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This document addresses the certification of Mixed Low Level Waste (MLLW) that will be treated in the Waste Receiving and Processing Facility Module 2A (WRAP 2A) and is destined for disposal in the MLLW trench of the Low Level Burial Grounds (LLBG). The MLLW that will be treated in WRAP 2A contains land disposal restricted and radioactive constituents. Certification of the treated waste is dependent on numerous waste management activities conducted throughout the WRAP 2A operation. These activities range from waste treatability testing conducted prior to WRAP 2A waste acceptance to overchecking final waste form quality prior to transferring waste to disposal. This document addresses the high level strategies and methodologies for certifying the final waste form. Integration among all design and verification activities that support final waste form quality assurance is also discussed. The information generated from this effort may directly support other ongoing activities including the WRAP 2A Waste Characterization Study, WRAP 2A Waste Analysis Plan development, Sample Plan development, and the WRAP 2A Data Management System functional requirements definition.

The system requirements specification for SY-101 hydrogen mitigation test project (HMTP) data acquisition and control system (DACS-1) documents the system requirements for the DACS-1 project. The purpose of the DACS is to provide data acquisition and control capabilities for the hydrogen mitigation testing of Tank SY-101. Mitigation testing uses a pump immersed in the waste, directed at varying angles and operated at different speeds and time durations. Tank and supporting instrumentation is brought into the DACS to monitor the status of the tank and to provide information on the effectiveness of the mitigation test. Instrumentation is also provided for closed loop control of the pump operation. DACS is also capable for being expanded to control and monitor other mitigation testing. The intended audience for the computer system requirements specification includes the SY-101 hydrogen mitigation test data acquisition and control system designers: analysts, programmers, instrument engineers, operators, maintainers. It is intended for the data users: tank farm operations, mitigation test engineers, the Test Review Group (TRG), data management support staff, data analysis, Hanford data stewards, and external reviewers.

We have modified the B2 edge-plasma code to include the effects of classical fluid drifts across the magnetic field lines and plasma currents. This report presents preliminary results of these effects for the CIT parameter regime. The basic plasma model described by Braams involves solving the continuity equation, the parallel momentum balance equation, and separate energy balance equations for the ions and the electrons. If multiple ion species are present, they are all assumed to have a common temperature, but their densities and parallel velocities are solved for using additional continuity and parallel momentum balance equations for each species. Momentum and heat transport parallel to the magnetic field, B, are given by the classical collisional theory. On the other hand, transport perpendicular to B is represented by anomalous diffusion coefficients which are adjusted to agree with experimental measurements. These transport coefficients are generally taken to be constant in radius and poloidal angle, although this is not necessary. The goal of our work has been to include both the classical cross-field drift terms and the effects of parallel currents in the equations used in the B2 code. The motivation for including the cross-field terms comes from simple model calculations which indicate …

A facility for time-resolved infrared and far-infrared spectroscopy has been built and commissioned at the National Synchrotron Light Source. This facility permits the study of time dependent phenomena over a frequency range from 2-8000cm{sup {minus}1} (0.25 meV-1 eV). Temporal resolution is approximately 200 psec and time dependent phenomena in the time range out to 100 nsec can be investigated.

Gross gamma ray logs, recorded from January 1975 through mid-year 1994 as part of the Single-Shell Tank Farm Dry Well Surveillance Program, have been reanalyzed for the BX tank farm to locate the presence of mobile radionuclides in the subsurface. This report presents the BX tank farm gross gamma ray data in such a way as to assist others in their study of vadose zone mechanism.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) continues to face a major radioactive waste tank remediation problem with hundreds of waste tanks containing hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of high-level waste (HLW) and transuranic (TRU) waste across the DOE complex. Approximately 68 tanks are known or assumed to have leaked contamination to the soil. Some of the tank contents have reacted to form flammable gases, introducing additional safety risks. These tanks must be maintained in a safe condition and eventually remediated to minimize the risk of waste migration and/or exposure to workers, the public, and the environment. However, programmatic drivers are more ambitious than baseline technologies and budgets will support. Science and technology development investments are required to reduce the technical and programmatic risks associated with the tank remediation baselines. The Tanks Focus Area (TFA) was initiated in 1994 to serve as the DOE Office of Environmental Management's (EM's) national technology development program. for radioactive waste tank remediation. The national program was formed to increase integration and realize greater benefits from DOE's technology development budget. The TFA is responsible for managing, coordinating, and leveraging technology development to support DOE's five major tank sites: Hanford Site (Washington), Idaho National Engineering and …

