This project is designed to develop methods for pre-combustion coal remediation by implementing recent advances in enzyme biochemistry. The novel approach of this study is incorporation of hydrophilic oxidative enzymes in reverse micelles in an organic solvent. Enzymes from commercial sources or microbial extracts are being investigated for their capacity to remove organic sulfur from coal by oxidation of the sulfur groups, splitting of C-S bonds and loss of sulfur as sulfuric acid Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and ehtylphenylsulfide (EPS)are serving as serving as models of organic sulfur-containing components of coal in initial studies.

This project is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the Engineering Design and Analysis of Advanced Physical Fine Coal Cleaning Technologies. The major goal is to provide the simulation tools for modeling both conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies. This DOE project is part of a major research initiative by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) aimed at advancing three advanced coal cleaning technologies-heavy-liquid cylconing, selective agglomeration, and advanced froth flotation through the proof-of-concept (POC) level.

Underground proton decay detectors record a sizeable number of atmospheric neutrino-induced events. These neutrinos come primarily from the decay of pions and muons produced in cosmic ray showers in the earth's atmosphere. The expected flux ratio of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos traversing an underground detector, {nu}{mu}/{nu}{sub e}, is about 2. The combined effects of detector systematics and nuclear cross section differences between {nu}{sub mu} and {nu}{sub e} interactions typically reduce the measured {nu}{sub mu}/{nu}{sub 3} event ratio to about 1. Over the last decade, both the Kamioka detector in Japan and the IMB detector in the United States have made high-statistics measurements of the atmospheric neutrino event ratio. Both groups have presented strong experimental evidence that the underground {nu}{sub mu}/{nu}{sub e} event ratio is substantially smaller than predicted. In both cases, a statistically significant deficit of muon neutrino-induced events is measured. One possible explanation of the muon neutrino deficit is that these neutrinos are undergoing flavor oscillations between their production points in the atmosphere and their interaction points in underground detectors. An MSW effect interpretation of solar neutrino experiments implies a {nu}{sub e} {yields} {nu}{sub mu} oscillation region in {delta}m{sup 2}-sin{sup 2}(2{theta}) space at least two orders of magnitude …

The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of direct coal-fired turbine power plants as part of their Heat Engines program. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the direct coal-fired turbine is high-temperature combustion gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science Technology Center, is evaluating two Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge: a baseline ceramic barrier filter ILEC concept, and a fluidized bed ILEC concept. These ILEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure combustion gases at turbine inlet temperatures up to 2300{degrees}F. This document reports the status of a program in the seventeenth quarter to develop this ILEC technology for direct coal-fired turbine power plants.

The goal of this project is to build and test a Time Series Submersible Incubation Device (TS-SID) capable of the autonomous in situ measurement of phytoplankton production and other rate processes for a period of up at least three months. The instrument is conceptually based on a recently constructed Submersible Incubation Device (SID). The TS-SID is to possess the ability to periodically incubate samples in the presence of an appropriate tracer, and to store 94 chemically fixed subsamples for later analysis. The TS-SID has been designed to accurately simulate the natural environment, and to avoid trace metal contamination and physical damage to cells. Devices for biofouling control of internal and external surfaces are to be incorporated into the instrument. After the time series capabilities of the instrument have been successfully evaluated by medium-term coastal time series studies (up to one month), longer-term coastal time series studies (2-3 months) will be conducted to evaluate the biofouling prevention measures that have been used with the instrument.

We performed a wide variety of laboratory analyses during the past quarter. As with most of the work we performed during the previous quarter, our recent efforts were primarily directed toward the determination of the effects of adsorbed water on the cohesivity and tensile strength of powders. We also continued our analyses of dust cake ashes that have had the soluble compounds leached from their particle surfaces by repeated washings with water. Our analyses of leached and unleached dust cake ashes continued to provide some interesting insights into effects that compounds adsorbed on surfaces of ash particles can have on bulk ash behavior. As suggested by our literature review, our data indicate that water adsorption depends on particle morphology and on surface chemistry. Our measurements of tensile strength show, that for many of the samples we have analyzed a relative minimum in tensile strength exists for samples conditioned and tested at about 30% relative humidity. In our examinations of the effects of water conditioning on sample cohesivity, we determined that in the absence of absorption of water into the interior of the particles, cohesivity usually increases sharply when environments having relative humidities above 75% are used to condition and test …

The {eta}{sub 6} is a {open_quotes}heavy axion{close_quotes} remnant of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by a color sextet quark condensate. Electroweak scale color instanton interactions allow it to be both very massive and yet be responsible for Strong CP conservation in the color triplet quark sector. It may have been seen at LEP via its two-photon decay mode and at TRISTAN via its hadronic decay modes.

