The Direct Chlorination Process removes hydrogen sulfide from geothermal off-gases by reacting hydrogen sulfide with chlorine in the gas phase. Hydrogen chloride and elemental sulfur are formed by this reaction. The Direct Chlorination Process has been successfully demonstrated by an on-site operation of a pilot plant at the 3 M We HPG-A geothermal power plant in the Puna District on the island of Hawaii. Over 99.5 percent hydrogen sulfide removal was achieved in a single reaction state. Chlorine gas did not escape the pilot plant, even when 90 percent excess chlorine gas was used. A preliminary economic evaluation of the Direct Chlorination Process indicates that it is very competitive with the Stretford Process. Compared to the Stretford Process, the Direct Chlorination Process requires about one-third the initial capital investment and about one-fourth the net daily expenditure.

Plutonium-fueled radioisotopic heat sources find application in a spectrum of space, terrestrial, and underseas applications to generate electrical power by thermoelectric or dynamic-cycle conversion. Such systems under postulated accident conditions could release radioactivity into the environment resulting in risks to the general population. The released radioactivity could be dispersed into various environmental media, such as air, soil, and water and interact with people through various exposure pathways leading to inhalation, ingestion, and external radiological doses and associated health effects. The authors developed short-term exposure (RISK II) and long-term exposure (RISK III) models for use in safety risk assessments of space missions utilizing plutonium-fueled electric power systems. To effectively use these models in risk assessments, representative input values must be selected for a spectrum of environmental transfer parameters that characterize the behavior of plutonium in the environment. The selection of appropriate transfer parameters to be used in a given analysis will depend on the accident scenarios to be modeled and the terrestrial and aquatic environments to be encountered. The authors reviewed the availability of plutonium in the environment. This report summarizes the research programs presently being conducted at six Department of Energy Laboratories and makes recommendations on areas where further research …

This technical monthly report covers studies related to the use of /sup 238/PuO/sub 2/ in radioisotope power systems carried out for the Office of Special Nuclear Projects of the US Department of Energy by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Most of the studies discussed here are ongoing. Results and conclusions described may change as the work continues.

The geothermal resource under Lackland Air Force Base (AFB), San Antonio, Texas was studied. It is the conclusion of the investigators that a geothermal well drilled at the site recommended by this study has a high probability of delivering geothermal fluids in sufficient quantity and at adequate temperatures to support a projected space and domestic hot water heating system. An exploratory production well location is recommended in the southwest sector of the base, based upon geologic conditions and the availability of sufficient open space to support the drilling operation. It is projected that a production well drilled at the recommended location would produce geothermal fluid of 130 to 145/sup 0/F at a rate of approximately 1000 gpm with reasonable fluid drawdowns. The Environmental Assessment for the drilling portion of the project has been completed, and no irreversible or irretrievable impacts are anticipated as a result of this drilling program. The permitting process is proceeding smoothly.

In early 1978 the US Department of Energy, under its Project Opportunity Notice program, granted financial assistance for a project to demonstrate the direct use application of geothermal energy in Elko, Nevada. The project is to provide geothermal energy to three different types of users: a commercial office building, a commercial laundry and a hotel/casino complex, all located in downtown Elko. The project included assessment of the geothermal resource potential, resource exploration drilling, production well drilling, installation of an energy distribution system, spent fluid disposal facility, and connection of the end users buildings. The project was completed in November 1982 and the three end users were brought online in December 1982. Elko Heat Company has been providing continuous service since this time.

This report provides an assessment of the overall effectiveness and implications of jet pumping the interstitial liquids (IL) from single-shell tanks at Hanford. The jet-pumping program, currently in progress at Hanford, involves the planned removal of IL contained in 89 of the 149 single-shell tanks and its transfer to double-shell tanks after volume reduction by evaporation. The purpose of this report is to estimate the public and worker doses associated with (1) terminating pumping immediately, (2) pumping to a 100,000-gal limit per tank, (3) pumping to a 50,000-gal limit per tank, and (4) pumping to the maximum practical liquid removal level of 30,000 gal. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of these various levels of pumping in minimizing any undue health and safety risks to the public or worker is also presented.

