The swelling of V-base alloys, Type 316 stainless steel, Fe-25Ni-15Cr alloys, ferritic steels, Cu, Ni, Nb-1% Zr, and Mo on neutron irradiation is compared with the swelling for these materials on ion irradiation. The results of this comparison show that utilization of the ion-irradiation technique provides for a discriminative assessment of the potential for swelling of candidate materials for fusion reactors.

Central medium- and low-Z impurity concentrations and Z/sub eff/ have been measured by x-ray spectrometry in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor discharges during three periods of operation. These were the (1) start-up period, (2) ohmic heating, and (3) ohmic heating portion of the two neutral beam periods, distinguished mainly by different vacuum vessel internal hardware and increasing plasma current and toroidal field capability. Plasma parameters spanned minor radius a = 0.41 - 0.83 m, major radius R = 2.1 - 3.1 m, current I/sub p = 0.25 - 2.0 MA, line-averaged electron density n-bar/sub e/ = 0.9 - 4.0 x 10/sup 19/ m/sup -3/, and toroidal magnetic field B/sub T/ = 1.8 - 4.0 T. The metal impurities came mostly from the limiter. At low densities titanium or nickel approached 1% of n/sub e/ during operation on a TiC-coated graphite or Inconel limiter, respectively. Lower levels of Cr, Fe, and Ni (less than or equal to0.1%) were observed with a graphite limiter at similarly low densities; these elements were removed mainly from stainless steel or Inconel hardware within the vacuum vessel during pulse discharge cleaning or plasma operation on an Inconel limiter and then deposited on the graphite limiter. Hardware closest …

This study estimated the value of solar thermal-generated industrial process heat (IPH) as a function of process heat temperature. The value of solar thermal energy is equal to the cost of producing energy from conventional fuels and equipment if the energy produced from either source provides an equal level of service. This requirement put the focus of this study on defining and characterizing conventional process heat equipment and fuels. Costs (values) were estimated for 17 different design points representing different combinations of conventional technologies, temperatures, and fuels. Costs were first estimated for median or representative conditions at each design point. The cost impact of capacity factor, efficiency, fuel escalation rate, and regional fuel price differences were then evaluated by varying each of these factors within credible ranges.

A variety of multilayer mirrors with transition metal absorber layers (W-C, Wre-C, Co-C, and Cr-C) have been fabricated and tested up to 1000 C using standard 0.20 x-ray diffraction, Debye-Scherrer scattering and microcleavage transmission electron microscopy. The 0-20 x-ray diffraction during annealing shows the Bragg peak position to shift toward lower angles with increasing temperature. This irreversible shift starts at around 300 C and is equivalent to as much as 12% expansion of the multilayer period with a temperature change from ambient to 750 C. In all cases a crystallization occurs in the metal component between 650-750 C. The different types of crystalline compounds formed have been identified by the Debye-Scherrer technique. As a consequence of this crystallization abrupt changes occur in the multilayer structure. Electron microscopy shows that the surface roughness increases by formation of hillocks and the layered structure is destroyed. Moreover the x-ray reflectivity decreases considerably. The expansion and crystallization are of great importance in cases where a precise multilayer period is required or in devices intended for high x-ray flux applications.

Power spectra calculated from the coarse-graining of a simple lattice gas automaton, and those of time averaging other stochastic time series that we have investigated, have exponents in the range -1.6 to -2, consistent with observation of fully developed turbulence. This power spectrum is a natural consequence of coarse-graining; the exponent -2 represents the continuum limit. 5 refs., 8 figs.

The computer program DITTY (Dose Integrated Over Ten Thousand Years) was developed to determine the collective dose from long term nuclear waste disposal sites resulting from the ground-water pathways. DITTY estimates the time integral of collective dose over a ten-thousand-year period for time-variant radionuclide releases to surface waters, wells, or the atmosphere. This document includes the following information on DITTY: a description of the mathematical models, program designs, data file requirements, input preparation, output interpretations, sample problems, and program-generated diagnostic messages.

The resonant nuclear reactions D(..cap alpha..,..gamma..)/sup 6/Li, /sup 6/Li(..cap alpha..,..gamma..)/sup 10/B, and /sup 7/Li(..cap alpha..,..gamma..)/sup 11/B are examined as diagnostics of fast-alpha-particle confinement in tokamak plasmas. Gamma rays from these resonant reactions with energies from 2.1 MeV to 9.2 MeV may be used to infer the alpha-particle population between energies of 0.4 MeV and 2.6 MeV. The ratio of these alpha-burnup reactions to the reactions T(D,..gamma..)/sup 5/He and /sup 3/He(D,..gamma..)/sup 5/Li provides a technique for the measurement of alpha confinement.

