In the Minimum Additive Waste Stabilization(MAWS) concept, actual waste streams are utilized as additive resources for vitrification, which may contain the basic components (glass formers and fluxes) for making a suitable glass or glassy slag. If too much glass former is present, then the melt viscosity or temperature will be too high for processing; while if there is too much flux, then the durability may suffer. Therefore, there are optimum combinations of these two important classes of constituents depending on the criteria required. The challenge is to combine these resources in such a way that minimizes the use of non-waste additives yet yields a processable and durable final waste form for disposal. The benefit to this approach is that the volume of the final waste form is minimized (waste loading maximized) since little or no additives are used and vitrification itself results in volume reduction through evaporation of water, combustion of organics, and compaction of the solids into a non-porous glass. This implies a significant reduction in disposal costs due to volume reduction alone, and minimizes future risks/costs due to the long term durability and leach resistance of glass. This is accomplished by using integrated systems that are both cost-effective …

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) show local structural anomalies in Tl{sub 2}Ba{sub 2}CuO{sub 6}, which reduce the crystal symmetry; this symmetry lowering is interpreted as an indication of the existence of localized states. A local structural model consistent with the EXAFS results consists of a fraction of the O(1) sites displaced from the midpoint of the Cu-Cu bond, and dimpling of the CuO{sub 2} planes when the O(1) site is not displaced from this midpoint.

The microbial remediation of sites Contaminated with organics is well documented, however, there are some significant problems that remain to be solved in the areas of contaminants sorbed to soils and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination. Methods of in situ bioremediation techniques employ either the stimulation of indigenous populations by nutrient addition, or the addition of prepared bacterial cultures to the subsurface environment. Problems of contaminant sorption and NAPL`s are related in that both encompass reduced contaminant bioavailability. Non-aqueous phase liquids have been identified as a priority area for research in the In situ Program due to their presence at DOE sites and the lack of adequate technology to effectively treat this contamination. Bioremediation technologies developed as a result of this project are easily transferred to industry.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement requires a comprehensive transportation risk analysis of radioactive waste shipments for large shipping campaigns. Thousands of unique shipments involving truck and rail transport must be analyzed; a comprehensive risk analysis is impossible with currently available methods. Argonne National Laboratory developed a modular transportation model that can handle the demands imposed by such an analysis. The modular design of the model facilitates the simple addition/updating of transportation routes and waste inventories, as required, and reduces the overhead associated with file maintenance and quality assurance. The model incorporates unit-consequences factors generated with the RADTRAN 4 transportation risk analysis code that are combined with an easy-to-use, menu-driven interface on IBM-compatible computers running under DOS. User selection of multiple origin/destination site pairs for the shipment of multiple radioactive waste inventories is permitted from pop-up lists. Over 800 predefined routes are available among more than 30 DOE sites and waste inventories that include high-level waste, spent nuclear fuel, transuranic waste, low-level waste, low-level mixed waste, and greater-than-Class C waste.

The awards are listed according to awardee name, bin, completion date, description of work, division, vendor ID, city, state, congressional district, contract value, obligations to date, and P/S.

The presence of high concentrations of uranium in the subsurface can be attributed either to contamination from uranium processing activities or to naturally occurring uranium. A mathematical method has been employed to evaluate the isotope ratios from subsurface soils at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant (RFP) and demonstrates conclusively that the soil contains uranium from a natural source and has not been contaminated with enriched uranium resulting from RFP releases. This paper describes the method used in this determination which has widespread application in site characterizations and can be adapted to other radioisotopes used in manufacturing industries. The determination of radioisotope source can lead to a reduction of the remediation effort.

The role of the National Sample Management Program (NSMP) proposed by the Department of Energy`s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is to be a resource for EM programs and for local Field Sample Management Programs (FSMPs). It will be a source of information on sample analysis and data collection within the DOE complex. The purpose of this document is to establish the suggested scope of the FSMP activities to be performed under each Operations Office, list the drivers under which the program will operate, define terms and list references. This guidance will apply only to EM sampling and analysis activities associated with project planning, contracting, laboratory selection, sample collection, sample transportation, laboratory analysis and data management.

