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Apparatus to examine pulsed parallel field losses in large conductors
Conductors in tokamak toroidal field coils will be exposed to pulsed fields both parallel and perpendicular to the current direction. These conductors will likely be quite high capacity (10 to 20 kA) and therefore probably will be built up out of smaller units. We have previously published measurements of losses in conductors exposed to a pulsed parallel field, but those experiments necessarily used monolithic conductors of relatively small cross section because the pulse coil, a torus that surrounded the test conductor, was itself small. Here we describe an apparatus that is conceptually similar but has been scaled up to accept conductors of much larger cross section and current capacity. The apparatus consists basically of a superconducting torus that contains a movable spool to allow test samples to be wound inside without unwinding the torus. Details of apparatus design and capabilities are described and preliminary results from tests of the apparatus and from loss measurements using it are reported.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Miller, J. R. & Shen, S. S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Factors influencing electric utility expansion. Volume II
This report, Vol. 2, submitted by the General Electric Co., identifies factors that should be considered in planning interconnected systems and discusses how these factors relate to one another. The objective is to identify all the factors and classify them by their use and importance in arriving at a decision. Chapter 2 discusses the utility system and its system behavior characteristics, emphasizing behavior that affects the planning of the bulk-power generation and transmission system. Chapter 3 introduces interconnection planning by discussing the new system characteristics brought to operation and planning. Forty-two factors associated with cost, reliability, constraints, and coordination are related to each other by factor trees. Factor trees display the relationship of one factor such as reliability to more-detailed factors which in turn are further related to individual characteristics of facilities. These factor trees provide a structure to the presentation. A questionnaire including the 42 factors was completed by 52 system planners from utility companies and government authorities. The results of these questionnaires are tabulated and presented with pertinent discussion of each factor. Chapter 4 deals with generation planning, recognizing the existence of interconnections. Chapter 5 addresses transmission planning, questions related to reliability and cost measures and constraints, and …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Masud, E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Examples of maximum likelihood spatial filtering
A maximum-likelihood method for estimating spatial frequency components of truncated sections of data is described. The method is used to estimate the one-dimensional Fourier transform of short scans of images of an edge and of a slit. With the aid of a constrained least-squares noise control, the frequency response of the imaging system is computed from the estimated Fourier transform.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Lahart, M.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some analytical solutions to the two atom blocking model
The two-atom blocking model with thermal displacements was reinvestigated, and some new analytical results were found. For Coulomb scattering, an exact solution for the blocking pattern is found which depends on only two parameters. For scattering from a Moliere potential, a similar parameterization produces a nearly universal set of curves. The results should be useful in analyzing data of ion backscattering experiments that measure crystal surface relaxation. 4 figures.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Oen, O S
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results from a model system of superconducting solenoids and phase shifting bridge for pulsed power studies for proposed tokamak EF coils
A matched pair of superconducting solenoids and a phase-shifting bridge circuit has been constructed to study energy storage and transfer for application to tokamak EF coils. The intrinsically stable solenoids, each with 4 H self-inductance, incorporate sufficient cooling to allow charging at several hundred volts, corresponding to B = 1 T/sec. The three-phase inductor-convertor capacitive bridge network operating at up to 150 V rms transfers energy reversibly and at controllable rates from the storage coil to the load coil.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Fuja, R. E.; Kustom, R. L. & Smith, R. P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Remote leak detection for the TFTR
The planned design for the TFTR (TOKAMAK Fusion Test Reactor) remote leak detection system consists of a central console which controls the application of tracer gas to possible leak areas. Seals are tested by admitting tracer gas to machined cavities on the atmospheric side of the seal. The tracer gas is brought to the seal cavity by /sup 1///sub 8/-inch diameter tubes which connect to local tracer gas/vacuum manifolds located outside the protective radiation shielding. Vacuum shell walls and welds are checked by flowing tracer gas through annular heating/cooling passages. The detector will be either an MSLD (mass spectrometer leak detector) or an RGA (residual gas analyzer), the location of which is not finalized. Feasibility tests performed and planned include response and sensitivity measurements of possible tubing/detector configurations with several tracer gases.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Walthers, C.R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Los Alamos hot dry rock geothermal project
