This appendix to the final report on the Hybrid Passenger Vehicle Development Program contans data on Na-S batteries, Ni-Zn batteries; vehicle body design; tire characteristics; and results of computer simulations of vehicle yaw, pitch, and roll under various driving and aerodynamic conditions. (LCL)

The overall objective of this contract is to assist in the development of fuel-flexible combustion systems for gas turbines as well as Rankine and Stirling cycle engines. The primary emphasis of the program is on liquid hydrocarbons produced from non-petroleum resouces. Fuel-flexible combustion systems will provide for more rapid transition of these alternate fuels into important future energy utilization centers (especially utility power generation with the combined cycle gas turbine). The specific technical objectives of the program are to develop an improved understanding of relationships between alternate fuel properties and continuous combustion system effects, and to provide analytical modeling/correlation capabilities to be used as design aids for development of fuel-tolerant combustion systems. Efforts this past year have been to evaluate experimental procedures for studying alternate fuel combustion effects and to determine current analytical capabilities for prediction of these effects. Jet Stirred Combustor studies during this period have produced new insights into soot formation in strongly backmixed systems and have provided much information for comparison with analytical predictions. The analytical effort included new applications of quasi-global modeling techniques as well as comparison of prediction with the experimental results generated.

Data and methods for quantifying environmental damage from energy activities were evaluated. Specifically, discussions were designed to identify the types and amounts of pollutants emitted by energy technologies that may affect the environment adversely, methods of estimating spatial and temporal changes in air and water quality resulting from these emissions, spatial and temporal distributions of ecosystems at risk, dose-response functions for pollutants and ecosystems at risk, and environmental and economic variables to be used to measure damage. Emphasis was on available data and on several methods for quantitative estimation of effects of energy on the environment. Damage functions that could be used to quantitate effects of ozone and sulfur oxide on agricultural crops and trees, effects of altered stream depth and velocity patterns on river fish species, and sensitivities of lake chemistry and biology to acid rainfall are listed. Also described are methods for estimating effects of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and several other atmospheric pollutants on selected terrestrial communities by using computer modeling techniques. With these techniques, quantitative estimates of the effects of energy on the environment could be developed within one to two years. Brief discussions about effects of nutrient and trace metal discharges on terrestrial ecosystems …

Two types of direct converters, one for beams and one for plasma, are under development with voltages and power densities approaching reactor-like conditions. Beam direct conversion raises the efficiency of producing neutral beams, can save millions of dollars when applied to next-generation experiments, and can improve the power balance of driven reactors. Direct conversion allows positive ion beams to be made into neutrals efficiently up to 150 keV for D/sup 0/, 225 keV for T/sup 0/ and 300 keV for /sup 3/He/sup 0/. Above these energies, the efficiency is less than 50% and falling rapidly, requiring negative ions to be used for neutral beam formation, which even they can benefit from direct conversion because the conversion fraction from negatives to neutrals is less than 100% (approximately 80% plasma cell, approximately 60% gas cell). The in-line beam direct conversion concept uses either electrostatic or magnetic fields for electron suppression. At low powers (approximately 1 kW continuous) and low voltage (10 to 15 keV), both have operated at an efficiency better than 70%.

It can cautiously be stated that there is not an imminent U.S. uranium crunch, because the installed capacity of fission reactors to 1990 is less than was anticipated. We have time for careful judgment and deliberation. We probably have until at least the year 2000 before beginning the phasing-in of a new technology to augment or replace the light water reactor. Consequently the fusion-fission hybrid appears to have strong potential as a fuel factory supplying fuel to the LWR industry. The hybrid relaxes some of the physics and engineering constraints on pure fusion and should be available somewhat sooner. The hybrid also integrates into the energy plan by supporting fission rather than replacing it. The hybrid seems like a good interface between the eventual pure fusion reactor and fission. The easing of the fission fuel demand under that which was anticipated, coupled with the high probability that available uranium resources are proportional to the price paid per pound (within limits) are likely, more than currently stated, serving to fusion's advantage by buying time for development.

This term Q is the ratio of the fusion powder produced to the power input. It is a driven device. Q is truly the success parameter for mirrors--widely discussed but not succinctly specified as to required value. The problem is that Q can be treated as a subjective parameter--there are many milestone Qs; for scientific demonstration, for breakeven power, etc. Yet for a successful reactor, there is only one Q and that is the Q which produces mirror fusion power at the busbar that is less than the cost of delivered power in mills/kwhr by other means. We call this Q/sub PRACTICAL/ and believe there is a convincing argument that says this Q/sub PRACTICAL/ can be about 5.0 even assuming modest efficiencies for system components. A direct convertor is necessary. If the direct convertor were deleted, a Q/sub PRACTICAL/ of approximately 7.5 would be required. If we wish to soften the value of Q further, then the technical logic for the fusion fission hybrid is very powerful. With the hybrid a Q/sub PRACTICAL/ of 1.5 to 2.0 appears to be a very reasonable value. The key in being able to specify values of Q/sub PRACTICAL/ lies in economically comparing the …

All sodium piping and equipment is heat traced to maintain the sodium in a liquid state. The Pipe and Equipment Electrical Heating Control System controls the rate of heat application to sodium piping and equipment during heatup of empty systems prior to filling with sodium and to maintain heat in operating sodium systems. The Pipe and Equipment Electric Heating Control System is designed to aid in detecting malfunctions and failures within the system. The Control portion except for the control thermocouple is electrically independent of the alarm portion, thus providing a more reliable check on the overall system. Instrumentation is modular to provide for easy removal and replacement. Detailed maintenance procedures will be developed as a part of the detail design work and will be included in the Operation and Maintenance Manual. Procurement specifications will call for detailed maintenance and calibration procedures for each type of instrument.

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A directional gas Cherenkov counter, which employed six phototubes to sample Cherenkov light from single particles having a gamma greater than ~10 was used to achieve accidental rates of less than one per day if operated near targets with surface radiation levels of as high as 10/sup +3/ r/hr. The cosmic ray background measured by the apparatus was reduced to less than one per day by mounting our directional Cherenkov counter above the irradiated targets and facing toward the earth. Two searches of a few days duration, after bombardments at energies of 300 and 400 GeV with >10/sup 16/ protons at NAL, were made in four inch thick targets of aluminum, mounted just down stream from another aluminum target. No long-lived particles were observed with cross sections for production and capture of approximately less than a micro-micro barn in a lifetime range of a few to a few thousand hours. (auth) from the decay of a long-lived intermediate state. (auth)

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A summary of the pressure-temperature phase diagrams of the elements is presented, with graphs of the experimentally determined solid-solid phase boundaries and melting curves. Comments, including theoretical discussion, are provided for each diagram. The crystal structure of each solid phase is identified and discussed. This work is aimed at encouraging further experimental and theoretical research on phase transitions in the elements. (auth)

A number of topics in nonlinear and linear instability theory are covered in this report. The nonlinear saturation of the dissipative trapped electron instability is evaluated and its amplitude compares well with existing experimental observations. The nonlinear saturation of the drift cyclotron loss-cone mode is carried out for a variety of empty loss-cone distributions. The saturation amplitude is predicted to be small and stable. An improved linear theory of the collisionless drift instability in sheared magnetic fields yields the surprising result that no instability occurs for a wide range of parameters. Finally, the bump-on-tail calculation is shown to be unchanged by some recent results of Case and Siewart, and a rough time scale is established for the transition from the O'Neil trapping regime to the final time-asymptotic result.