We performed a wide variety of laboratory analyses during the past quarter. As with most of the work we performed during the previous quarter, our recent efforts were primarily directed toward the determination of the effects of adsorbed water on the cohesivity and tensile strength of powders. We also continued our analyses of dust cake ashes that have had the soluble compounds leached from their particle surfaces by repeated washings with water. Our analyses of leached and unleached dust cake ashes continued to provide some interesting insights into effects that compounds adsorbed on surfaces of ash particles can have on bulk ash behavior. As suggested by our literature review, our data indicate that water adsorption depends on particle morphology and on surface chemistry. Our measurements of tensile strength show, that for many of the samples we have analyzed a relative minimum in tensile strength exists for samples conditioned and tested at about 30% relative humidity. In our examinations of the effects of water conditioning on sample cohesivity, we determined that in the absence of absorption of water into the interior of the particles, cohesivity usually increases sharply when environments having relative humidities above 75% are used to condition and test …

The goal of this project is to build and test a Time Series Submersible Incubation Device (TS-SID) capable of the autonomous in situ measurement of phytoplankton production and other rate processes for a period of up at least three months. The instrument is conceptually based on a recently constructed Submersible Incubation Device (SID). The TS-SID is to possess the ability to periodically incubate samples in the presence of an appropriate tracer, and to store 94 chemically fixed subsamples for later analysis. The TS-SID has been designed to accurately simulate the natural environment, and to avoid trace metal contamination and physical damage to cells. Devices for biofouling control of internal and external surfaces are to be incorporated into the instrument. After the time series capabilities of the instrument have been successfully evaluated by medium-term coastal time series studies (up to one month), longer-term coastal time series studies (2-3 months) will be conducted to evaluate the biofouling prevention measures that have been used with the instrument.

A number of activities are underway as part of the Spent Nuclear Fuels Project (SNFP) related to the processing and disposing of sludge in the 105-K Basins (K Basins). Efforts to rigorously define data requirements for these activities are being made using the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process. Summaries of current sludge characterization data are required to both help support this DQO process and to allow continued progress with on-going engineering activities (e.g., evaluations of disposal alternatives). This document provides the status of K Basins sludge characterization data currently available to the Nuclear Fuel Evaluations group. This group is tasked by the SNFP to help develop and maintain the characterization baseline for the K Basins. The specific objectives of this document are to: (1) provide a current summary (and set of references) of sludge characterization data for use by SNFP initiatives, to avoid unnecessary duplication of effort and to support on-going initiatives; (2) submit these data to an open forum for review and comment, and identify additional sources of significant data that may be available; (3) provide a summary of current data to use as part of the basis to develop requirements for additional sludge characterization data through the DQO …

Baseline testing at the ``base`` site. Tampa Electric Company`s (TECo`s) Big Bend Station, commenced on September 28 and was completed on October 2. Initial results from this testing were presented in the previous Technical Progress Report, but a more complete discussion is provided in this report. Parametric testing was conducted at the Big Bend site during this quarter to evaluate the effects of dibasic acid (DBA) addition on system SO{sub 2} removal performance. The parametric tests were conducted from November 2 through 19. A DBA consumption rate test was also conducted, after the parametric tests were completed. The DBA consumption test was conducted from November 21 through 25. Options I and II to the base program were exercised by DOE/PETC at the end of the previous quarter. These options involve testing at Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative Inc.`s Merom Station and Southwestern Electric Power Company`s Pirkey Station, respectively. Testing was conducted at Merom Station during November. Previously, Radian Corporation was the test contractor for EPRI-funded performance additive testing at this site. This EPRI-funded testing involved the equivalent of baseline testing, parametric testing with both DBA and sodium formate performance additives, and an additive consumption test with the DBA additive. The …

Laboratory flotation tests were carried out on three coals and on coal pyrite. Floatability measurements included natural floatability, flotation with a xanthate collector and salt flotation. The ranking of the floatability of the three coals were: Upper Freeport > Pittsburgh > Illinois. The floatability of mineral pyrite and coal pyrite increased markedly with xanthate concentration, but decreased with increased pH. In general, coal pyrite was more difficult to float than mineral pyrite. This was attributed to the presence of surface carbonaceous and mineral matter, since floatability of coal pyrite improved by acid pretreatment. Flotation tests demonstrated that the floatability of coal and mineral pyrite was greatly enhanced by the presence of an electrolyte. Flotation was also enhanced by the addition of modifiers such as CuSO{sub 4}, Na{sub 2}S, CO{sub 2} and EDTA. Lime additions markedly reduced the floatability of coal pyrite. Enhanced floatability of coal pyrite resulted when the pyrite was anodically oxidized in a specially constructed electrochemical flotation cell Pretreatment in potential ranges previously observed for polysulfide and sulfur film formation resulted in the enhanced floatability. While interesting trends and influences, both chemical and electrochemical, markedly improved the floatability of coal, there is little hope for reverse flotation as …