A methodology, computational framework, and integrated PC-based database have been developed to assess the risks of facility accidents in support of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. The methodology includes the following interrelated elements: (1) screening of storage and treatment processes and related waste inventories to determine risk-dominant facilities across the DOE complex, (2) development and frequency estimation of the risk-dominant sequences of accidents, and (3) determination of the evolution of and final compositions of radiological or chemically hazardous source terms predicted to be released as a function of the storage inventory or treatment process throughput. The computational framework automates these elements to provide source term input for the second part of the analysis which includes (1) development or integration of existing site-specific demographics and meteorological data and calculation of attendant unit-risk factors and (2) assessment of the radiological or toxicological consequences of accident releases to the general public and to the occupational work force.

An integrated risk-based approach has been developed to address the human health risks of radiological and chemical releases from potential facility accidents in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). Accordingly, the facility accident analysis has been developed to allow risk-based comparisons of EM PEIS strategies for consolidating the storage and treatment of wastes at different sites throughout the country. The analysis has also been developed in accordance with the latest DOE guidance by considering the spectrum of accident scenarios that could occur in implementing the various actions evaluated in the EM PEIS. The individual waste storage and treatment operations and inventories at each site are specified by the functional requirements defined for each waste management alternative to be evaluated. For each alternative, the accident analysis determines the risk-dominant accident sequences and derives the source terms from the associated releases. This information is then used to perform health effects and risk calculations that are used to evaluate the various alternatives.

Air conditioning systems usually use only 85% of the evaporator coils. The other 15% or so is used to superheat the refrigerant so that the compressor will be protected from liquid slugging. This practice results in excessive evaporator volume. In mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems where the space available for the evaporator is limited, the evaporator should be used fully to reach maximum evaporator efficiency. This study reports on the design and testing of a novel liquid overfeeding (LOF) MAC system that can use 100% of the evaporator effectively. A LOF system is designed so that not all the liquid refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator. The excess low-pressure liquid flows into an accumulator-heat exchanger where it is boiled off by the warm, high-pressure liquid leaving the condenser. This design not only allows 100% use of the evaporator, but also reduces the system power consumption (per unit mass flow) and improves compressor reliability. Test results for the LOF MAC, compared with thermal expansion valve and metering valve MAC systems, indicated an increase of 20% in system cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) at a compressor speed of 2020 revolutions per minute (RPM). Because the LOF system is easy to …

The lattice Boltzmann technique has been shown to be an efficient and reliable approach to modeling single- and multi-fluid flow in porous media systems. The flexibility of this approach in discretizing the pore/solid space means it is particularly well suited to capturing fluid behavior, fluid-fluid interactions, and fluid-solid interactions at the scale of the individual pores. Such flexibility readily lends itself to studying processes occurring at physical interfaces, such as between a fracture and the surrounding porous matrix. Here we present pore-level simulations of fluid flow through a fracture embedded in an unsaturated matrix. Simulations are run on the massively parallel Connection Machine 5 (CM-5) using the two-fluid, two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann flow simulator developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. We look at the effect of pressure gradients and initial matrix saturation on infiltration into the matrix and fluid flow along the fracture.

As part of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Dose Reevaluation Program, new evaluations of the neutron cross sections for {sup 14}N and {sup 16}O were made for ENDF/B-VI, based at low energies on multichannel R-matrix analyses of reactions in the {sup 15}N and {sup 17}O systems. The types of data used in the analysis, and the resulting cross sections and resonance structures are briefly described. The resonance structure in the neutron cross sections was especially well determined by including precise, high-resolution neutron total cross section measurements from Oak Ridge and Karlsruhe. The new evaluated cross sections, wile thought to be significantly better than the earlier ones, improve, but do not completely remove, the dose discrepancies that persist, especially in the Hiroshima explosion.