The greatest potential for geothermal energy is the almost unlimited energy contained in the vast regions of hot, but essentially impermeable, rock within the first six or seven km of the Earth's crust. For the past five years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating and developing a practical, economical and environmentally acceptable method of extracting this energy. By early 1978, a 10 MW (thermal) heat extraction experiment will be in operation. In the Los Alamos concept, a man-made geothermal reservoir is formed by drilling into a region of suitably hot rock, and then creating within the rock a very large surface for heat transfer by large-scale hydraulic-fracturing techniques. After a circulation loop is formed by drilling a second hole to intersect the fractured region, the heat contained in this reservoir is brought to the surface by the buoyant closed-loop circulation of water. The water is kept liquid throughout the loop by pressurization, thereby increasing the rate of heat transport up the withdrawal hole compared to that possible with steam.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Brown, D. W. & Pettitt, R. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Two-Dimensional Neutronics Analysis of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
The nuclear performance of the TFTR has been studied using two-dimensional radiation transport methods. The calculations were carried out using the two-dimensional discrete ordinates code DOT using S/sub 8/ angular quadrature and a P/sub 3/ expansion of the transport cross-section data. The cross sections were taken from the DLC-37 library and collapsed to a 35-neutron--21-gamma-ray energy group subset to facilitate the calculations. The TFTR and the concrete pillbox-shaped shield that surrounds the reactor assembly were modelled using r-z geometry with toroidal symmetry about the z-axis. The components were described using 61 radical and 38 axial mesh intervals. The dimensions and spatial location of the D-T plasma, the dimensions and compositions of the reactor components and other relevant TFTR parameters are summarized. (MHR)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Santoro, R. T.; Barnes, J. M.; Lillie, R. A. & Alsmiller, R. G., Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Solar Pilot Plant project review No. 9, May 4--5, 1977. CDRL item 10
Drawings and illustrations for the project review are presented. These are included for the 10 MW(e) solar pilot plant, the collector subsystem, the receiver subsystem, the electrical power generation system and balance of plant, plant controls and transient analysis, availability and safety, pilot and commercial plant designs, and summary and recommendations. (MHR)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Elementary electron-molecule interactions and negative ion resonances at subexcitation energies and their significance in gaseous dielectrics
Recent knowledge on low-energy (mostly approximately less than 10 eV) electron-molecule interaction processes in dilute and in dense gases is synthesized, discussed, and related to the breakdown strength of gaseous dielectrics. Optimal design of multicomponent gaseous insulators can be made on the basis of such knowledge.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Christophorou, L G
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Superconducting coil fabrication development at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
A large coil winding facility (>2 m OD) is devoted to developing equipment for winding steady-state toroidal field coils having ''D'' or ''oval'' shapes. Some activities for this facility are discussed. Novel techniques have been developed for winding spliceless pancakes that may have immediate applications for pulsed poloidal field coils. The concept is also applicable for many other coils, including room temperature coils and coils with odd shapes. Also, a unique method of winding small toroidal field test coils has been developed. This method of winding suggests possibilities for remote winding of coils, which may be useful in fusion devices. The selection of suitable superconductors and structural materials is a continuing concern but the emphasis of this work is on the development of fabrication methods.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Brown, R.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
PTA-1 computer program for treating pressure transients in hydraulic networks including the effect of pipe plasticity. [LMFBR]
Pressure pulses in the intermediate sodium system of a liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor, such as may originate from a sodium/water reaction in a steam generator, are propagated through the complex sodium piping network to system components such as the pump and intermediate heat exchanger. To assess the effects of such pulses on continued reliable operation of these components and to contribute to system designs which result in the mitigation of these effects, Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) computer codes are being developed for accurately computing the transmission of pressure pulses through a complicated fluid transport system, consisting of piping, fittings and junctions, and components. PTA-1 provides an extension of the well-accepted and verified fluid hammer formulation for computing hydraulic transients in elastic or rigid piping systems to include plastic deformation effects. The accuracy of the modeling of pipe plasticity effects on transient propagation has been validated using results from two sets of Stanford Research Institute experiments. Validation of PTA-1 using the latter set of experiments is described briefly. The comparisons of PTA-1 computations with experiments show that (1) elastic-plastic deformation of LMFBR-type piping can have a significant qualitative and quantitative effect on pressure pulse propagation, even in simple systems; (2) classical …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Youngdahl, C.K. & Kot, C.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of energy related risk acceptance (APHA energy task force)