The Hawaii Geothermal Generator Project is the first power plant in the State of Hawaii to be powered by geothermal energy. This plant, which is located in the Puna District on the Island of Hawaii, produces three (3) megawatts of electricity utilizing the steam phase from the geothermal well. This project represents the climax of the geophysical research efforts going on for two decades in the Hawaiian Islands which resulted in the discovery of a significant reservoir of geothermal energy which could be put to practical use. In 1978 the Department of Energy, in conjunction with the State of Hawaii, entered into negotiations to design and build a power plant. The purpose and objective of this plant was to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing and operating a geothermal power plant located in a remote volcanically active area. A contract was signed in mid 1978 between the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii (RCUH) and the Department of Energy (DOE). To date, the DOE has provided 8.3 million dollars with the State of Hawaii and others contributing 2.1 million dollars. The cost of the project exceeded its original estimates by approximately 25%. These increases in cost were principally contributed to …

The original study of transmission for a Hanford Nuclear Energy Center (HNEC), which was completed in September 1975, was updated in June 1978. The present 1983 revision takes cognizance of recent changes in the electric power situation of the PNW with respect to: (1) forecasts of load growth, (2) the feasibility of early use of 1100 kV transmission, and (3) the narrowing opportunities for siting nuclear plants in the region. The purpose of this update is to explore and describe additions to the existing transmission system that would be necessary to accommodate three levels of generation at HNEC. Comparisons with a PNW system having new thermal generating capacity distributed throughout the marketing region are not made as was done in earlier versions.

To quantify the potential for {sup 129}I to migrate from buried waste at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) burial ground, a four year study was made. Spent berl saddles containing 68.7 mCi of {sup 129}I from separations process air filters were buried in a 10 ft. {times} 10 ft. {times} 12 ft. deep lysimeter exposed to normal weather conditions at the burial ground. During the four year study leaching and migration released 48.5 nCi of {sup 129}I from the 68.7 mCi buried in the lysimeter. This represents an average 1.77 {times} 10{sup {minus}7} fraction/year released. The release rate was relatively constant during the four years, varying mainly with seasonal rainfall. Calculations based on these results indicate a release of <3 {mu}Ci/year of {sup 129}I from SRP buried waste to the groundwater. Qualitatively this release and subsequent migration has recently been confirmed by measurement of 0.25 pCi {sup 129}I /1 in water from a well 600{prime} southwest of the burial ground.

Unless certain common sense precautions are observed, the luminosity of the Collider may be adversely affected by otherwise preventable ground vibrations. Previous work indicates that ground vibrations can be thought of as being caused by the sum of (a) natural and (b) cultural (i.e., man-made) effects, of which the latter can be further divided into uncontrollable and controllable. Examples of category (b) include: traffic, both on site and off site; construction activity on site and off site; assembly of equipment in nearby I.R. Halls, even footsteps in the tunnel; or continuously operating machinery. This note addresses question with respect to category (b) iv., only. As a guide, the order of magnitude of amplitudes and frequencies of presently, (on site) known noise polluters is described in relation to naturally occurring disturbances and to the tolerances required for successful Collider operation. Some methods of mitigating the effects of on site machinery are suggested. Finally, a vibration tolerance level specification is recommended as well as a mechanism to police adherence to such standards. 6 figures.

The 60 kW Heat Cycle Research Facility (HCRF) provides a means of examining different concepts and components associated with the generation of electrical power from a geothermal resource using a binary power cycle. In this power cycle the heat or energy in a hot geothermal fluid is transferred to a secondary working fluid. This working fluid is vaporized in the heat exchange process and the vapor is in turn expanded through a turbine which drives a generator producing electrical power. the heat or energy in the vapor leaving the turbine is transferred to a circulating cooling water in the condenser where the working fluid is condensed to a liquid which can be pumped back to the heaters, completing the cycle. This waste heat load in the condenser is in turn transferred from the cooling water to the atmosphere in a cooling tower. The HCRF allows the different components described in the cycle above to be tested as well as the basic cycle itself. This cycle may vary in that the heaters, condenser, cooling system, pumps, etc. may differ in number and type, however the basic cycle does not change significantly. During this sequence of tests, the HCRF is operated using …

We present population inversion and gain measurements from an experimental investigation of possibilities to obtain high gain and lasing action in the soft x-ray region. Our approach to soft x-ray-laser development is based on rapid plasma cooling after the laser pulse by radiation losses, leading to fast recombination and collisional cascade into upper excited levels of CVI, for example, while the lower excited levels depopulate rapidly by radiative transitions, thus creating population inversions and gain. A approx. = 0.5 kJ CO/sub 2/ laser was focused onto a target of solid carbon or teflon; or CO/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, Ne gas, and the resulting plasma confined in a 50 to 90 kG magnetic field. Spectroscopic diagnostics with absolute intensity calibration were used to measure level populations.

"The following five operational subsystems of the sampling system are discussed in succeeding sections: Downhole probe and Packer Subsystem, Pump Actuator Subsystem, Cable Winch and Pulley Bridge Subsystem, Instrumentation Subsystem, Power Supply Subsystem."

None

"This volume consists of 3 overviews, an index to the quadrants, and a series of 11 scenario maps that forecast energy related developments of the Lower Columbia River and Estuary from 1981 to 2006."

