This document contains human engineering guidelines which can enhance the maintainability of nuclear power plants. The guidelines have been derived from general human engineering design principles, criteria, and data. The guidelines may be applied to existing plants as well as to plants under construction. They apply to nuclear power plant systems, equipment and facilities, as well as to maintenance tools and equipment. The guidelines are grouped into seven categories: accessibility and workspace, physical environment, loads and forces, maintenance facilities, maintenance tools and equipment, operating equipment design, and information needs. Each chapter of the document details specific maintainability problems encountered at nuclear power plants, the safety impact of these problems, and the specific maintainability design guidelines whose application can serve to avoid these problems in new or existing plants.

Some simple exercises are carried out which clarify the physics of a 5-dimensional world in which one dimension is curled up to a radius R. A technical problem necessary to generalize this discussion to d dimensions is considered - the determination of the sizes of spinors in higher dimensions. The origin of eigenmodes of a higher-dimensional field with exactly zero energy is explored, using as examples conventional models of field theory. General relativity is then reviewed, formulated as a gauge theory. The conditions for the appearance of zero modes in space-time geometries with compactified dimensions are discussed. The physics of these zero modes are illustrated in a series of examples ranging from the original construction of Kaluza and Klein to the superstring theory. 28 refs., 18 figs. (LEW)

The Bevalac currently supports a strong and diverse program of scientific research with beams of relativistic heavy ions in the Biomedical and Nuclear Sciences. These programs utilize ions throughout the Periodic Table that range in energy from a few MeV to 2 GeV/nucleon, including radioactive secondary beams, such as neon-19. This paper first provides a brief overview of the Bevalac, its present operational status and the accelerator improvement program, followed by a rationale for the proposed construction of a hospital-based modern synchrotron dedicated to applications in Biomedicine, including the radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer and other human disorders. An outline of the proposed design for the new machine is given, including discussion of the design philosophy, a review of major accelerator components, and the expected performance and operating characteristics.

Carbon supported Pt-Co (3:1 atom ratio) catalysts were prepared in both acid and alkaline aqueous media, followed by heat treatments to promote alloy formation. Both preparations began with a commercial 10% Pt on carbon catalyst with Pt particle sizes of 15 to 30 A. Significantly greater alloying was observed in the acid media prepared catalyst. X-ray diffraction studies of the acid prepared catalyst demonstrated lattice parameters tending away from Pt (3.937 A) and toward that for Pt/sub 3/Co (3.831 A), greatly increased particle sizes, and significant ordering evidenced by the presence of superlattice reflections. In all cases, the base media prepared catalysts were alloyed to a lesser extent, were of moderately increased particle size and gave no indication of alloy ordering. Activity testing under phosphoric acid fuel cell conditions demonstrated that the most highly alloyed catalysts had the greatest activity. Loss of cobalt in the phosphoric acid environment was the lowest in catalysts which were the most alloyed.

The experimental evidence for compound nucleus emission of complex fragments at low energies is used to interpret the emission of the same fragments at higher energies. The resulting experimental picture is that of highly excited compound nuclei formed in incomplete fusion processes which decay statistically. In particular, complex fragments appear to be produced mostly through compound nucleus decay. In the appendix a geometric-kinematic theory for incomplete fusion and the associated momentum transfer is outlined. 10 refs., 19 figs.

Washington State's geothermal potential is wide spread. Hot springs and five strato volcanoes existing throughout the Cascade Range, limited hot spring activity on the Olympic Peninsula, and broad reaching, low temperature geothermal resources found in the Columbia Basin comprise the extent of Washington's known geothermal resources. Determination of resource ownership is the first step in proceeding with geothermal exploration and development activities. The federal and state processes are examined from pre-lease activity through leasing and post-lease development concerns. Plans, permits, licenses, and other requirements are addressed for the federal, state, and local level. Lease, permit, and other forms for a number of geothermal exploration and development activities are included. A map of public lands and another displaying the measured geothermal resources throughout the state are provided.