Results are presented with a 15 mm wide gated microchannel plate uv and x-ray detector. The active area is part of a 6 ohm transmission line driven by an electronically generated gate pulse. The microchannel plate is coated with CsI allowing tests with a frequency quadrupled, high repetition rate 1.05 ..mu..m laser. Results showing optical gate widths as short as 100 psec are presented.

GRAPH is an interactive program that allows the user to perform two functions. The first is to plot two dimensional graphs and the second is to digitize graphs or plots to create data files of points. The program is designed to allow the user to get results quickly and easily. It is written in RATIV (a FORTRAN preprocessor) and is currently in use at Sandia under VMS on a VAX computer and CTSS on a Cray supercomputer. The program provides graphical output through all of the Sandia Virtual Device Interface (VDI) graphics devices. 2 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Isotopes of the platinum metals (rutheium, rhodium, and palladium) are produced during uranium fuel fission in nuclear reactors. The strategic values of these noble metals warrant considering their recovery from spent fuel should the spent fuel be processed after reactor discharge. A program to evaluate methods for ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium recovery from spent fuel reprocessing liquids was conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). The purpose of the work reported in this docuent was to evaluate several recovery processes revealed in the patent and technical literature. Beaker-scale screening tests were initiated for three potential recovery processes: precipitation during sugar denitration of nitric acid reprocessing solutions after plutonium-uranium solvent extraction, adsorption using nobe metal selective chelates on active carbon, and reduction forming solid noble metal deposits on an amine-borane reductive resin. Simulated reprocessing plant solutions representing typical nitric acid liquids from defense (PUREX) or commercial fuel reprocessing facilities were formulated and used for evaluation of the three processes. 9 refs., 3 figs., 9 tabs.

One of the critical parameters in large scale fusion experiments is the ion speed distribution and its variation with changes in confinement and heating. Large plasma dimensions and high densities complicate direct measurement of this distribution since ions escaping to the wall are primarily those which undergo charge exchange in the outer plasma or those which have suffered many collisions and significant energy loss during their migration from the central plasma. Several previous works have shown that neutron and proton fusion reaction products generate a spectral line which is fairly broad due to Doppler broadening.

To date a number of searches for evidence for supersymmetry in electron-positron collisions have been made, all with negative results. The techniques used in these searches are reviewed, and their results are examined. The general theoretical and experimental features of supersymmetry are reviewed briefly. 43 refs., 60 figs. (LEW)

A liquid-fed joule-heated ceramic melter system is the reference process for immobilization of the high-level liquid waste in the US and several foreign countries. This system has been under development for over ten years at Pacific Northwest Laboratory and other national laboratories operated for the US Department of Energy. Pacific Northwest Laboratory contributed to this research through its Nuclear Waste Treatment Program and used applicable data to design and test melters and related systems using remote handling of simulated radioactive wastes. This report describes the equipment designed in support of the high-level waste vitrification program at West Valley, New York. Pacific Northwest Laboratory worked closely with West Valley Nuclear Services Company to design a liquid-fed ceramic melter, a liquid waste preparation and feed tank and pump, an off-gas treatment scrubber, and an enclosed turntable for positioning the waste canisters. Details of these designs are presented including the rationale for the design features and the alternatives considered.

A general description of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the site's climate, geology, facility water usage, land use, and demography of the area is given. The environmental status for 1985 is reported with respect to non-radioactive and radioactive discharge. (LEW)

The luminosity and energy requirements are considered for both proton colliders and electron-positron colliders. Some of the basic design equations for high energy linear electron colliders are summarized, as well as design constraints. A few examples are given of parameters for very high energy machines. 4 refs., 6 figs. (LEW)

This document contains human engineering guidelines which can enhance the maintainability of nuclear power plants. The guidelines have been derived from general human engineering design principles, criteria, and data. The guidelines may be applied to existing plants as well as to plants under construction. They apply to nuclear power plant systems, equipment and facilities, as well as to maintenance tools and equipment. The guidelines are grouped into seven categories: accessibility and workspace, physical environment, loads and forces, maintenance facilities, maintenance tools and equipment, operating equipment design, and information needs. Each chapter of the document details specific maintainability problems encountered at nuclear power plants, the safety impact of these problems, and the specific maintainability design guidelines whose application can serve to avoid these problems in new or existing plants.

