This paper gives an introduction into the topic of primary ion sources that can be used to feed ions of normally solid elements into EBIS devices. Starting with a set of typical requirements for primary ion sources, some major types of ion generators are discussed first, with emphasis on their working principles rather than trying to give a fully representative listing of used and proposed generators. Beam-transport issues between primary ion source and EBIS are then examined, and generic characteristics of suitable beam-formation and transport systems are explained.

We propose an approximation to full relativity that captures the main gravitational effects of dynamical importance in supernovae. The conceptual link between this formalism and the Newtonian limit is such that it could likely be implemented relatively easily in existing multidimensional Newtonian gravitational hydrodynamics codes employing a Poisson solver. As a test of the formalism's utility, we display results for rapidly rotating (and therefore highly deformed) neutron stars.

The Uranium Extraction (UREX) process is being developed for the spent oxide fuel from light water reactors as part of the Accelerator Transmutation of Waste Project. The UREX process is similar to the Plutonium and Uranium Extraction (PUREX) process in that it involves solvent extraction based on a tributyl phosphate extractant. To assure that actinide reduction and complexation are effective, the reductant/complexant aceto-hydroxamic acid is being considered for use in the UREX process. The following literature review describes the solvent extraction, kinetics, oxidation-reduction, and complexation properties of aceto-hydroxamic acid and its derivatives.

In this paper the effects of moisture on the heat transfer from two basic types of building foundations, a slab-on-grade and a basement, are examined. A two-dimensional finite element heat and moisture transfer program is used to show the effects of precipitation, soil type, foundation insulation, water table depth, and freezing on the heat transfer from the building foundation. Comparisons are made with a simple heat conduction model to illustrate the dependency of the soil thermal conductivity on moisture content.

The depth of the authors theoretical understanding of neutrino flavor mixing should match the importance of this phenomenon as a herald of long-awaited empirical challenges to the standard model of particle physics. After reviewing the familiar, simplified quantum mechanical model and its flaws, the author sketches the deeper understanding of both vacuum and matter-enhanced flavor mixing that is found in the framework of scattering theory. While the model simplified gives the correct answer for atmospheric, solar, and accelerator/reactor neutrino phenomena, he argues that a key insight from the deeper picture will simplify the treatment of neutrino transport in astrophysical environments--supernovae, for example--in which neutrinos play a dynamically important role.

The purpose of the phase 2 Mesaverde study part of the Department of Energy funded project ''Analysis of oil-bearing Cretaceous Sandstone Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, exclusive of the Dakota Sandstone, on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, New Mexico'' was to define the facies of the oil-producing units within the subsurface units of the Mesaverde Group and integrate these results with outcrop studies that defined the depositional environments of these facies within a sequence stratigraphic context. The focus of this report will center on (1) integration of subsurface correlations with outcrop correlations of components of the Mesaverde, (2) application of the sequence stratigraphic model determined in the phase one study to these correlations, (3) determination of the facies distribution of the Mesaverde Group and their relationship to sites of oil and gas accumulation, (4) evaluation of the thermal maturity and potential source rocks for oil and gas in the Mesaverde Group, and (5) evaluation of the structural features on the Reservation as they may control sites of oil accumulation.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory is storing large amounts of radioactive and mixed wastes. Most of the sodium-bearing wastes have been calcined, but about a million gallons remain uncalcined, and this waste does not meet current regulatory requirements for long-term storage and/or disposal. As a part of the Settlement Agreement between DOE and the State of Idaho, the tanks currently containing SBW are to be taken out of service by December 31, 2012, which requires removing and treatment the remaining SBW. Vitrification is the option for waste disposal that received the highest weighted score against the criteria used. Beginning in FY 2000, the INEEL high-level waste program embarked on a program for technology demonstration and development that would lead to conceptual design of a vitrification facility in the event that vitrification is the preferred alternative for SBW disposal. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's Research-Scale Melter was used to conduct these initial melter-flowsheet evaluations. Efforts are underway to reduce the volume of waste vitrified, and during the current test, an overall SBW waste volume-reduction factor of 7.6 was achieved.