Intermetallics are receiving increasing attention for applications requiring high-leverage materials possessing potentially high pay-offs such as in gas-turbine engines. While the quasi-static deformation response of a broad range of intermetallics is receiving intense scientific and engineering study, increased utilization of intermetallics under dynamic loading requires an understanding of their high-rate/shock-wave behavior. In this paper the influence of shock loading on structure/property behavior of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and Ti-24Al-11Nb is presented. The reload constitutive response of both shock-loaded intermetallics supports the dynamic deformation of both intermetallics being controlled by a Peierls mechanism. Defect generation and storage in intermetallics is compared and contrasted to that typical to conventional disordered metals and alloys.

The purpose of this publication is to highlight selected scientific challenges that have been undertaken by the DOE Energy Research community. The high quality of the research reflected in these contributions underscores the growing importance both to the Grand Challenge scientific efforts sponsored by DOE and of the related supporting technologies that the National Energy Research Supercomputer Center (NERSC) and other facilities are able to provide. The continued improvement of the computing resources available to DOE scientists is prerequisite to ensuring their future progress in solving the Grand Challenges. Titles of articles included in this publication include: the numerical tokamak project; static and animated molecular views of a tumorigenic chemical bound to DNA; toward a high-performance climate systems model; modeling molecular processes in the environment; lattice Boltzmann models for flow in porous media; parallel algorithms for modeling superconductors; parallel computing at the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory; the advanced combustion modeling environment; adaptive methodologies for computational fluid dynamics; lattice simulations of quantum chromodynamics; simulating high-intensity charged-particle beams for the design of high-power accelerators; electronic structure and phase stability of random alloys.

The performance of the Ni/NiCl{sub 2} positive electrode for the Na/NiCl{sub 2} battery has been significantly improved compared to that of our earlier electrodes, representative for 1990. This improvement has been achieved by lowering the impedance and increasing the usable capacity through the use of chemical additives and a tailored electrode morphology. The improved electrode has excellent performance even at 250{degrees}C and can be recharged within one hour. The performance of this new electrode was measured by the conventional interrupted galvanostatic method and under simulated driving profiles. These measurements were used to project the performance of 40- to 60-kWh batteries built with this new electrode combined with the already highly developed sodium/{beta}{double_prime}-alumina negative electrode. These calculated results yielded a specific power of 150--400 W/kg and a specific energy of 110--200 Wh/kg for batteries with single-tube and bipolar cell designs. This high performance, along with the high cell voltage, mid-temperature operation, fast recharge capability, and short-circuited failure mode of the electrode couple, makes the Na/NiCl{sub 2} battery attractive for electric vehicle applications.

We have a contract with the Department of Neutron Physics at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow to develop the technology to produce plastic shells with diameters of about 2 mm that would be potentially suitable for NIF targets. They have recently delivered a selection of plastic shells with diameters of about 1 mm. The quality of these shells is in general quite good. The wall thicknesses range from about 4 to 7 {mu}m. Sphericity looks excellent and wall thickness uniformity may be acceptable. Two shells were sphere-mapped. There are some problems at low modes. In addition there was a great deal of dust and debris from breakage during shipping. However these shells are probably better than any micro encapsulation shells of the same size. Some of the shells will be overcoated for cryogenic liquid layering experiments.

In July 1991, Superior I.D. Tube Cleaners, Inc. (SIDTEC{trademark}) received a grant through the Department of Energy and the Energy Related Invention Program to conduct a long term demonstration of a proprietary technology for on-line mechanical condenser tube cleaning in thermal Power plants on open or once-through cooling water systems where the warmed condenser cooling water is discharged through a canal. The purpose of the demonstration was to confirm and establish the use of this mechanical method as an alternative to the application of chemical biocides in condenser cooling water for the control of biofouling, the growth of micro-organisms which can reduce a unit`s operating efficiency. The SIDTEC on-line mechanical tube cleaner, the Rocket{trademark}, is used to physically remove accumulated deposits on the water side of the main steam condenser, and the non-intrusive tube cleaner recovery system, the Skimmer{trademark}, is used to recover and recirculate tube cleaners. The periodic circulation of tube cleaners can maintain optimum condenser cleanliness and improve unit heat rate. Thermal power plants which discharge condenser cooling water through a canal now have a viable alternative to the chemical treatment of condenser cooling water, whether the principal foulant is biofouling, chemical scaling, silting, or a combination of …

