May 1983 marked the beginning of an intensive effort to both improve the operating reliability, and improve the performance of the TMX-U Diagnostic Computer System. At that time, the system was handling (acquiring, storing, processing, plotting, displaying, and archiving) about 3 million bytes (Mb) of data per shot, with a 15-minute cycle time between shots. In addition, the system was fairly fragile, with frequent (about 5 times/day) crashes, requiring re-booting. At the present time, the system reliably handles about 5 Mb of data per shot, with a 7-minute cycle time between shots. This improvement was accomplished by a combination of new hardware, rearranging existing hardware, and new or revised software. Hardware changes were made in two areas. First, the shared disks were rearranged into different domains to make more efficient use of locking features. Second, we purchased and installed a solid-state RAM disk emulator (8 megabytes) to provide extremely fast access to lists and files that must be accessed frequently. In the software area, we made improvements in several areas. Initial effort went into finding bugs and optimizing existing code. We developed a template so that we could produce efficient code from applications that had first been developed on a …

220 MeV is the energy that has to be obtained in routine operation. A standard 12m girder with SLED II can give 220 MeV minus a few percent due to not riding at the crest of the wave. In order to have the 200 MeV with only one girder, a klystron at full power all the time would be required - kept brand new. Then, for safety it is necessary to use two klystrons as designated in the SLC design. Having two klystrons gives freedom for the choice of the best arrangement. Since there will be excess rf power, it can be traded against higher gradient, shorter waveguides, larger apertures (lower shunt impedence).

An optimized tandem two-chamber negative-ion source system is discussed. In the first chamber high energy (E > 20 eV) electron collisions provide for H/sub 2/ vibrational excitation, while in the second chamber negative ions are formed by dissociative attachment. The gas density, electron density, and system scale length are varied as independent parameters. The extracted negative ion current density passes through a maximum as electron and gas densities are varied. This maximum scales inversely with system scale length, R. The optimum extracted current densities occur for electron densities near nR = 10/sup 13/ electrons cm/sup -2/ and for gas densities, N/sub 2/R, in the range 10/sup 14/ to 10/sup 15/ molecules cm/sup -2/. The extracted current densities are sensitive to the atomic concentration in the discharge. The atomic concentration is parametrized by the wall recombination coefficient, ..gamma.., and scale length, R. As ..gamma.. ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 and for system scale lengths of one centimeter, extracted current densities range from 8.0 to 80. mA cm/sup -2/.

This paper is a status report on the ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE (ALS) control system. The current status, performance data, and future plans will be discussed. Manpower, scheduling, and costs issues are addressed.

This program calls for the development and delivery of eight prototype solar heating and cooling systems for installation and operational test. Two heating and six heating and cooling units will be delivered for single-family residences, multiple-family residences and commercial applications. This document describes the progress of the program during the fifth program quarter, 1 July 1977 to 30 September 1977.

The General Electric Company operates eight large filter plants for the Atomic Energy Commission at the Hanford works in the state of Washington. Because of the importance of water to the process, research and development on water treatment has been an important part of the overall Hanford research and development program. The research and development on water treatment has resulted in important capital and operating savings and in the production of better quality water. It is the purpose of this paper to present some of the information developed by the programs. 3 tabs.

The PPD is an instrument used to indirectly measure the potential of the center-cell plasma of TMX-U. Thallium ions are injected at energies of about 60 keV from an ion gun capable of 80 kV operation. The singly charged ions collide with plasma electrons and generate double-charged ions. Ions in the higher charge state exit the plasma and are detected in an electrostatic energy analyzer. From measurements of the injected ion energy and the output ion energy one can determine the plasma potential in the ionization region. The absolute potential measurements required careful calibrations of the energy analyzer. Hardware and techniques for calibration of the energy analyzer are discussed. 2 refs., 4 figs.

This paper describes control of gyrotron microwave energy output by modulation of gyrotron anode voltage. At present, Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating (ECRH) uses five gyrotrons on the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) for plasma heating. One is in the 10 kG region of each end plug, one at the 5 kG region of each end plug, and one is used for central-cell heating. Also described are the design and operation of the anode modulation system. The operating advantages of gyrotron anode modulation include power balance, independent control of each gyrotron, an ability to modulate microwave output power up to 50 kHz, and gyrotron tuning. The performance results of anode modulation will be discussed. 9 figs.

