This report documents the Environmental Transport Section`s (ETS) two-dimensional, sequential gaussian puff transport and dispersion model for emergency response. The sequential puff scheme is described, and the dispersion equations are presented. The advantages of this model over the ETS`s PUFF/PLUME model are discussed. Options are calculating a two-dimensional wind field, interpolation procedures, and the wind field grid are described. The various grid systems for puff transport calculations and dose estimates are also described. A flow diagram for the modules comprising the 2DPUF code and a description of each module is presented.

Significant progress has been achieved in a number of areas with the support of this Department of Energy grant which began on July 1, 1989. We have quantified experimentally the kinetics of the initial (low-coverage) alkane activation reaction, i.e., alkane {yields} alkyl + hydrogen adatom, for the following systems: (1) C{sub 2}H{sub 6} on Ir(110)-(1{times}2), and (2) CH{sub 4}, CD{sub 4}, C{sub 2}H{sub 6} and C{sub 2}D{sub 6} on Pt(110)-(1{times}2). In addition, we have employed dynamic Monte Carlo simulations to study two important aspects of surface reactivity, namely, reactant segregation during a steady-state surface reaction, and the compensation effect in a transient surface reaction. Experimentally determined values of the initial adsorption probability of ethane on Ir(110)(1{times}2) were employed to probe the dynamics of the interaction. Experimentally determined values of the initial trapping probability {zeta}{sub 0} of ethane into a physically adsorbed state at T{sub s} = 77 K as a function of E{sub i} and {Theta}{sub i} and experimentally determined values of the initial probability of dissociative chemisorption P{sub r} as a function of E{sub i}, {Theta}{sub i} and T{sub s} were obtained.

This second edition is an update of biomass energy production and use in Washington State for 1989. The purpose of this directory is to provide a listing of known biomass users within the state and some basic information about their facilities. The data can be helpful to persons or organizations considering the use of biomass fuels. The directory is divided into three sections of biomass facilities with each section containing a map of locations and a data summary table. In addition, a conversion table, a glossary and an index are provided in the back of the directory. The first section deals with biogas production from wastewater treatment plants. The second section provides information on the wood combustion facilities in the state. This section is subdivided into two categories. The first is for facilities connected with the forest products industries. The second category include other facilities using wood for energy. The third section is composed of three different types of biomass facilities -- ethanol, municipal solid waste, and solid fuel processing. Biomass facilities included in this directory produce over 64 trillion Btu (British thermal units) per year. Wood combustion facilities account for 91 percent of the total. Biogas and ethanol facilities …

The long term aim of this project is to assess the feasibility of increasing the conversion of photosynthate into starch via manipulation of the gene that encodes for ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, a key regulatory enzyme of starch biosynthesis. In developing storage tissues such as cereal seeds and tubers, starch biosynthesis is regulated by the gene activation and expression of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, branching enzyme and other ancillary starch modifying enzymes, as well as the allosteric-controlled behavior of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity. During the last two years we have obtained information on the structure of this enzyme from both potato tuber and rice endosperm, using a combination of biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Moreover, we present evidence that this enzyme may be localized at discrete regions of the starch grain within the amyloplast, and plays a role in controlling overall starch biosynthesis in potato tubers.

The importance of the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio of carbon oxidation products is illustrated by examination of the heats of reaction for formation of these two products. The heat released by formation of CO{sub 2} is a factor of 3.5 higher than for CO so the temperature of a particle will depend strongly on the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio produced. If gas diffusion through the boundary layer is fast, increased direct production Of CO{sub 2} produces a higher temperature and a higher burning rate. If the supply of oxygen to the surface is limited by diffusion through the boundary layer, production of CO{sub 2} consumes half as much carbon as production of CO so carbon consumption rate is reduced even though temperature may be somewhat higher. Models of these complex interactions have been developed; however the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio produced by the carbon-oxygen reaction must, at present be assumed or inferred from measurement of particle temperature. CO{sub 2}/CO ratios can be strongly influenced by catalytic material in the carbon and by the char temperature. In this program we are measuring the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed chars over a wide range of temperature. These results will then be used …