This project is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the ``Engineering Design and Analysis of Advanced Physical Fine Coal Cleaning Technologies. The major goal is to provide the simulation tools for modeling both conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies. This DOE project is part of a major research initiative by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) aimed at advancing three advanced coal cleaning technologies-heavy-liquid cylconing, selective agglomeration, and advanced froth flotation through the proof-of-concept (POC) level.

A study of the phase change phenomena in porous media using Christiansen filters continues in order to determine the experimental conditions most favorable to the use of this method. A calibration setup has been finished. Determination of the wavelength corresponding to the equality of the refractive indices varies with temperature is going to be carried out later. The dispersion curves of the solid and liquid phases constituting a transparent saturated porous medium generally have different slopes. It is thus impossible to achieve the equality of the refractive indices for all wavelengths simultaneously. For a given temperature, the dispersion curves intersect at a point corresponding to a single wavelength. From our investigation, we have found that we need to change the liquid phase material, ethyl salicylate (HOC{sub 6}H{sub 4}COOC{sub 2}H{sub 5}), that we have proposed before. This is because the boiling point of ethyl salicylate is too high for our purposes (about 233{degrees}C). Therefore, it is not a suitable material to do the phase change study in the Christiansen filters. A suitable liquid phase organic chemical material for our research must fit the criteria given in this paper.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure granular-flow in a partially filled, steadily rotating, long, horizontal cylinder. This non-invasive technique can yield statistically averaged two-dimensional concentrations and velocity profiles anywhere in the flow of suitable granular materials. First, rigid body motion of a cylinder fill with granular material was studied to confirm the validity of this method. Then, the density variation of the flowing layer where particles collide and dilate, and the depth of the flowing layer and the flow velocity profile were obtained as a function of the cylinder rotation rate.

The current shortage of {sup 18}O has revived interest in using one step UV photodissociation of formaldehyde to enrich {sup 13}C, {sup 17}O and {sup 18}O. The frequency doubled output of the copper laser pumped dye laser system currently in operation at LLNL can be used to drive this dissociation. The authors use a simple kinetics model and their experience with Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) process design to examine the relative merits of different designs for a formaldehyde photodissociation process. Given values for the molecular photoabsorption cross section, partition function, spectroscopic selectivity, collisional exchange and quenching cross sections (all as parameters), they perform a partial optimization in the space of illuminated area, formaldehyde pressure in each stage, and formaldehyde residence time in each stage. They examine the effect of cascade design (heads and tails staging) on molecule and photon utilization for each of the three isotope separation missions, and look in one case at the system`s response to different ratios of laser to formaldehyde costs. Finally, they examine the relative cost of enrichment as a function of isotope and product assay. Emphasis is as much on the process design methodology, which is general, as on the specific application …

Axial symmetry is a very desirable property of the mirror devices both for fusion and neutron source applications. The main obstacle to be circumvented in the development of such systems, is the flute instability of axisymmetric mirrors. In recent years there appeared a number of proposals, devoted to the stabilization of the flute perturbations in the framework of axisymmetric magnetic configurations, which are based on the combining of the MHD unstable central cell with various types of end-cell stabilizers. In the present paper we concentrate ourselves just on this scheme, including long solenoid with a uniform field, conjugated with the end stabilizing anchor, intended to provide MHD stability of the system as a whole. The attractive feature of such a configuration is that it allows to exploit finite larmor radius (FLR) effects for the stabilization of the flute perturbations. As is well known, FLR effects, being strong, stabilize all flute modes, except the one with azimuthal number m = 1, corresponding to the ``rigid`` displacement of the plasma column (the ``global`` mode). Consequently, in the conditions when FLR effects dominate, the anchor has to stabilize the ``global` mode only. Bearing in mind a favorable influence of FLR effects we, however, …

The United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Research Center (DOE/METC), is sponsoring the development of direct coal-fired turbine power plants as part of their Heat Engines program. A major technical challenge remaining for the development of the direct coal-fired turbine is high-temperature combustion gas cleaning to meet environmental standards for sulfur oxides and particulate emissions, as well as to provide acceptable turbine life. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Science & Technology Center, is evaluating two Integrated Low Emissions Cleanup (ILEC) concepts that have been configured to meet this technical challenge: a baseline ceramic barrier filter ILEC concept, and a fluidized bed ILEC concept. These ILEC concepts simultaneously control sulfur, particulate, and alkali contaminants in the high-pressure combustion gases at turbine inlet temperatures up to 2300{degrees}F. This document reports the status of a program in the seventeenth quarter to develop this ILEC technology for direct coal-fired turbine power plants.