This 1985 annual report describes research in environment, health, and safety conducted during fiscal year 1985. Individual abstracts have been prepared for the program areas. (ACR)

A combined theoretical and experimental study of steam-water relative permeabilities (RPs) was carried out. First, an experimental study of two-phase concurrent flow of steam and water was conducted and a set of RP curves was obtained. These curves were compared with semi-empirical and experimental results obtained by other investigators for two-phase, two-component flow (oil/gas; gas/water; gas/oil). It was found that while the wetting phase RPs were in good agreement, RPs for the steam phase were considerably higher than the non-wetting phase RPs in two-component systems. This enhancement of steam RP is attributed to phase transformation effects at the pore level in flow channels. The effects of phase transformation were studied theoretically. This study indicates that there are two separate mechanisms by which phase transformation affects RP curves: (1) Phase transformation is converging-diverging flow channels can cause an enhancement of steam phase RP. In a channel dominated by steam a fraction of the flowing steam condenses upstream from the constriction, depositing its latent heat of condensation. This heat is conducted through the solid grains around the pore throat, and evaporation takes place downstream from it. Therefore, for a given bulk flow quality; a smaller fraction of steam actually flows through the …

In order to clarify the pressure limit of a toroidal plasma equilibrium in a three-dimensional geometry, an azimuthally symmetric toroidal plasma was considered. In a tokamak-like plasma, the net toroidal current is necessary for a finite ..beta.. plasma equilibrium. If external conductors are used to provide the rotational transform, iota, the plasma pressure is limited to ..beta.. = (iota/2..pi..)/sup 2//2A, where A is the aspect ratio.

The numerical techniques used to simulate the propagation of low-frequency electromagnetic disturbances in Ohmic media and in collisional and collisionless plasmas are discussed. The scheme is based upon a multimedia propagation equation that is derived from Maxwell's equations. 10 refs., 5 figs.

The effects of anisotropic cosmologies on inflation are studied. By properly formulating the field equations it is possible to show that any model that undergoes sufficient inflation will become isotropic on scales greater than the horizon today. Furthermore, we shall show that it takes a very long time for anisotropies to become visible in the observable part of the Universe. It is interesting to note that the time scale will be independent of the Bianchi Model and of the initial anisotropy. 6 refs.

We consider finite temperature effects upon theories with extra dimensions compactified via vacuum stress energy (Casimir) effects. For sufficiently high temperature, a static configuration for the internal space is impossible. At somewhat lower temperatures, there is an instability due to thermal fluctuations of radius of the compact dimensions. For both cases, the Universe can evolve to a de Sitter-like expansion of all dimensions. Stability to late times constrains the initial entropy of the universe. 28 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

An economic evaluation of the application of the multi-solid fluid reactor design to wood gasification was completed. The processing options examined include plant capacity, production of a high-Btu (1006 Btu/SCF HHV) gas versus an intermediate-Btu gas (379 Btu/SCF HHV), and operating pressure. 9 figs., 29 tabs.

A review of the Oconee-3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment (OPRA) was conducted with the broad objective of evaluating qualitatively and quantitatively (as much as possible) the OPRA assessment of the important sequences that are ''externally'' generated and lead to core damage. The review included a technical assessment of the assumptions and methods used in the OPRA within its stated objective and with the limited information available. Within this scope, BNL performed a detailed reevaluation of the accident sequences generated by internal floods and earthquakes and a less detailed review (in some cases a scoping review) for the accident sequences generated by fires, tornadoes, external floods, and aircraft impact. 12 refs., 24 figs., 31 tabs.

The long-term (10 years) stress relaxation properties of cellular silicone materials at room temperature are under evaluation. Both equilibrium (random copolymer) and condensation- (block copolymer) type base polymers are included. The equilibrium-type material used urea as the leachable filler, and the condensation-type material used ammonium chloride. Each material was compounded to yield densities of 0.34 and 0.52 g/cm/sup 3/ for thicknesses of 1.17, 1.52, and 2.54 mm. These density-thickness combinations were compressed to nominal compressions of 20 and 40% with nine replicates at each condition. A specially designed fixture was used to maintain a specific compression on the cellular sample, and a universal test machine acquired the load data. Currently, the predicted load retention is between 60 and 68% of the original load.