Recent improvements in the Nova amplifier system allow us to deliver higher energy and power to targets and to perform experiments with higher precision. Improved operating efficiency has increased the shot rate. 4 refs., 2 figs.

A set of 18 separately controlled plates have been added to each end of the Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade (TMX-U) vessel to allow measurement of end-wall currents and to provide a means of plasma potential control (PPC). These plates are shaped to form elliptical rings separated into quadrants. Each plate can be individually grounded, float at plasma potentials, or be actively biased to control the plasma. Voltage and current monitoring are provided for each of the plates, and the control and monitoring functions are controlled by the PPC system computer. The details of the field line mapping and the plate shapes are discussed, and the control architecture and performance are presented. 1 ref., 5 figs.

Geologic systems generally are complex with physical properties and trends that can be difficult to predict. Subsurface geology exerts a fundamental control on groundwater flow and contaminant transport. The primary source for direct observation of subsurface geologic information is a borehole. However, direct observations from a borehole essentially are limited to the diameter and spacing of boreholes and the quality of the information derived from the drilling. Because it is impractical to drill a borehole every few feet to obtain data, it is necessary to maximize the data gathered during limited drilling operations. A technically defensible balance between the customer`s data quality objectives and control of drilling costs through limited drilling can be achieved with proper conduct of operations. This report presents the minimum criteria for geologic and hydrologic characterization and sampling that must be met during drilling. It outlines the sampling goals that need to be addressed when drilling boreholes, and the types of drilling techniques that work best to achieve these goals under the geologic conditions found at Hanford. This report provides general guidelines for: (1) how sampling methods are controlled by data needs, (2) how minimum sampling requirements change as knowledge and needs change, and (3) when …

This report compares the activity and disintegration energy of fission products from metal under two conditions of exposure: 200 Megawatt-days integrated exposure over a period of 180 days, and 400 Megawatt-days integrated exposure over a period of 360 days. (JL)

This paper is a status report on the ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE (ALS) control system. The current status, performance data, and future plans will be discussed. Manpower, scheduling, and costs issues are addressed.

Depolymerization of coals at low temperatures may offer advantages over thermal bond cleavage. Because bond cleavage energies of radical cations are lower than the corresponding homolytic bond cleavage energies of the same bond, generation of radical cations in coal may make possible depolymerization at lower temperatures. We seek to investigate the above possibility using single molecules containing functional groups common in coals. Since the generation of a radical cation requires the removal of an electron from a neutral molecule, a primary focus of the study will be finding oxidants that will remove an electron from compounds with structural similarity to those typically found in coals. The study will also be concerned with the decomposition of radical cations and the products formed as a result of the decomposition. In our last report we described that treatment of bibenzyl and neo-pentylbenzene with Fe(III) (1,10-phenanthroline){sub 3}(ClO{sub 4}){sub 3} (Fe(III)(PHEN)) in refluxing CH{sub 3}CN (82{degrees}C) failed to produce substantial bond cleavage {beta} to the aromatic ring. Because bond cleavage was not observed, we have continued our study by moving to compounds which have lower ionization potentials as well as study other oxidants.

This report provides a complete description of the analytic and discretized equations for 2D deterministic radiation transport. This computational model has been checked against a wide variety of analytic test problems and found to give excellent results. We make extensive use of the discontinuous finite element method.

This document considers the costs of rhenium formation as produced by irradiating tungsten. Two isotopic compositions of tungsten are considered for the study. The cost for reactor-formed rhenium appears to be prohibitively high -- over $20 per gram. This cost would exist for tungsten containing 90% 186, 9, 184, and 1% tungsten 182 and 183. The cost of alloy made fro natural isotopic compositions of tungsten would be higher by a factor of 3, and would take prohibitively long to produce significant quantities of rhenium. Thus, detailed numbers are not shown or considered for the natural isotopic composition of tungsten.

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This report contains the feasibility and cost data for the production of tungsten-rhenium alloys from tungsten targets in the N-Reactor. The two types of target elements assumed were: (a) tungsten containing 90 a/o tungsten-186, 9 a/o tungsten-184 and 1 a/o tungsten-183 and 182, and (b) tungsten of natural isotopic composition.