This test report serves to document the results of acceptance testing performed on the New SY tank farm exhauster, per WHC-SD-WM-ATP-080, Rev. 1-A

The purpose of the research described in this paper was to examine the effects of using longer and heavier tractor-trailer combinations from the standpoint of the individual firm or shipper rather than from the viewpoint of the motor carrier. The objective was to determine the effect of longer combination vehicles (LCVS) not only on shippers freight costs but on their inventory and other logistical costs as well. A sample of companies in selected industries provided data on their principal products, traffic flows, and logistics costs in a mail survey. These data were entered into a computer program called the Freight Transportation Analyzer (FTA) which calculated the component logistics costs associated with shipping by single trailers and by two alternative types of double trailer LCVS. A major finding of the study was that, given sufficient flows of a company`s product in a traffic lane, LCVs would in most cases greatly reduce the total logistics cost of firms that currently ship in single trailer truckload quantities. Annual lane volume, lane distance, and annual lane ton-mileage appeared to be good indicators of whether or not shipping by LCVs would benefit a company, whereas product value had surprisingly little influence on the cost-effectiveness of …

A two-stage model is presented to describe alloy element evaporation rates from molten metal due to transient local heating by an electron beam. The first stage is a simulation of transient phenomena near the melt surface due to periodic heating by a scanning beam, the output of which is the relationship between operating parameters, surface temperature, and evaporation rate. At high scan rates, this can be done using a simple one-dimensional heat transfer model of the surface layer; at lower scan rates, a more complex three-dimensional model with fluid flow and periodic boundary conditions is necessary. The second stage couples this evaporation-surface temperature relationship with a larger steady state heat transfer and fluid flow model of an entire melting hearth or mold, in order to calculate local and total evaporation rates. Predictions are compared with experimental results from Sandia`s 310-kW electron beam melting furnace, in which evaporation rates and vapor compositions were studied in pure titanium and Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy. Evaporation rates were estimated from rate of condensation on a substrate held over the hearth, and were characterized as a function of beam power (150 and 225 kW), scan frequency (30, 115 and 450 Hz) and background pressure (10{sup {minus}3}, 10{sup …

During the eleventh quarter of this project, significant time was spent in reinstalling the reactor system in Altamira`s new location. In addition, the experimental system was modified in order to include a shorter furnace, 8-inch heated length compared to the original 24-inch heated length. With the shorter reactor, contact times in the order of milliseconds can be achieved. Following the physical modification, a number of gas phase experiments were conducted in order to verify the operation of the system. As expected, conversions were typically lower in the shorter furnace. Preliminary investigations of the initiation of pyrolysis by a solid surface using {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} were also carried out during this reporting period.

The model employed to estimate the amount of inhibitors necessary for bearing water and dissolution water during the salt dissolution process is described. This model was inputed on a spreadsheet which allowed many different case studies to be performed. This memo describes the assumptions and equations which are used in the model, and documents the input and output cells of the spreadsheet. Two case studies are shown as examples of how the model may be employed.

We present results of atomistic simulations of the interaction between self interstitial atoms and vacancies with edge dislocations in BCC iron. The calculations are carried out using molecular dynamics with an energy minimization scheme based on the quasi-Newton approach and use the Finnis-Sinclair interatomic potential for BCC iron developed by Ackland et al. Large anisotropy in the strain field of self interstitials is observed and it causes strong interaction with edge dislocations even when the defect is located on the dislocation glide plane. For vacancies, the relaxation volume is smaller and much more isotropic, which results in a far weaker interaction with the dislocation. A temperature dependent capture radius for vacancies and self interstitials is extracted from the simulations. The difference between the capture radii of vacancies and self interstitials is used to define the sink strength of the dislocation. Large deviations are observed from the predictions of elasticity based on treating point defects as isotropic dilatational centers. Further, the capture radius of edge dislocations in BCC iron is observed to be small and is of the order of l-3 nm for self interstitials.