Living in a technological society with large energy requirements involves a number of related actities with attendant health risks, both to the working and to the general public. Therefore, the formulation of some general principles for risk acceptance is necessary. In addition to maximizing benefits and minimizing risk, relevant considerations must be made about the perception of risk as voluntary or involuntary, the number of persons collectively at risk at any one occasion, and the extent to which a risk is a familiar one. With regard to a given benefit, such as a given amount of energy, comparisons of the risks of alternate modes of production may be utilized. However, cost-benefit consideration is essential to the amelioration of current or prospective risks. This is unusual, since it is based on some estimate of the monetary value per premature death averted. It is proposed that increased longevity would be a more satisfactory measure. On a societal basis, large expenditures for additional energy-related pollution control do not appear justifiable since much larger, nonenergy-related health risks are relatively underaddressed. Knowledgeable health professionals could benefit the public by imparting authoritative information in this area.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Hull, A.P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design philosophy and use of high voltage power systems for multi-megawatt ion beam accelerators
The requirements for a neutral beam high voltage power system are derived from the characteristics of the ion source. High voltage system component characteristic requirements and choices are described. (MHR)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Barber, G. C.; Broverman, A. Y.; Hill, R. E.; Loring, C. M. & Ponte, N. S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design of the upper internals structure for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant
The Upper Internals Structure (UIS) is located above the core and is supported from the head at four locations. It is designed to perform the following primary functions: provide secondary core holddown in the event of a malfunction of the core hydraulic holddown system; provide support for routing all in-vessel instrumentation to core assemblies; maintain alignment between the core assemblies, the UIS and the closure head; provide guidance and crossflow protection for the control rod drivelines; and mix/duct flow to the upper region of the vessel outlet plenum to minimize rapid temperature changes to components during a reactor trip transient. In accomplishing these functions, the UIS will experience a sodium environment with temperatures up to 1200/sup 0/F (649/sup 0/C), and as many as 7 x 10/sup 8/ cycles of fluid temperature fluctuations up to 250/sup 0/F (121/sup 0/C) at full power operation. It must be designed to survive these conditions in combination with seismic and flow-induced vibration loadings for its 30 year design life. The design program of designing to controlled functional requirements and design conditions is discussed. Included is a description of the significant parts of the design and the approach used to balance the requirement of tight joints. …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Thompson, D. C. & Novendstern, E. H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Performance and sensitivity testing of TATB. Period covered: July--September 1977
Gap testing of the LLL thermally conditioned specimens of RX-03-BB, Blend 2 continued with 4 groups being tested. Thus far, it has been possible to predict results fairly accurately by considering only the final density of the samples. Tests conducted on TATB aminated by an emulsion process raised questions about the correlation between density and sensitivity.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Kramer, P.E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cryocondensation pumping of tritium and its mixtures with D/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/
An apparatus used to obtain data on the cryocondensation pumping of deuterium, hydrogen and helium mixtures was modified and moved to a sealed enclosure in the Hot Lab to measure pumping characteristics of tritium on smooth surfaces at 4.2 K. Two cylinders containing approximately 1500 curie of tritium each were used in two experimental runs. Due to a large /sup 3/He content palladium thimbles had to be used for purification. At the end of each experiment, T/sub 2/ was stored in Ti films, evaporated from Ti filament. The pumping speed of T/sub 2/ was found to be insensitive to the flux and the thickness of the condensed layers behaving much like H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/. The limit on the flux, surface coverage and the cryogen consumption was always imposed by the low /sup 3/He trapping efficiency of hydrogen isotopes. T/sub 2/ vapor pressure at 4.2 K was below our detection sensitivity of 4 x 10/sup -11/ Torr. The effects of 18 keV electrons on liquid helium consumption as well as on desorption from composite frozen layer was found to be negligible. THO formed on the walls of our experimental setup by reaction of T/sub 2/ with H/sub 2/O present …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Chou, T.S. & Halama, H.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gamow-Teller sum rules and the /sup 14/C(/sup 6/Li,/sup 6/He)/sup 14/N reaction. [62 MeV]