Partial abstract: A 1:100-scale (undistorted) hydraulic model, reproducing Mission Bay Harbor, approximately 3 miles of shoreline, and sufficient offshore area to permit generation of the required test waves, was used to investigate the arrangement and design of proposed structures for (a) improving hazardous entrance conditions, (b) reducing surge inside the harbor, and (c) eliminating potential flood hazards. The original proposal for harbor improvement consisted of a 2,200-ft-long offshore breakwater. The proposed structures for river flood control consisted of (a) a 1,200-ft-long weir in the middle jetty, (b) various south jetty extensions, and (c) diversion dikes on the middle jetty.

Water form seven hydrothermal-geothermal, one geopressured-geothermal, and six Strategic Petroleum Reserve wells have been surveyed for twelve metals of special strategic and economic importance using trace chemical analysis techniques. The elements sought were Cr, Co, Mn, Ta, Sn, V, Nb, Li, Sr, Pt, Au, and Ag. Platinum was found at a concentration of ~50 ppb in a brine from the Salton Sea geothermal area. Brine from this region, as has been known from previous studies, is also rich in Li, Sr, and Mn. Higher concentrations (~900) of Sr are found in the high-salinity geopressured brines. None of the fluids contained interesting concentrations of the other metals. Good recovery of precious metals at sub-ppm concentrations from synthetic high salinity brines was achieved using Amborane resin, but similar recovery in the laboratory using real brines could not be demonstrated. Several analytical techniques were compared in sensitivity for the determination of the precious metals; neutron activation analysis with carrier separation is the best for gold and platinum in geothermal brines. (DJE-2005)

An assessment by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) on the "prospects for energy efficiency in the U.S. industrial sector, the technologies available to improve industrial energy efficiency, and the effect of various legislative policies on stimulating increased efficiency" (p. iii).

A case study by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) that examines "the technical basis for, and validity of, the habitability decision for the emergency declaration area near Love Canal" (p. iii).

Plutonium fueled radioisotopic heat sources find space, terrestrial, and undersea applications to generate electrical power. Such systems under postulated accident conditions could release radioactivity into the environment resulting in risks to the general population in the form of radiological doses and associated health effects. The evaluation of the radiological impact of postulated scenarios involving releases of activity into the environment includes identification of postulated accident release modes, including the probability of release and the release location; source term definition, including the activity of each radionuclide released and the corresponding chemical form and particle size distribution; analysis of the environmental behavior of the released radioactivity to determine the concentrations in environmental media (air, soil, and water) as a function of time; and analysis of the interaction between the environmental concentrations and man, leading to ingestion, inhalation, and external doses through each environmental exposure pathway. 443 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.

Recent developments of transition radiation detectors (TRD's) indicate that an efficient and practical system can be deployed for beam line particle tagging for momenta greater than 200 GeV/c. This note describes the design of a prototype system to be tested at Fermilab in Fall, 1983. Pre-prototype testing was done at BNL in March, 1983 and has been followed up by bench testing of gasses and electronics at Fermilab. The design goal is a modular system which puts few contraints on beam line configuration and hence can be adapted to any high energy secondary beam.

The report describes the design, construction, and operation of the Hawaii Geothermal Generator Project. This power plant, located in the Puna District on the island of Hawaii, produces three megawatts of electricity from the steam phase of a geothermal well. (ACR)

In February, 1982, the Office of Fusion Energy, DOE, through its Division of Development and Technology, established a Panel to examine materials with attractive radioactivation characteristics for applications in fusion power reactors. Since February, the Panel has met together and in subgroups numerous times. Input from knowledgeable people was elicited via a two day workshop held at UCLA in April, 1982. The agenda, titles of talks, and speakers are given in Appendix II. We present here a synopsis of the Panel's findings based upon both external information provided to us and upon the work and deliberations of the Panel itself. Conclusions and recommendations follow. Background technical information brought together by the Panel is relegated to Appendices III and IV.

SLAC has always operated with the voltage pulse applied to each klystron having a flat-top at least 2.5 ..mu..s long. In this region, the voltage is held constant to +-0.5%, limiting the klystron contribution to beam energy spectrum broadening caused by phase and amplitude modulation of the rf wave travelling along the accelerator sections. Since the section filling time is 0.83 ..mu..s and the maximum beam pulse length is 1.6 ..mu..s, a minimum flat-top duration of 2.43 ..mu..s is required, which when rounded up to 2.5 ..mu..s allows for some timing error. The advent of single-bunch beam opertions for SLC, coupled with the use of the SLED pulse compression system (which produces an rf output to the accelerator which changes drastically in one section filling time) and the rapidly rising cost of electrical power experienced in recent years, have made it desirable to review the specifications of the voltage pulse supplied by the modulator to the klystron. Neglecting the possibilities of increasing modulator efficency, which are being studied by others, one can ask whether some use can be made of the energy contained in the skirts of the voltage pulse on each side of the flat top region. Results are …