This project is designed to develop methods for pre-combustion coal remediation by implementing recent advances in enzyme biochemistry. The novel approach of this study is incorporation of hydrophilic oxidative enzymes in reverse micelles in an organic solvent. Enzymes from commercial sources or microbial extracts are being investigated for their capacity to remove organic sulfur from coal by oxidation of the sulfur groups, splitting of C-S bonds and loss of sulfur as sulfuric acid Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and ehtylphenylsulfide (EPS)are serving as serving as models of organic sulfur-containing components of coal in initial studies.

During the ultrasonic (UT) inspection of K-Reactor tank by the Equipment Engineering Section in the spring of 1990, solid material (termed debris) was seen on the bottom of the tank. When the UT inspection was complete, a specially designed underwater vacuum cleaner was used to collect the accumulation at 17 monitor pin positions. This material was sent to SRL for characterization as an action item of the Reactor Corrosion Mitigation Committee. Acquisition of this debris provided an opportunity to obtain first-hand information about conditions within the tank that affect corrosion conditions and/or moderator chemistry. The purpose of this memorandum is to describe the results of the analyses and the implications of what was found.

The thermal and electrical behaviour of the current buses in the chimney of the D0 solenoid during upset conditions is modeled to guide the selection of trip levels for magnet protection circuits which discharge the magnet if abnormal conditions are detected. The current buses in the chimney are designed to operate safely without likelihood of loss of superconductivity as long as normal cooling conditions are maintained. Helium liquid level probes, helium flow instrumentation, and thermometry all are provided to certify that proper cooling conditions exist in the subcooler and chimney at all times. Rising temperatures in any portion of the system, excessive voltage drops on the vapor cooled leads, or decreasing liquid level in the subcooler or flow rate in the system, will each cause the fast discharge system to be triggered. Postulated failures of the helium flow system, somehow undetected by any and all of the aforementioned instrumentation, can in principal eventually lead to loss of superconductivity in the buses. Quenching in one bus will rapidly lead to quenching in the other. Potential taps on the buses and magnet coil halves connected to voltage-detection bridges external to the system provide at least dually redundant signals which will unambiguously trigger …

The D0 solenoid was shown to be completely safe when deliberately quenched without a protection resistor in factory trials at Toshiba. In the tests the power supply was turned off shortly after the onset of the quenches. In this note an examination is made of the consequences to be expected if the power supply fails to turn off after the onset of a quench. The quite extreme assumption of simultaneous failure of the magnet power supply to switch off and the dump switch to open in the event of a magnet quench is seen to be completely harmless to the magnet.

Glass frit will be a major raw material for the operation of the Defense Waste Processing Facility. The frit will be controlled by certificate of conformance and a confirmatory analysis from a commercial analytical laboratory. The following effort provides additional quantitative information on the variability of frit chemical analyses at two commercial laboratories. Identical samples of IDMS Frit 202 were chemically analyzed at two commercial laboratories and at three different times over a period of four months. The SRL-ADS analyses, after correction with the reference standard and normalization, provided confirmatory information, but did not detect the low silica level in one of the frit samples. A methodology utilizing elliptical limits for confirming the certificate of conformance or confirmatory analysis was introduced and recommended for use when the analysis values are close but not within the specification limits. It was also suggested that the lithia specification limits might be reduced as long as CELS is used to confirm the analysis.

This project is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the ``Engineering Design and Analysis of Advanced Physical Fine Coal Cleaning Technologies: The major goal is to provide the simulation tools for modeling both conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies. This DOE project is part of a major research initiative by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) aimed at advancing three advanced coal cleaning technologies-heavy-liquid cycloning, selective agglomeration, and advanced froth flotation through the proof-of-concept (POC) level. The commercially available ASPEN PLUS process simulation package will be extended to handle coal cleaning applications. Algorithms for predicting the process performance, equipment size, and flowsheet economics of commercial coal cleaning devices and related ancillary equipment will be incorporated into the coal cleaning simulator. This report is submitted to document the progress of Aspen Technology, Inc. (AspenTech), its contractor, ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc.,(ICF KE) and CQ Inc., a subcontractor to ICF KE, for the period of October through December 1992. ICF KE is providing coal preparation consulting and processing engineering services in this work and they are responsible for recommending the design of models to represent conventional coal cleaning equipment and costing of these models. CQ Inc. is a subcontractor …