Natural convection in enclosures have been studied numerically to provide insight into the scaling laws existing for removal of decay heat in Liquid Metal Fast Reactors (LMFR). Specifically, 3-D simulations have been carried out for natural circulation in a cylinder with small aspect ratio (of the order of 0.5). These results have been compared to the results of an experiment conducted by UCSB, in collaboration with GE, to provide benchmark data for code validation. Parametric studies have been conducted to establish the validity of a 3-D Finite difference code that uses body-fitted grids for simulations of complex geometries. Further, numerical simulations have been carried out to demonstrate the importance of 3-D computer codes as tools in the design and scale-up of prototype LMFRs. It has been shown that the geometry of the passive safety systems is key to safe operation of LMFRs under shutdown conditions. The key phenomena that occur in such situations have bee studied and the available experimental studies have been identified. The future direction for modeling of natural convection recirculating flows in confined enclosures has been proposed. 31 refs.

This report discusses methods for promoting energy conservation in foundries. Use of electric power, natural gas, and coke are evaluated. Waste heat recovery systems are considered. Energy consumption in the specific processes of electric melting, natural gas melting, heat treatments, ladle melting, and coke fuel melting is described. An example energy analysis is included. (GHH)

To gain a fundamental understanding of the role and importance of hydrogen transfer reactions in thermal and catalytic coprocessing by examining possible hydrogen donation from cycloalkane/aromatic systems and by understanding the chemistry and enhanced reactivity of hydrotreated residuum, as well as by enriching petroleum solvent with potent new donors, nonaromatic hydroaromatics, thereby promoting hydrogen transfer reactions in coprocessing. The detailed results of experiments performed on several subtasks during the quarter are presented.

This report details the disposition of canisters and the canistered waste forms produced during the DWPF Startup Test Program. The six melter campaigns (DWPF Startup Tests FA-13, WP-14, WP-15, WP-16, WP-17, and FA-18) will produce 126 canistered waste forms. In addition, up to 20 additional canistered waste forms may be produced from glass poured during the transition between campaigns. In particular, this canister disposition plan (1) assigns (by alpha-numeric code) a specific canister to each location in the six campaign sequences, (2) describes the method of access for glass sampling on each canistered waste form, (3) describes the nature of the specific tests which will be carried out, (4) details which tests will be carried out on each canistered waste form, (5) provides the sequence of these tests for each canistered waste form, and (6) assigns a storage location for each canistered waste form. The tests are designed to provide evidence, as detailed in the Waste Form Compliance Plan (WCP{sup 1}), that the DWPF product will comply with the Waste Acceptance Product Specifications (WAPS{sup 2}). The WAPS must be met before the canistered waste form is accepted by DOE for ultimate disposal at the Federal Repository. The results of these …

Despite its high nitrogen concentration levels relative to the parent coal samples, 7.2% vs. 1.4 - 2.0%, little volatile nitrogen evolution is observed until decomposition temperatures of 600{degree}C or greater are obtained. Due to the lack of decomposition via tar evolution and as contrasted to parent coals, no significant bound nitrogen is evolved with heavy hydrocarbons at particle temperatures less than 600{degree}C. Similar to ``virgin`` chars and tars formed during rapid devolatilization, the polyimide samples begin to evolve significant fractions of bound nitrogen as IR-active light gases at particle temperatures between 650 and 750{degree}C. Unlike coal samples, however, relatively large fractions of the light gases are observed to be ammonia. The IR-active, nitrogen-containing light gas evolution rapidly declines at polyimide char temperatures greater than 750{degree}C, again in contrast to observed behavior in virgin coal char samples. It is not certain if the nitrogen evolution kinetics changes from selectively forming ammonia and hydrogen cyanide to benzonitriles or free nitrogen at these temperatures. The light gas evolution pattern with decomposition temperature of polymide could contribute to our understanding of the low conversion efficiencies observed for bound nitrogen to NO{sub x} conversion in the char combustion phase of pfc combustion.

