This report provides technical documentation for values in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (PADs) in the 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2004). The objective for choosing the PADs specified in the ERG2004 is to balance the need to adequately protect the public from exposure to potentially harmful substances against the risks and expenses that could result from overreacting to a spill. To quantify this balance, a statistical approach is adopted, whereby the best available information is used to conduct an accident scenario analysis and develop a set of up to 1,000,000 hypothetical incidents. The set accounts for differences in containers types, incident types, accident severity (i.e., amounts released), locations, times of day, times of year, and meteorological conditions. Each scenario is analyzed using detailed emission rate and atmospheric dispersion models to calculate the downwind chemical concentrations from which a 'safe distance' is determined. The safe distance is defined as the distance downwind from the source at which the chemical concentration falls below health protection criteria. The American Industrial Hygiene Association's Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 2 (ERPG-2) or equivalent is the health criteria used. The statistical sample of safe distance values for all incidents considered in the …

Pursuant to Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act Argonne National Laboratory-East (ANL-E) has completed an evaluation of buildings located within the East Area to determine whether any of these buildings meet the eligibility criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Several buildings within the East Area are scheduled for demolition during fiscal years 1999-2000 (Buildings 4, 5, and 6 and possibly Buildings 26, 27, and 28).

In a previous study, the effect of the furnace atmosphere on E glass foaming was investigated with the specific goal to understand the impact of increased water content on foaming in oxy-fired furnaces. The present study extended the previous study and focused on the effect of glass batch chemical composition on E-glass foaming. The present study also included reruns of foam tests performed in a previous study, which resulted in the same trend: the foaming extent increased nearly linearly with the heating rate and no foam was produced when CO2 + 55% H2O atmosphere was introduced at 300°C. It was shown that the lack of foaming in the test with CO2 + 55% H2O atmosphere introduced at 300°C was caused by a loss of sulfate at T <1250°C because of higher water content at the early stages of melting. The tests with new batches in the present study showed that replacing quicklime with limestone tend to decrease foaming, possibly caused by increased sulfate loss during early stages of melting in the batch with limestone. The batches where Na2SO4 was replaced with NaNO3, NaNO3 + CeO2, or CeO2, produced only very limited foaming regardless of the replacing components. As expected, the …

Hydrocarbon synthesis from photocatalytic reactions of CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O over various catalysts has been studied by UV-visible light. The quantum efficiencies suggest that Pd/TiO{sub 2} sol gel exhibits the highest activity for hydrocarbon synthesis from photocatalytic reactions. The in situ IR was able to monitor the adsorbed hydrocarbon species. The UV-visible, IR spectroscopy and XRD techniques were used to characterize the catalysts to obtain the information of properties of the process and catalyst before/after reaction. The UV-visible spectroscopy provides the information about the surface band gap energy of each catalyst. In situ UV-visible studies reveals that TiO{sub 2}-supported catalysts require the higher energy (i.e. shorter wavelength) to pass through the water-thin film deposited on the surface to activate the photocatalytic reaction. XRD data show there is changes in the crystal structure of TiO{sub 2} sol gel from photon energy during photo reaction. Studies on photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue show that the photocatalytic oxidation rate is significantly higher than the photocatalytic reduction rate on TiO{sub 2} based catalysts. The information from this study can lead to a better understanding of the nature of the catalysts and photoreaction processes, which might provide the information to develop better catalysts and …

The authors present measurements of branching ratios and CP-violating asymmetries for neutral B decays into quasi two-body final states dominated by the modes {rho}{sup {+-}}{pi}{sup {-+}} and {rho}{sup {+-}}K{sup {-+}}. The data set used for these measurements was recorded during the 1999-2002 period, and corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 81.9 fb{sup -1} taken on the {Upsilon}(4S) peak, and 9.5 fb{sup -1} taken 40 MeV off-peak. From a time-dependent maximum likelihood fit they find for the branching fractions {Beta}({rho}{sup 2}{pi}{sup {-+}}) = (22.6 {+-} 1.8(stat) {+-} 2.2(syst)) x 10{sup -6}, {Beta}({rho}{sup {+-}}K{sup {-+}}) = (7.3{sub -1.2}{sup +1.3}(stat) {+-} 1.3(syst)) x 10{sup -6}. For the CP violation parameters, they measure: {Alpha}{sub CP}{sup pK} = 0.28 {+-} 0.17(stat) {+-} 0.080(syst), {Alpha}{sub CP}{sup pk} = -0.18 {+-} 0.08(stat) {+-} 0.029(syst), C{sub pk} = 0.36 {+-} 0.18(stat) {+-} 0.041(syst), S{sub pt} = 0.19 {+-} 0.24(stat) {+-} 0.031(syst), and for the remaining parameters, required to fully describe the time dependence of the B{sup 0}({bar B}{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup {+-}}{pi}{sup {-+}}) decays, they obtain {Delta}C{sub pn} = 0.28{sub -0.19}{sup +0.18}(stat) {+-} 0.043(syst), {Delta}S{sub pk} = 0.15 {+-} 0.25(stat) {+-} 0.025(syst).

This chapter describes procedures for the collection and analysis of samples of various matrices for the purpose of determining the presence of chemical agents in a civilian setting. This appendix is intended to provide the reader with sufficient information to make informed decisions about the sampling and analysis process and to suggest analytical strategies that might be implemented by the scientists performing sampling and analysis. This appendix is not intended to be used as a standard operating procedure to provide detailed instructions as to how trained scientists should handle samples. Chemical agents can be classified by their physical and chemical properties. Table 1 lists the chemical agents considered by this report. In selecting sampling and analysis methods, we have considered procedures proposed by the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and peer-reviewed scientific literature. EPA analytical methods are good resources describing issues of quality assurance with respect to chain-of-custody, sample handling, and quality control requirements.

A new Timing and Synchronization System component, the Universal Networked Timer (UNT), is under development at the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The UNT is a second-generation multifunction timing device that emulates the timing functionality and electrical interfaces originally provided by various CAMAC modules. Using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology, each of the UNT's eight channels can be dynamically programmed to emulate a specific CAMAC module type. The timer is compatible with the existing NSTX timing and synchronization system and will also support a (future) clock system with extended performance. To assist system designers and collaborators, software will be written to integrate the UNT with EPICS, MDSplus, and LabVIEW. This paper will describe the timing capabilities, hardware design, programming/software support, and the current status of the Universal Networked Timer at NSTX.

CQ Inc. and its industry partners--PBS Coals, Inc. (Friedens, Pennsylvania), American Fiber Resources (Fairmont, West Virginia), Allegheny Energy Supply (Williamsport, Maryland), and the Heritage Research Group (Indianapolis, Indiana)--addressed the objectives of the Department of Energy and industry to produce economical, new solid fuels from coal, biomass, and waste materials that reduce emissions from coal-fired boilers. This project builds on the team's commercial experience in composite fuels for energy production. The electric utility industry is interested in the use of biomass and wastes as fuel to reduce both emissions and fuel costs. In addition to these benefits, utilities also recognize the business advantage of consuming the waste byproducts of customers both to retain customers and to improve the public image of the industry. Unfortunately, biomass and waste byproducts can be troublesome fuels because of low bulk density, high moisture content, variable composition, handling and feeding problems, and inadequate information about combustion and emissions characteristics. Current methods of co-firing biomass and wastes either use a separate fuel receiving, storage, and boiler feed system, or mass burn the biomass by simply mixing it with coal on the storage pile. For biomass or biomass-containing composite fuels to be extensively used in the U.S., especially …