The main features and operating characteristics of the primary vacuum system of many of the presently operating tokamak devices are presented. Particular attention is paid to the methods used to condition and clean the vessel walls in situ. For the devices discussed, a combination of a high-temperature bakeout and/or discharge cleaning is employed. In addition, discussions of the vacuum systems and wall conditioning methods anticipated for the next generation of tokamaks are presented. Since this report was written during a limited time period, it should be considered as preliminary and is not intended to be a general review. Much of the information that is presented was obtained by private communication and there is no bibliography. This study was initiated to aid in the design of TFTR. As presently envisioned, the TFTR vacuum system and methods for wall conditioning are consistent with what is presently practiced.

Four one-million-gallon underground tanks will be constructed for safe and reliable containment and storage of high-level radioactive wastes. Transfer facilities and encased, insulated, and heat traced piping will provide transport connections to the existing evaporator-crystallizer and storage tank systems. Flushing facilities and associated utilities will be provided for tank farm operation. The tank, pumping, and ventilation equipment and controls will be provided with instrumentation and alarms. Instrumentation will monitor the waste and facilities to detect high temperatures, waste levels, radiation, and process leakages. Gaseous radioactive containment will be provided by the high efficiency ventilation filtration. The tank farm facilities will provide personnel radiation protection.

An appropriate methodology was developed for conducting the mainline activity of the task--a comprehensive survey of near-term (1976--1985) applications for photovoltaic solar energy conversion--and a start was made on the implementation of the methodology. The main emphasis of the first quarter of effort on the task, however, was placed on a quick, preliminary study aimed at the early identification of several promising near-term applications that would make attractive demonstration projects. Four such applications were identified: (a) impressed current corrosion protection of gas well casings, (b) impressed current corrosion protection of gas and oil pipelines, (c) railroad grade crossing signals, and (d) navigation aid buoys. Estimates were made, in each case, of the size of the associated potential market for photovoltaic arrays and of the break-even array price (the array price at which photovoltaic solar energy conversion would be economically competitive with alternative power sources). The estimated market sizes were as high as 1.1 MW/sub pk//yr (in the case of corrosion protection of deep gas wells) and break-even costs ranged from $2/W/sub pk/ to more than $50/W/sub pk/. A start was made on the examination of central station missions for photovoltaic power plants using very high concentration (concentration ratio approx. 1000). …

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Results obtained in the development of a commercial process for waste fixation, waste form characterization, alternative waste fixation processes, and systems safety evaluation are reported. (JSR)

Interviews were held with representatives of major plants and equipment manufacturers to obtain current information on operating experience with dry cooling towers in Europe. The report documents the objectives, background, and organizational details of the study, and presents an itemized account of contacts made to obtain information. Plant selection was based on a merit index involving thermal capacity and length of service. A questionnaire was used to organize operational data, when available, into nine major categories of experience. Information was also solicited concerning the use of codes and standards to ensure the achievement of cooling tower performance. Several plant operators provided finned-tube samples for metallographic analysis. Additionally, information on both operating experience and developing technology was supplied by European technical societies and research establishments. Information obtained from these contacts provides an updated and representative sample of European experience with dry cooling towers, which supplements some of the detailed reviews already available in the literature. In addition, the study presents categorized operating experience with installations which have not been reviewed so extensively, but nevertheless, have significant operational histories when ranked by the merit index. The contacts and interviews reported in the survey occurred between late March and October 1975. The study …

The stability of a periodic magnetic island structure was studied using the ideal MHD equations. An instability is found which describes the tendency toward coalescence of parallel currents in the neighboring islands. It is expected that this instability will proceed at a fast MHD rate as long as the forces driving the instability can overcome the stabilizing forces due to the compression of the magnetic field between the islands. Beyond that phase, resistivity is expected to dominate the tendency toward island coalescence. Island coalescence of this kind can explain why in the observation of tearing mode instabilities in tokamaks, only the modes with minimum values of m and n are seen.

A two-arm ..pi../sub ..mu../sub 2///beam monitor telescope provides one possible means of monitoring pion (P/sub ..pi../ less than 400 MeV/c) beam fluxes to better than 1 percent.