Fact sheet includes an overview of the accomplishments of Atlanta's Clean Cities coordinator Kent Igleheart, who received the 2001 Outstanding Coordinator Award.

This report summarizes the in-house and subcontracted research and development (R and D) activities under the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Photovoltaics Program from October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000 (FY 2000). The mission of the DOE National Photovoltaics Program is to make PV a significant part of the domestic economy-as an industry and an energy resource. The two primary goals of the national program are to (1) maintain the U.S. industry's world leadership in research and technology development and (2) help the U.S. industry remain a major, profitable force in the world market. The NCPV is part of the National PV Program and provides leadership and support to the national program toward achieving its mission and goals. This Contract Summary for fiscal year (FY) 2000 documents some 179 research projects supported by the PV Program, performed by 107 organizations in 32 states, including 69 projects performed by universities and 60 projects performed by our industry partners. Of the total FY 2000 PV Program budget of $65.9 million, the industry and university research efforts received $36.9 million, or nearly 56%. And, of this amount, more than 93% was for contractors selected on …

The purpose of this Analysis/Model Report (AMR) is to describe probabilistically the main features of the geometry of the fracture system in the vicinity of the repository. They will be used to determine the quantity of fissile material that could accumulate in the fractured rock underneath a waste package as it degrades. This AMR is to feed the geochemical calculations for external criticality reports. This AMR is done in accordance with the technical work plan (BSC (Bechtel SAIC Company) 2001 b). The scope of this AMR is restricted to the relevant parameters of the fracture system. The main parameters of interest are fracture aperture and fracture spacing distribution parameters. The relative orientation of the different fracture sets is also important because of its impact on criticality, but they will be set deterministically. The maximum accumulation of material depends primarily on the fracture porosity, combination of the fracture aperture, and fracture intensity. However, the fracture porosity itself is not sufficient to characterize the potential for accumulation of a fracture system. The fracture aperture is also important because it controls both the flow through the fracture and the potential plugging of the system. Other features contributing to the void space such as …

The country's increasing dependence on imported oil and the relative instability of the oil-producing countries prompted Congress to pass the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992. The Act called on the US Department of Energy (DOE) to expand research and development in the transportation sector, and to create programs for accelerating the introduction of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) to replace conventional models fueled by gasoline. DOE's Alternative Fuel Transportation Program, as codified in 10 CFR Part 490, implements the provisions in Sections 501, 507(o), 508, 511, 512, and 513 of EPAct. These sections (1) Call for DOE to promulgate rulemakings requiring State government fleets and alternative fuel providers to acquire AFVs in certain gradually increasing percentages; (2) Set forth a credit program to reward those who purchase or lease AFVs either earlier than required, or in greater numbers than required; (3) Establish reporting procedures; (4) Implement exemption provisions; and (5) Set forth enforcement procedures and provisions. State government fleet managers and alternative fuel providers must determine if they are covered by these provisions, and take certain steps to be in compliance if they are covered. This booklet has been produced by DOE as a reader-friendly guide to the primary requirements …

At the Spallation Neutron Source being constructed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, power levels will be greater than at any other operating pulsed spallation neutron scattering facility. Some of the moderators at the facility will contain cadmium that will be used to tailor neutron time distributions by absorbing low-energy neutrons. Because of the higher operating power levels, indications are that there will be considerable burnup of this cadmium during the lifetime of the moderators. Cadmium burnup rates have been calculated for locations around the moderators. Assumed operating conditions for these calculations were a 2-mA beam of 1-GeV protons on the mercury target for 5,000 operating hours per year and a three-year lifetime for the moderators and inner-plug assembly. With the present proposed cadmium thickness in the moderator region (0.05 cm), Monte Carlo calculations indicate considerable depletion of the active cadmium isotope. In places, the calculations indicate complete depletion. An obvious solution to the problem would be to increase the cadmium thickness with a concomitant increase in heat load. Results from some cadmium heating calculations are also presented for a cadmium thickness of 0.05 cm.

A description of diesel hybrid electric buses used at NYC Transit, the largest public transportation system in the United States. Clean fuel buses represent about 5% of NYC Transit's fleet.