The purpose of the Spallation Neutron Source Project (SNS) is to generate low-energy neutrons (ambient [{approximately}200 meV] and cold [{approximately}50 meV]) which can be used by up to 18 neutron beam lines to study the structure and functionality of materials. The neutrons are generated by the spallation process initiated by the interactions of 1-GeV protons with a Hg target. These neutrons are reflected by a Pb reflector and are moderated by 2 water (ambient) and 2 super critical hydrogen (cryogenic) moderators. The pulse structure for the 1 MW proton beam is 60 Hertz and < 0.7 {micro}s/pulse. The facility must be upgradable to higher power levels (2- and 4- MW) with minimal operational interruptions. Although not included in the current funding or baseline, a second target station and associated support structure which will be designed to utilize cold neutrons is also considered to be an upgrade that must be incorporated with minimal impact on operations.

Generating a volumetric heat source in solid deuterium hydride, HD, allows the formation of a spherical crystalline shell of HD inside a transparent plastic shell. Pumping the infra-red (IR) collisionally induced vibration-rotation band of solid HD contained inside a transparent plastic shell generates the volumetric heat source in the HD lattice. HD layers 150 - 250 {micro}m thick formed near the triple point have a surface roughness rms between l-3 {micro}m and become rougher with decreasing temperature. Solid growth dynamics have a significant impact on the quality of the resultant layer.

A vibrating sample technique was used to study the elastic behavior of the magnetic vortex system in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} single crystal. The setup consists of a system of two weakly coupled mechanical oscillators (transducer, sample), the frequency and Q of which depends sensitively on the frequencies of the two subsystems as well as the coupling between both. By sweeping a magnetic field at temperatures below the superconducting transition temperature {Tc} the authors observe pronounced attenuation peaks of temperature-dependent characteristic field strengths H{sub 1} and H{sub 2}. These fields mark temperature-dependent points of constant elasticity of the vortex-ensemble. Since softening precedes the melting of the vortex-lattice by approaching H{sub o1} as well as H{sub o2}, the observed angular dependence of H{sub 1} and H{sub 2} is interpreted as due to reentrant softening as precursor to reentrant melting.

Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are precursors to oxidant formation. They are oxidized by hydroxyl radical (OH), forming a complex mixture of peroxy radicals that oxidize NO to NO{sub 2} without consuming ozone (O{sub 3}) and thus allow O{sub 3} to increase in the atmospheric boundary layer. The reactivities of the NMHCs that compose biogenic and anthropogenic emissions vary greatly. For example, isoprene, which is emitted by deciduous vegetation, has an atmospheric lifetime with respect to oxidation by OH of about 20 min in polluted air ([OH] = 10{sup 7} radicals cm{sup {minus}3}). The atmospheric lifetimes of 2-methylpropene, 2-methylbutane, and the xylenes, which are found in vehicle emissions, are approximately 30 min, 7 hr, and 1.5 hr, respectively. The authors made measurements of the NMHCs at a surface site and aloft aboard the Battelle Gulfstream (G-1) aircraft, as part of an air quality study in the Phoenix area during May 1998. Diurnal variations in the NMHC distributions and their propene-equivalent concentrations are used to examine origins and reactivities of the air masses that were sampled at the surface site.

This report reflects the results of heat treatment under various conditions on as-grown and ion implanted GaN. The PL spectrums of as-grown GaN and GaN with 400 A AlN cap were almost identical. This fact allows one to use PL analysis without AlN stripping. As-grown GaN and ion implanted with Mg and Si crystals were annealed at 1300 C for 10 minutes in three different conditions: in flowing argon gas; in flowing ultra high purity nitrogen; and in a quartz capsule sealed with nitrogen gas. The results of PL, RBS, SEM and TEM analysis show an advantage of GaN high temperature annealing in quartz capsules with nitrogen ambient as compared to annealing in argon and nitrogen gas flow. Encapsulation with nitrogen over-pressure prevents the decomposition of the GaN crystal and the AlN capping film, and allows one to achieve optical activation of implanted Mg and Si after 1300 C annealing.

YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 2} (YBCO) films have been deposited on buffered metal substrates by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Cube-textured nickel substrates were fabricated by a thermomechanical process. Epitaxial CeO{sub 2}films were deposited on these substrates by thermal evaporation. Nickel alloy substrates with biaxially-textured Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) buffer layers deposited by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition were also prepared. Highly biaxially-textured YBCO films were deposited by MOCVD on both types of metal substrates. A critical current density greater than 10{sup 5} A/cm{sup 2} at 77 K has been achieved in YBCO films on metal substrates.

Modern computers make possible a new blending of systems, man, and cybernetics in the detailed simulation of large sociotechnical systems. Several such simulations are currently under development at Los Alamos National Laboratory and elsewhere. When deployed, they will affect the daily lives of hundreds of millions of people and the allocation of billions of dollars. Whether they are deployed depends entirely on their perceived usefulness, which in turn depends on answers to the following: What kinds of questions does the simulation address and what kinds of solutions does it provide? How can the solutions be validated? Is simulation more cost-effective than other methods? Answers to these questions lead us to define a useful simulation as one which efficiently provides correct, robust estimates required by decision-making needs, together with well understood variability for the outcomes in hypothetical situations. This paper examines the implications of this criterion for the design o f TRANSIMS, a regional transportation network simulation, and by extension, for simulations of other sociotechnical systems.

Assertions by the Russian military that all of their nuclear weapons are secure against theft and that nuclear units within the military are somehow insulated from the problems plaguing the Russian military should not be accepted uncritically. Accordingly, we should not give unwarranted credence to the pronouncements of military figures like Cal.-Gen. Igor Valynkin, Chief of the Defense Ministry's 12th Main Directorate, which oversees the country's nuclear arsenal. He contends that ''Russian nuclear weapons are under reliable supervision'' and that ''talk about the unreliability of our control over nuclear weapons has only one pragmatic goal--to convince international society that the country is incapable of maintaining nuclear safety and to introduce international oversight over those weapons, as it is done, for example, in Iraq.'' While the comparison to Iraq is preposterous, many analysts might agree with Valynkin's sanguine appraisal of the security of Russia's nuclear weapons. In contrast, I argue that the numerous difficulties confronting the military as a whole should cause concern in the West over the security of the Russian nuclear arsenal.

A high temperature furnace (up to 1500 C) has been designed specifically for use with high-energy synchrotron radiation using Debeye-Scherrer transmission geometry. This allows for full bulk sampling and a low thermal gradient (< 1 C/mm) and a controlled environment (inert to oxidizing). Unlike flat plate geometry, the transmission geometry allows for solid-liquid as well as solid-solid phase transitions to be explored. A comparison between image plate and charged-coupled detector (CCD) system will be discussed. The potential is to collect quantifiable powder patterns under a second. Data collected on the tetragonal to cubic transition in the RhTi systems demonstrate the capabilities for performing quantitative time resolved high temperature powder diffraction.

Primary surface recuperators (PSRs) are compact heat-exchangers made from thin-foil type 347 austenitic stainless steel, which boost the efficiency of land-based gas turbine engines. Solar Turbines uses foil folded into a unique corrugated pattern to maximize the primary surface area for efficient heat transfer between hot exhaust gas on one side, and the compressor discharge air on the other side of the foil. Allegheny-Ludlum produces 0.003 - 0.0035 in. thick foil for a range of current turbine engines using PSRs that operate at up to 660 degrees C. Laboratory-scale processing modification experiments recently have demonstrated that dramatic improvements can be achieved in the creep resistance of such typical 347 stainless steel foils. The modified processing enables fine NbC carbide precipitates to develop during creep at 650-700 degrees C, which provides strength even with a fine grain size. Such improved creep-resistance is necessary for advanced turbine systems that will demand greater materials performance and reliability at higher operating conditions. The next challenges are to better understand the nature of the improved creep resistance in these 347 stainless steel foil, and to achieve similar improvements with scale-up to commercial foil production.

{alpha}-axis oriented EuBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} films have been irradiated with high energy heavy ions in different configurations to study the possible pinning role of the artificial defects in this kind of samples. The original pinning limiting mechanism of the samples is not essentially altered what the irradiation is parallel to the CuO{sub 2} planes. However, when it is deviated from this direction, an increase in critical current density and a change in pinning force are observed when the magnetic field is parallel to the columnar defects at values around the matching field.