Some simple exercises are carried out which clarify the physics of a 5-dimensional world in which one dimension is curled up to a radius R. A technical problem necessary to generalize this discussion to d dimensions is considered - the determination of the sizes of spinors in higher dimensions. The origin of eigenmodes of a higher-dimensional field with exactly zero energy is explored, using as examples conventional models of field theory. General relativity is then reviewed, formulated as a gauge theory. The conditions for the appearance of zero modes in space-time geometries with compactified dimensions are discussed. The physics of these zero modes are illustrated in a series of examples ranging from the original construction of Kaluza and Klein to the superstring theory. 28 refs., 18 figs. (LEW)

The Bevalac currently supports a strong and diverse program of scientific research with beams of relativistic heavy ions in the Biomedical and Nuclear Sciences. These programs utilize ions throughout the Periodic Table that range in energy from a few MeV to 2 GeV/nucleon, including radioactive secondary beams, such as neon-19. This paper first provides a brief overview of the Bevalac, its present operational status and the accelerator improvement program, followed by a rationale for the proposed construction of a hospital-based modern synchrotron dedicated to applications in Biomedicine, including the radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer and other human disorders. An outline of the proposed design for the new machine is given, including discussion of the design philosophy, a review of major accelerator components, and the expected performance and operating characteristics.

Carbon supported Pt-Co (3:1 atom ratio) catalysts were prepared in both acid and alkaline aqueous media, followed by heat treatments to promote alloy formation. Both preparations began with a commercial 10% Pt on carbon catalyst with Pt particle sizes of 15 to 30 A. Significantly greater alloying was observed in the acid media prepared catalyst. X-ray diffraction studies of the acid prepared catalyst demonstrated lattice parameters tending away from Pt (3.937 A) and toward that for Pt/sub 3/Co (3.831 A), greatly increased particle sizes, and significant ordering evidenced by the presence of superlattice reflections. In all cases, the base media prepared catalysts were alloyed to a lesser extent, were of moderately increased particle size and gave no indication of alloy ordering. Activity testing under phosphoric acid fuel cell conditions demonstrated that the most highly alloyed catalysts had the greatest activity. Loss of cobalt in the phosphoric acid environment was the lowest in catalysts which were the most alloyed.

The experimental evidence for compound nucleus emission of complex fragments at low energies is used to interpret the emission of the same fragments at higher energies. The resulting experimental picture is that of highly excited compound nuclei formed in incomplete fusion processes which decay statistically. In particular, complex fragments appear to be produced mostly through compound nucleus decay. In the appendix a geometric-kinematic theory for incomplete fusion and the associated momentum transfer is outlined. 10 refs., 19 figs.

Washington State's geothermal potential is wide spread. Hot springs and five strato volcanoes existing throughout the Cascade Range, limited hot spring activity on the Olympic Peninsula, and broad reaching, low temperature geothermal resources found in the Columbia Basin comprise the extent of Washington's known geothermal resources. Determination of resource ownership is the first step in proceeding with geothermal exploration and development activities. The federal and state processes are examined from pre-lease activity through leasing and post-lease development concerns. Plans, permits, licenses, and other requirements are addressed for the federal, state, and local level. Lease, permit, and other forms for a number of geothermal exploration and development activities are included. A map of public lands and another displaying the measured geothermal resources throughout the state are provided.

This 1985 annual report describes research in environment, health, and safety conducted during fiscal year 1985. Individual abstracts have been prepared for the program areas. (ACR)

A combined theoretical and experimental study of steam-water relative permeabilities (RPs) was carried out. First, an experimental study of two-phase concurrent flow of steam and water was conducted and a set of RP curves was obtained. These curves were compared with semi-empirical and experimental results obtained by other investigators for two-phase, two-component flow (oil/gas; gas/water; gas/oil). It was found that while the wetting phase RPs were in good agreement, RPs for the steam phase were considerably higher than the non-wetting phase RPs in two-component systems. This enhancement of steam RP is attributed to phase transformation effects at the pore level in flow channels. The effects of phase transformation were studied theoretically. This study indicates that there are two separate mechanisms by which phase transformation affects RP curves: (1) Phase transformation is converging-diverging flow channels can cause an enhancement of steam phase RP. In a channel dominated by steam a fraction of the flowing steam condenses upstream from the constriction, depositing its latent heat of condensation. This heat is conducted through the solid grains around the pore throat, and evaporation takes place downstream from it. Therefore, for a given bulk flow quality; a smaller fraction of steam actually flows through the …

In order to clarify the pressure limit of a toroidal plasma equilibrium in a three-dimensional geometry, an azimuthally symmetric toroidal plasma was considered. In a tokamak-like plasma, the net toroidal current is necessary for a finite ..beta.. plasma equilibrium. If external conductors are used to provide the rotational transform, iota, the plasma pressure is limited to ..beta.. = (iota/2..pi..)/sup 2//2A, where A is the aspect ratio.