An experiment is being performed to determine the electron neutrino mass with the precision of a few eV by measuring the tritium beta decay energy distribution near the endpoint. Key features of the experiment are a 2 eV resolution electrostatic spectrometer and a high-activity frozen tritium source.

A Hamiltonian is derived describing transverse particle motion in a storage ring. After a transformation to ''action-angle'' variables we show how to apply Green's function techniques to do Lie transform perturbation theory on this Hamiltonian. Two examples are worked out to second order: (1) normal and skew quadrupole field errors; and (2) normal sextupoles. A brief discussion of the single resonance term Hamiltonian includes derivations of the two invariants and calculation of the resonance width for one degree of freedom systems. Finally, we generalize Courant's treatment of modulational diffusion as an illustrative application of Chirikov's criterion to a multi-resonance problem. 29 refs., 3 figs.

Non-ideal plasma equation of state, radiative cross-sections and energy exchange coefficients are described in a tutorial overview.

Two neutron detectors are described that can function in a continuous radiation background. Both detectors identify neutrons by recording a proton recoil pulse followed by a characteristic capture pulse. This peculiar signature indicates that the neutron has lost all its energy in the scintillator. Resolutions and efficiencies have been measured for both detectors.

The results of a joint DOE/NRC field experiment to evaluate leaching and transport of solutes in a sandy silt backfill used for shallow land burial operations at Los Alamos are presented for steady-state and unsteady-state flow conditions. The migration of iodide, bromide, and lithium through the backfill material is studied as functions of depth and time and they are compared with one another. The bromide and iodide tracer data are used to estimate the diffusion coefficient, the tortuosity factor, and dispersivity. These values are used to calculate effective dispersion coefficients for subsequent analyses of the retardation factor and the distribution coefficient for lithium using least squares procedures. The results of the tracer migration study are discussed relative to challenges facing the waste management community, and chemical transport modeling opportunities are presented for a modeling workshop to be held in FY86.

This report describes the operation of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station during the LWBR (Light Water Breeder Reactor) Core lifetime. It also summarizes the plant-oriented operations during the period preceding LWBR startup, which include the defueling of The Pressurized Water Reactor Core 2 (PWR-2) and the installation of the LWBR Core, and the operations associated with the defueling of LWBR. The intent of this report is to examine LWBR experience in retrospect and present pertinent and significant aspects of LWBR operations that relate primarily to the nuclear portion of the Station. The nonnuclear portion of the Station is discussed only as it relates to overall plant operation or to unusual problems which result from the use of conventional equipment in radioactive environments. 30 refs., 69 figs., 27 tabs.

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently developing a Deuterium Pellet Injector for installation on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). This paper describes the design and development of a stand-alone data acquisition and control system for that device. Major elements of the hardware are an Allen-Bradley PLC 2/30 programmable logic controller, a MicroVAX-II computer using the VMS operating system, CAMAC data acquisition and communication equipment, and special-purpose controllers for temperature and for the sequencing of pellet firing valves. The PLC performs all actual control actions and acquires data pertinent to those actions. The MicroVAX receives the data acquired by the PLC, displays it for the operator, prompts for and processes requests for action from the operator, and informs the PLC of those requests. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the software operating in the MicroVAX, including the system architecture, major tasks, and ancillary and background tasks.

Measurement of the gradient of the d-d fusion rate profile in an ohmic PLT plasma is used to deduce the gradient of the ion temperature and, thus, the local ion thermal diffusivity through an energy balance analysis. The inferred ion diffusivity is consistent with neoclassical theory.

The issue of proper boundary conditions when performing magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the reversed field pinch is examined. Of particular concern is the choice of constant current, which when combined with other commonly used boundary conditions, may, under careless implementation, lead to an inconsistency. It is shown that this may cause erroneous results. Cases both with and without Hall terms are presented.