This handbook brings together the most current data on thermodynamic, transport, and mechanical properties of reactor materials (fuel, coolant, structural material) for reactor safety analysis. NSMH (Nuclear Systems Materials Handbook) property code numbers and formats were used. The materials covered are UO/sub 2/, (U, Pu)O/sub 2/, Na, and Types 304 and 316 stainless steels. (DLC)

This project is directed toward development of numerical methods suitable for the computer solution of problems in reactor dynamics and safety. Specific areas of research include methods of integration of the time-dependent diffusion equations by finite difference and finite element methods; representation of reactor properties by various homogenization procedures; application of synthesis methods; and development of response matrix techniques.

Progress is summarized in studies related to thermal analysis for the Vrain reactor, HEXEREI code development, and FLODIS results from the Vrain design basis depressurization accident.

Data from eruption movies are used to construct a budget among various modes of energy transport for the volcano Stromboli. In its normal steady state eruption mode, Stromboli delivers approximately 1.1 MW of power to the surface by energy transport mechanisms other than conduction; conducted heat probably is of the order of 6 mW (for the part of the volcano above sea level). Of this 1.1 mW, approximately 60 percent of the eruption energy is carried in the thermal energy of ejected gas; approximately 20 percent by the thermal energy of ejected lava, and 20 percent by radiative heat transfer from the open vent. Energy transported in kinetic energy of the gas seismic energy and jet noise of acoustical energy is trivial. The probable thermal reserve of Stromboli could be quite large, perhaps sufficient to produce power in the 100- to 1000-MW range provided engineering capability existed to exploit it. The abundance of gas in the eruption medium implies that Stromboli is probably open to sea water. A simple model accounting for the observations and apparent flux of water into the magma yields an average apparent permeability of the volcano in the submicrodarcy range, very low values. These model values …

The Hanford Reservation contains about 2100 wells constructed from pre-Hanford Works to the present. As of Jan. 1976, about 1800 wells still exist, 850 of which were drilled to the groundwater table; 700 still contain water. This report provides the most complete documentation of these wells and supersedes all previous compilations, including BNWL-1739. (DLC)

In initial operation of a new flowsheet for recovery of highly irradiated enriched uranium by solvent extraction with 7.5 vol percent tri-n-butyl phosphate, valence adjustment of plutonium and neptunium with ferrous sulfamate was ineffective; plutonium was not rejected as desired, and neptunium was partially lost to waste. Laboratory studies demonstrated that ferrous sulfamate, added to both the aqueous feed solution and the aqueous scrub stream in the first stage (IAS), was largely destroyed during the relatively long time between preparation and use of these solutions. Radiolysis destroyed the ferrous ion in the feed in a few hours, and nitric acid oxidized much of the ferrous ion in the scrub solution. To achieve the desired neptunium-plutonium separation in plant operation, the process flowsheet was modified as follows: ferrous sulfamate is added to the IAS stream immediately before it enters the mixer-settler, and ferrous fulfamate is not added to the feed solution where it would be destroyed by radiolysis.

The Data Acquisition and Visual Display System (DAVDS) at the Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT) has 742 data channel recording capability of which 576 are recorded digitally. The purpose of this computer program is to graphically present the data acquired and/or processed by the LOFT DAVDS. This program takes specially created plot data buffers of up to 1024 words and generates time history plots on the system electrostatic printer-plotter. The data can be extracted from two system input devices: Magnetic disk or digital magnetic tape. Versatility has been designed in the program by providing the user three methods of scaling plots: Automatic, control record, and manual. Time required to produce a plot on the system electrostatic printer-plotter varies from 30 to 90 seconds depending on the options selected. The basic computer and program details are described.