Our research effort funded by this grant primarily focused on development of suitable fluorescent dyes for DNA sequencing studies. Prior to our efforts, the dyes being sued in commercial DNA sequencers were various versions of fluorescein dyes for the shorter wavelengths and of rhodamine dyes for the longer wavelengths. Our initial goal was to synthesize a set of four dyes that could all be excited by the 488 and 514 nm line of the argon laser lines and that have emission spectra that minimize spectral overlap. The specific result sought was higher fluorescent intensity, particularly of the longest wavelength dyes than was available using existing dyes. Another important property of the desired set of dyes was uniform ionic charge in order to have minimum interference on the electrophoretic mobility during the sequencing. During the period of this grant we prepared and characterized four types of dyes: fluorescent bifluorophores, derivatives of rhodamine dyes, derivatives of rhodol dyes and derivatives of boron dipyrromethene difluoride (BODIPY{trademark}) dyes.

Active site modifications of isocitrate lyase (icl) from Escherichia coli are described. In addition directed mutagenesis of icl gene are detailed aimed at varying the charge yet conserving the structure of the enzymes active site.

The aim of this mathematical treatment is to prove that any distortion of the gaussian intensity distribution of the beam, which may be caused by the finite width of the slits, is small, provided that the slit widths are not large with respect to the source size and divergence. The widths of the slit A and of the slit B were the same, equal to 0.1 mm for the measurement of the horizontal source size and divergence, and equal to 0.025 mm in the vertical case. It turns out, as shown below, that the distortion of the phase space gaussian beam distribution is estimated to be not greater than 6% in the vertical case and is considerably smaller in the horizontal case. The procedure followed in the analysis of the experimental data is then justified and is a good approximation.

Aqueous radioactive wastes from Savannah River Site separations processes are contained in large underground carbon steel tanks. Tank conditions are evaluated by inspection using periscopes, still photography, and video systems for visual imagery. Inspections made in 1990 are the subject of this report.

RHEED (reflection high energy electron diffraction) was carried out on Cu(110) at 153 to 973 K. Specular spot profiles show decreased scattering intensity around 550 K. RHEED patterns show disappearance of Kikuchi lines above 800 K. LEED indicate anharmonicities on Cu(110) surface at high temperatures. Results suggest that anharmonic effects precede onset of a rough surface at about 800 K. Three possible models were investigated for the clean surface for copper oxide dispersed on alumina; one was selected to use in going on to treat SO{sub 2} sorption. The Gauss-88 technique was used on Cray YMP to initiate cluster calculations for treating adsorption of the SO{sub 2} molecule. Of the possibilities for how SO{sub 2} adsorbs on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface, sulfur-to-metal bonding was first considered, with the SO{sub 2} molecule on top of the Cu atom; this first configuration was found not to be energetically favorable for adsorption. 4 figs.

The present investigation is a part of our studies on the electro chemical aspects of pyrite bioleaching involving Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Previously (1,2) we have examined the effect of T. ferrooxidans and their metabolic products on the redox reactions of Fe{sup 2+}/Fe{sup 3+} couple at the pyrite surface. Results obtained suggest that beyond 1. 5 days during their growth in a batch fermenter, the bacteria and their metabolic products completely cover the pyrite surface and shut down all electron transfer across the electrode-solution interface. In addition, it has been observed that the bacteria serve as the nucleation site for jarosite formation, which is found detrimental to bioleaching. In the present work we have focussed on the effect of the presence of vitamins on the redox chemistry of iron. Our examination of the effect of the presence of thiamine hydrochloride in the redox behavior of Fe{sup 2+}/Fe{sup 3+} at the pyrite surface has revealed that thiamine hydrochloride does not undergo chemical interaction with ferrous or ferric iron. However, it may adsorb onto the pyrite surface causing polarization of the pyrite electrode.

During this past period a computer code was developed to determine the global kinetic linear stability for a 1-D Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC). This report will describe the physical assumptions used to model the plasma, the equations solved by the code, the numerical analysis for certain aspects of the code, and some preliminary results from the code.

