant consists of the same elements appropriately scaled up. Performance analysis and tradeoff studies are included.

As part of the National Waste Terminal Storage Program in the United States, the Waste Isolation Safety Assessment Program (WISAP) is underway to develop and demonstrate the methods and obtain the data necessary to assess the safety of geologic isolation repositories and to communicate the assessment results to the public. This paper reviews past analysis efforts, discusses the WISAP technical approach to the problem, and points out areas where work is needed. The computer code GETOUT II, which models the nuclide transport in geologic media, is described. (DLC)

The question of siting wind energy conversion systems (WECS) represents a balance between the economic, technical and social values of the user and the local citizens. The technical issues are discussed. Before addressing the technical siting issues, as well as the social and economic ones, a determination of the potential user, the application of the WECS, and the geographical location of the installation must be made. Once these three determinations have been made, the meteorological and topographical characteristics of specific candidate sites must be assessed. Some of the topographical issues discussed are the effects of siting WECS near bodies of water, near or in trees and forests, around structures and buildings, and in hilly terrain; and some of the meteorological features considered are the effects of local wind circulations, velocity profiles, local turbulence, and hazardous weather elements.

The attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere between the heliostat and receiver of a Central Receiver solar energy system has been computed for a number of atmospheric conditions and tower-heliostat distances. The most important atmospheric variable is found to be the atmospheric aerosol content. No dependence of atmospheric water vapor is found and only a weak dependence on solar zenith angle. For a 500 m heliostat-tower distance two to four percent reductions are expected under typical desert conditions (50 to 120 km visibility). The reduction is approximately linear with heliostat-tower distance. A representative value of the attenuation coefficient is 0.051 km/sup -1/.

Research is organized around two major programs: thermal and aquatic stress and mineral cycling. These programs are strengthened by a previously established foundation of basic ecological knowledge. Research in basic ecology continues to be a major component of all SREL environmental programs. Emphasis in all programs has been placed upon field-oriented research relating to regional and local problems having broad ecological significance. For example, extensive research has been conducted in the Par Pond reservoir system and the Savannah River swamp, both of which have received thermal effluent, heavy metals, and low levels of radioisotopes. Furthermore, the availability of low levels of plutonium and uranium in both terrestrial and aquatic environments on the Savannah River Plant (SRP) has provided an unusual opportunity for field research in this area. The studies seek to document the effects, to determine the extent of local environmental problems, and to establish predictable relationships which have general applicability. In order to accomplish this objective it has been imperative that studies be carried out in the natural, environmentally unaffected areas on the SRP as a vital part of the overall program. Progress is reported in forty-nine studies.