This case study about energy saving performance contacts (ESPCs) presents an overview of how the NASA's Johnson Space Flight Center established an ESPC contract and the benefits derived from it. The Federal Energy Management Program instituted these special contracts to help federal agencies finance energy-saving projects at their facilities.

We have been performing basic materials science research on materials for anodes and cathodes in electrochemical cells. The work is a mix of electrochemical measurements and analysis of the materials by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry. At present, our experimental work involves only materials for Li storage, but we have been finishing papers from our previous work on hydrogen-storage materials.

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This study builds upon earlier research conducted by Southeastern Louisiana University concerning the efficacy of utilizing processed drill cuttings as an alternative substrate source for wetland rehabilitation (wetland creation and restoration). Previous research has indicated that processed drill cuttings exhibit a low degree of contaminant migration from the process drill cuttings to interstitial water and low toxicity, as tested by seven-day mysid shrimp chronic toxicity trials.

The development of automated systems supporting the production and application of PET radiopharmaceuticals has been an important focus of researchers since the first successes of using carbon-11 (Comar et al., 1979) and fluorine-18 (Reivich et al., 1979) labeled compounds to visualize functional activity of the human brain. These initial successes of imaging the human brain soon led to applications in the human heart (Schelbert et al., 1980), and quickly radiochemists began to see the importance of automation to support PET studies in humans (Lambrecht, 1982; Langstrom et al., 1983). Driven by the necessity of controlling processes emanating high fluxes of 511 KeV photons, and by the tedium of repetitive syntheses for carrying out these human PET investigations, academic and government scientists have designed, developed and tested many useful and novel automated systems in the past twenty years. These systems, originally designed primarily by radiochemists, not only carry out effectively the tasks they were designed for, but also demonstrate significant engineering innovation in the field of laboratory automation.

This project investigated the behavior of chlorinated solvent DNAPLs (mainly TCE) in two fractured clay-rich materials: highly weathered shale saprolite; and weathered glacial till. Over the 4-year course of this project researchers: (1) Investigated the potential for biodegradation of chlorinated solvents in fractured and weathered shales and in microcosms and undisturbed columns of fractured shale saprolite, which indicates that anaerobic degradation of TCE and its daughter products is occurring in the upper portion of the bedrock, and possibly in the overlying saprolite, suggesting that natural attenuation may be a viable option for organic contaminants. It also confirms that the TCE degradation is microbially mediated, and that microbial communities can rapidly shift to facilitate biodegradation, even in fractured clay-rich materials. (2) Investigated the factors controlling migration of chlorinated solvent DNAPLs in fine-grained, highly structured soils and weathered shale bedrock , which indicated that DNAPL is likely to enter both the fractures and the matrix at many sites, where it would be virtually impossible to remove with DNAPL recovery wells. The study also shows that after only 2-3 weeks, almost all of the TCE has dissolved and spread into the fine-grained matrix pores adjacent to the fractures and other macropores, indicating that …

This work provides an important confirmation of the new strontium/permanganate precipitation process to achieve both acceptable filterability and decontamination for Envelope C (Tanks 241-AN-102 and 241-AN-107) wastes to be treated by the Hanford River Protection Project. As a bench-scale demonstration, a series of seven precipitation batches and crossflow filtration campaigns were performed to remove strontium-90 and transuranics from 16.5 liters of Tank 241-AN-102 ''Large C'' supernatant liquid containing entrained solids.

The cluster klystron project required a beam monitor to check the quality of the hollow beam shape. Since the power density of the beam is very large, a common phosphorescent screen doesn't work. We investigated varies types of monitors. The related problems were also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that restored drill cuttings, a byproduct of the petroleum industry, can be safely used in coastal as well as inland wetland restoration projects. Prior to conducting laboratory experiments, composite soil samples of the recycled sediments were analyzed for pH and heavy metal concentrations.

SRS and WVDP currently do not have the capability to size reduce, decontaminate, classify, and dispose of large, failed, highly contaminated equipment. Tanks Focus Area Task 777 was developed to address this problem. The first activity for Task 777 is to develop and demonstrate techniques suitable for removing the solid HLW glass from HLW melters. This experimental plan describes the work that will be performed for this glass removal demonstration.