A three-year research program for the development of novel XUV spectroscopic diagnostics for magnetically confined fusion plasmas is proposed. The new diagnostic system will use layered synthetic microstructures (LSM) coated, flat and curved surfaces as dispersive elements in spectrometers and narrow band XUV filter arrays. In the framework of the proposed program we will develop impurity monitors for poloidal and toroidal resolved measurements on PBX-M and Alcator C-Mod, imaging XUV spectrometers for electron density and temperature fluctuation measurements in the hot plasma core in TEXT or other similar tokamaks and plasma imaging devices in soft x-ray light for impurity behavior studies during RF heating on Phaedrus T and carbon pellet ablation in Alcator C-Mod. Recent results related to use of multilayer in XUV plasma spectroscopy are presented. We also discuss the latest results reviewed to q{sub o} and local poloidal field measurements using Zeeman polarimetry.

A bench-scale reactor is being used to conduct studies of the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol by a novel process. During the last quarter, the effect of operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, feed H{sub 2}/CO ratio and feed flow rate on the MeOH synthesis rate were investigated. The specific rate of MeOH synthesis was found to vary with gas feed rate -- an unexpected result. It is proposed that this is due to the presence of small amounts of an inhibiting agent which accumulates in the liquid at low flow rates. Work also continued on the modification of the experimental equipment to permit on-line monitoring of liquid and gas compositions.

We performed XANES and EXAFS measurements at the sulfur K-edge for FeS, CuS and two coals, Powhatan {number_sign}5 and Blacksville {number_sign}2. We have used the measurements of the two standards in discussing the spectra of the spectra of the two coals as described below. We have continued our investigation for the possible bonding configurations of the SO{sub 2} molecule on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In distinction to sulfur-to-metal (S-M) on-top bonding, we find that oxygen-to-metal (O-M) on-top bonding does provide a possible adsorption configuration of interest. We want next to investigate bridging type adsorption configurations. Before doing this, it is necessary to further examine the detailed behavior of the model for the clean CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface.

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Slagging combustors with injected lime or limestone are being considered as replacements for conventional coal burners. They have advantages in that they can be staged to reduce NO{sub x} and SO{sub x} emissions. Iron oxide, as an alternative to lime or limestone may be effective not only as a desulfurizing agent, but, under the right conditions of oxygen potential, it can act as a flux to produce a glassy slag. This glassy slag should be dense and environmentally inert. In this reporting period, the thermodynamic conditions are determined for the operation of the first stage of a combustor which would have as its feed six types of coals. The calculations are made for the four phase equilibrium: FeO(wustite)/Fe/Liquid/Gas over the temperature range 950{degrees} to 1300{degrees}C. The minimum dosage of iron oxide required at equilibrium an the calculated maximum percent sulfur removal are reported. Also given are the expected pounds of S0{sub 2} per million Btu of heat evolution calculated for complete combustion. These preliminary results indicate in the Fe-O-S system that higher temperatures give better results approaching 96 percent sulfur removal from a coal containing (on a dry basis) 3.29% by weight sulfur. In the prior reporting period, a comparison …

The objective of this program is to investigate the direct conversion of light gaseous hydrocarbons, such as those produced during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or as a product of gasification, to liquid transportation fuels via a partial oxidation process. The process will be tested in an existing pilot plant to obtain credible mass balances. Specific objectives to be met include determination of optimal process conditions, investigation of various processing options (e.g. feed injection, product quench, and recycle systems), and evaluation of the various options will be performed as experimental data become available.

Slagging combustors with injected lime or limestone are being considered as replacements for conventional coal burners. They have advantages in that they can be staged to reduce NO{sub x} and SO{sub x} emissions. Iron oxide, as an alternative to lime or limestone may be effective not only as a desulfurizing agent, but under the right conditions of oxygen potential and after combination with sulfur, the reaction products of coal gases with iron oxide can act as a flux to produce a fluid phase. The thermodynamic conditions for determining the most effective operating conditions of the first stage of a combustor are calculated for several Illinois coals. These conditions include contact of the gas with the phase combinations: CaO/CaSO{sub 4}, CaO/CaS, and Fe/FeO/liquid for the temperature range 950{degree} to 1300{degree}C. In the latter system, the minimum dosage of iron required at equilibrium and the calculated maximum percent sulfur removal are reported. Also given are the expected pounds of SO{sub 2} per million Btu of heat evolution calculated for complete combustion. The calculations indicate that for the Fe-O-S system, higher temperatures give better results approaching 96 percent sulfur removal from a coal containing 4.2% sulfur. For this example, the stack gas emerging …