A correlation between the (/sup 6/Li,/sup 6/He) cross sections and the Gamow-Teller strength observed previously for other targets persists in the /sup 14/C(/sup 6/Li,/sup 6/He) reaction. The total G.T. strength up to 12 MeV excitation is measured, and sum rules for the G.T. strength that depend on the LS configurations of the target state are derived. The extracted LS configuration of the /sup 14/C ground state is in serious disagreement with shell model calculations. There are several inconsistencies within our understanding of the nuclear structure and transition strengths in these nuclei, part of which is attributable to mesonic currents. Constraints are also placed upon the (/sup 6/Li,/sup 6/He) reaction mechanism. 3 figures, 2 tables.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Wharton, W. R.; Goodman, C. D. & Hensley, D. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermal stress and creep fatigue limitations in first wall design
The thermal-hydraulic performance of a lithium cooled cylindrical first wall module has been analyzed as a function of the incident neutron wall loading. Three criteria were established for the purpose of defining the maximum wall loading allowable for modules constructed of Type 316 stainless steel and a vanadium alloy. Of the three, the maximum structural temperature criterion of 750/sup 0/C for vanadium resulted in the limiting wall loading value of 7 MW/m/sup 2/. The second criterion limited thermal stress levels to the yield strength of the alloy. This led to the lowest wall loading value for the Type 316 stainless steel wall (1.7 MW/m/sup 2/). The third criterion required that the creep-fatigue characteristics of the module allow a lifetime of 10 MW-yr/m/sup 2/. At wall temperatures of 600/sup 0/C, this lifetime could be achieved in a stainless steel module for wall loadings less than 3.2 MW/m/sup 2/, while the same lifetime could be achieved for much higher wall loadings in a vanadium module.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Majumdar, S.; Misra, B. & Harkness, S.D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies of /sup 12/Be and other off-stability nuclei
In collaboration with the Tandem Van de Graaff staff at the University of Pennsylvania the reaction /sup 10/Be(t,p)/sup 12/Be at E/sub t/ = 12 MeV has been used to study the properties of /sup 12/Be. The first excited state of /sup 12/Be has been found to lie at 2.110 +- 0.015 MeV and to have J = 2 from p,..gamma.. angular correlation measurements. Using a chopped beam the search for delayed neutrons from the decay of /sup 12/Be was negative. However, the decay curve for ..beta.. rays can be fitted only if a half-life component of about 25 msec for /sup 12/Be is included along with the activities /sup 12/B, /sup 9/Li, and /sup 8/Li known to be present. A review of the search for new T/sub z/ = +5/2 isotopes in the s-d shell at the Brookhaven Tandem Van de Graaff is presented and recent results on the T/sub z/ = +3 nucleus /sup 34/Si, formed in the /sup 18/O(/sup 18/O,2p)/sup 34/Si reaction, are outlined. Utilizing new ion-source techniques to form a beam of /sup 9/Be ions the reaction /sup 48/Ca(/sup 9/Be,pn)/sup 55/V has been used to find and study the new isotope /sup 55/V of 6 sec half-life. …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Alburger, D.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Training programs in medical physics in the United States
The history of the field of medical physics in the United States is reviewed; the importance of the development of the nuclear reactor and particle accelerators to medical physics is pointed out. Conclusions and recommendations of an IAEA/WHO seminar on the training of medical physicists (in 1972) are given and compared with existing programs in the US. It is concluded that the recommendations of the IAEA are, for the most part, followed. 1 table. (RWR)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Lanzl, L.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermal impact assessment of multi power plant operations on estuaries. [Computer calculations for Hudson River]
The assessment of the thermal impact of multi power plant operations on large estuaries requires careful consideration of the problems associated with: re-entrainment, re-circulation, thermal interaction, delay in the attainment of thermal equilibrium state, and uncertainty in specifying open boundaries and open boundary conditions of the regions, which are critically important in the analysis of the thermal conditions in receiving water bodies with tidal dominated, periodically reversing flow conditions. The results of an extensive study in the Hudson River at Indian Point, 42 miles upstream of the ocean end at the Battery, concluded that the tidal-transient, multi-dimensional discrete-element (UTA) thermal transport models (ESTONE, FLOTWO, TMPTWO computer codes) and the near-field far-field zone-matching methodology can be employed with a high degree of reliability in the assessment of the thermal impact of multi power plant operations on tidal dominated estuaries.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Eraslan, A. H.; Kim, K. H. & Harris, J. L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Corrosion in nuclear power plants
A review of corrosion problems in BWR and PWR cooling systems is presented.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Draley, J. E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design of the ZT-40 power crowbar system
The design for a power crowbar system for ZT-40 to sustain a total current greater than 10/sup 7/ A with less than a 7% variation for 250 ..mu..s is discussed. The circuit performance without the power crowbar system is used to determine the power required. Several methods for supplying the power crowbar energy were investigated and simulated before choosing the final system. The advantages and disadvantages of the various options are also presented.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Nunnally, W.C. & Boicourt, G.P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library