The use of organic cooling media for nuclear reactors operating at high power levels predicates the use of a coolant which will not react violently with metallic uranium in the event of a fuel element failure. This report describes the testing, and subsequent examination, of two pieces of irradiated uranium which were immersed in monoisopropylbiphenyl (MIPB) at high temperatures and pressures for periods of time up to twenty-five days. The uranium samples had different irradiation histories and cooling times. Similar experiments had been performed with unirradiated uranium by the Corrosion and Coatings Operation, and it was wished to determine whether irradiated uranium would react with MIPB in a different manner.

The purpose of this work has been to determine the production rate of tritium in fringe Li-Al alloy columns with the degree of precision necessary for economic analyses of such reactor loadings. These results are provided for use in such an analysis. This experiment indicates the production rate of tritium in the outermost fringe tubes to be T = 0.0216 M{sub E} = 0.175 M{sub t} where T = grams of tritium per full length (67 pieces) charge of Li-Al alloy material; M{sub E} = MWD/adjacent ton of E metal; M{sub t} = MWD/adjacent tube of E metal. The above values should apply for fringe loads utilizing greater or smaller quantities of E metal; that is, for isotope production loadings which are over or under-compensated from a reactivity standpoint. In the actual test load it was calculated that one gram of tritium and 13.5 grams of Pu were made for each 21.3 grams of U-235 burned up. During the same time interval the displaced uranium loading would have generated 24.3 grams of Pu and burned up 29.9 grams of U-235. The factor which seems to limit the accuracy with which these data can be interpreted is the ratio of the …

The objective of this project is to design, fabricate and field demonstrate a biological agent detection and identification capability, the Autonomous Pathogen Detector System (APDS). Integrating a flow cytometer and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detector with sample collection, sample preparation and fluidics will provide a compact, autonomously operating instrument capable of simultaneously detecting multiple pathogens and/or toxins. The APDS will operate in fixed locations, continuously monitoring air samples and automatically reporting the presence of specific biological agents. The APDS will utilize both multiplex immunoassays and nucleic acid assays to provide ''quasi-orthogonal'' multiple agent detection approaches to minimize false positives and increase the reliability of identification. Technical advances across several fronts must occur, however, to realize the full extent of the APDS. The end goal of a commercially available system for civilian biological weapon defense will be accomplished through three progressive generations of APDS instruments. The APDS is targeted for civilian applications in which the public is at high risk of exposure to covert releases of bioagent, such as major subway systems and other transportation terminals, large office complexes and convention centers. APDS is also designed to be part of a monitoring network of sensors integrated with command and control …

Two points in our recent article on Edward Teller's scientific life (Physics Today, August 2004, page 45) require correction. In our description of Teller's students, we incorrectly stated that Arthur Kantrowitz's thesis was on the generation of hypersonic molecular beams. Actually, his thesis was on heat capacity lags in gas dynamics. Kantrowitz's invention of high intensity sources for molecular beams came later in his career. Maurice Goldhaber has emphasized that the situation with respect to possible nuclear resonances in ({gamma},n) or ({gamma},fission) reactions was quite unclear at the time of George C. Baldwin and G. Stanley Klaiber's papers on these reactions. This was because the rapid rise of their yield to a prominent peak with increasing energy, followed by a slower fall off was then thought to have been due to the competition between the rapidly rising density of nuclear states and the eventual domination of other reaction channels at higher energies. Goldhaber realized, however, that there could be an analogy between a possible collective nuclear resonance and the restrahl resonance (essentially the transverse optical phonon mode) in polar crystals. Goldhaber sought out Teller because of his paper with Russell Lyddane and Robert Sachs, relating the restrahl frequency to the …

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Radiative corrections to the decay rate of n = 2 states of hydrogenic ions are calculated. The transitions considered are the M1 decay of the 2s state to the ground state and the E1(M2) decays of the 2p{sub 1/2} and 2p{sub 3/2} states to the ground state. The radiative corrections start in order {alpha}(Z{alpha}){sup 2}, but the method used sums all orders of Z{alpha}. The leading {alpha}(Z{alpha}){sup 2} correction for the E1 decays is calculated and compared with the exact result. The extension of the calculational method to parity nonconserving transitions in neutral atoms is discussed.