The transient charge technique (TChT) has been used in this work to study the electrical properties in both space charge region (SCR) and electrical neutral bulk (ENB) of neutron irradiated high resistivity (4--6 k{Omega}-cm) silicon particle detectors. Detectors irradiated to various neutron fluences were measured by TChT at various biases and temperatures below the room temperature. The Fermi level, obtained from the Arrhenius plot of the time constant of the slow component of the charge shape, has been found to stabilize around E{sub c}-0.47 to 0.50 eV at high fluences ({Phi}n>10{sup 13} n/cm{sup 2}). The resistivity of the ENB has been found greater than 300 k{Omega}-cm at high fluences.

This report summarizes the purchasing and transportation activities of the Purchasing and Materials Management Organization for Fiscal Year 1993. Activities for both the New Mexico and California locations are included.

Regular hard disk backups for workstations are widely recommended. The necessity of backups -- akin to one`s own mortality -- is something most people would rather not think about. This attitude has two consequences. When people do subscribe to automated network backups, they expect the system to perform at a high level of reliability and that their files will be there for them when they need them. Second, they usually fail to appreciate that reliability is a shared responsibility. Although ostensibly their only responsibility is to keep the computer powered on overnight, there are actually many more opportunities for failure within the user`s jurisdiction than in other parts of the infrastructure. High reliability is almost a sine qua non for backups. We describe a strategy for enhancing reliability based on the principle of accountability. This strategy involves monitoring the system, gathering statistics, detecting problems, anticipating problems, troubleshooting, and finally determining where failure occurred within the infrastructure and who should be accountable. We describe a specific backup system in a specific network environment to illustrate the value of accountability. This system, macdumps, backs up Macintosh disks over an AppleTalk network. The original software was written by Dan Tappan of BBN in …

The United States has a superb capability for forefront research in elementary particle physics for the next decade-but it can be realized only if there is sufficient funding to make efficient use of our existing world-class facilities. Throughout most of the past half century, the US has led the world in making contributions to our growing understanding of elementary particle physics. We are no longer the dominant force in the field, but we are still one of the leaders. The termination of the SSC is an enormous blow, but it need not end our participation in the field. We must first take advantage of what we have -- and that is considerable -- and then use it as the basis for a successful strategy for the first few decades in the next century. The US can make many important contributions to our field for the rest of this decade and for part of the next. But, after that, we will not long remain among the world`s leaders unless we have the foresight to preserve and strengthen our capability to construct and operate world-class facilities.

The ENDF/B-VI photon interaction library includes data for the elements hydrogen (Z=1) through fermium (Z=100) over the energy range 10 eV to 100 MeV. This library contains data to meet the needs of traditional photon transport methods. However, this library also contains data that can be used to perform much more detailed transport calculations. This paper describes the contents of this library and how it can be used for both traditional and more detailed transport calculations.

It is shown that some sections of the invariance (or symmetry) principles such as the space reversal symmetry (or parity P) and time reversal symmetry T (of elementary particle and condensed matter physics, etc.) are not really truly Lorentz covariant. Indeed, I find that the Dirac-Wigner sense of Lorentz invariance is not in full compliance with the Einstein-Minkowski reguirements of the Lorentz covariance of all physical laws (i.e., the world space Mach principle).

Smart card systems are most cost efficient when implemented as a distributed system, which is a system without central host interaction or a local database of card numbers for verifying transaction approval. A distributed system, as such, presents special card and user authentication problems. Fortunately, smart cards offer processing capabilities that provide solutions to authentication problems, provided the system is designed with proper data integrity measures. Smart card systems maintain data integrity through a security design that controls data sources and limits data changes. A good security design is usually a result of a system analysis that provides a thorough understanding of the application needs. Once designers understand the application, they may specify authentication techniques that mitigate the risk of system compromise or failure. Current authentication techniques include cryptography, passwords, challenge/response protocols, and biometrics. The security design includes these techniques to help prevent counterfeit cards, unauthorized use, or information compromise. This paper discusses card authentication and user identity techniques that enhance security for microprocessor card systems. It also describes the analysis process used for determining proper authentication techniques for a system.