The basic materials science objectives of the program have been met, and the theory built up over the past years on the properties of rocks and on the design of composite photothermal conversion surfaces has been tested. The major topics have been: (1) Theory of structural phase transitions; (2) Theory of interatomic interactions, with application to defect structures and surface complexes; and (3) Application of the theory of disordered (heterogeneous) materials to the elastic properties of rocks, commercial graphite, and composite solar energy absorbing materials. (WDM)

The effects of radiation and convection on the equilibrium body temperatures of alligators have been determined. Gaping has been shown to be an effective thermoregulatory device for retarding heat gain in the heads of these animals. Initial time dependent experiments have been completed and ketamine hydrochloride has been shown to be an effective anesthetic for alligators. Evaporative water loss rates have been measured as a function of size, temperature and wind speed for the turtle Chrysemys scripta. Convection coefficients have been determined and climate spaces are being formulated. Field studies are under way at the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Convection coefficients for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides change as a function of temperature and water speed. Steady state heat energy budgets have been computed for this fish. The effects of arsenic and temperature on the temperature tolerance of larval muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, have been determined. The thermal tolerances of several species of minnows have also been measured. The role of the skin in the control of evaporation from amphibians and reptiles has been assessed. During the past year one article has been published, two are in press, one is in review, and eight are in preparation. Five masters theses will be …

This manual describes a system which was designed to help conference planners with the record keeping aspect of conference attendance and speaker data.

A program to determine if concrete polymer materials can be utilized as materials of construction in geothermal processes has been in progress since April 1974. Since that time high temperature polymer concrete formulations have been developed, field testing initiated at three geothermal sites, and economic studies started. Work accomplished during the period January 1--March 31, 1976 is described in the current report.

Coastal currents of Lake Michigan were monitored at stations 0.4, 1.1, and 3.8 km from shore along a coast-perpendicular transect located 1 km south of the Wisconsin Electric Power Company's nuclear generating station. Complete specifications are given for current meter calibrations, electronics used, winter and summer mooring configurations, and for the performance of each meter and mooring assembly. Local winds were monitored at the power plant intake using a mechanical, MRI wind system. The following types of graphs are presented for current and wind observations: (1) U, V flow components versus time, (2) specific kinetic energy versus time, (3) flow speeds and directions versus time, (4) composite velocity histograms and associated U, V-component histograms, and (5) progressive vector diagrams. A linear, optimal-filter design technique (Wiener filter) is used to estimate the efficiency of wind-driven, linear, nearshore current-prediction models. The poor predictions of the models probably relate to such factors as lack of input for superimposed lake currents, time-base errors, and wind-stress formulas.

During hydraulic fracturing, seismic signals produced as the fracture grows may be used to determine orientation, size, and shape of the fracture. This seismic signal location program has been written to utilize such signals, along with an experimentally determined seismic velocity model to help determine the fracture orientation, size, and shape.

Mathematical representations for estimating the absorbed radiation dose from external and internal radiation sources of a one-year old and a five-year old human have been designed. The phantoms used consist of head, trunk and leg regions with a skeletal system and twenty-two internal organs, each. The mathematical descriptions of these phantoms have been coded into Fortran computer language for use with a Monte-Carlo photon transport code. This computer code was used to calculate absorbed fractions of energy deposited in different targets organs from a radionuclide deposited uniformly in a source organ. Absorbed dose calculations were performed for two /sup 99m/Tc-labeled pharmaceuticals. Photon absorbed fraction estimates for the pediatric phantoms from Monte-Carlo calculations were combined with biological data to estimate dose distributions in one-year old and five-year old children. (CH)

Differences in neutron fluxes and nuclear reaction rates in a noncircular fusion reactor blanket when analyzed in cylindrical and toroidal geometry are studied using Monte Carlo. The investigation consists of three phases--a one-dimensional calculation using a circular approximation to a hexagonal shaped blanket; a two-dimensional calculation of a hexagonal blanket in an infinite cylinder; and a three-dimensional calculation of the blanket in tori of aspect ratios 3 and 5. The total blanket reaction rate in the two-dimensional model is found to be in good agreement with the circular model. The toroidal calculations reveal large variations in reaction rates at different blanket locations as compared to the hexagonal cylinder model, although the total reaction rate is nearly the same for both models. It is shown that the local perturbations in the toroidal blanket are due mainly to volumetric effects, and can be predicted by modifying the results of the infinite cylinder calculation by simple volume factors dependent on the blanket location and the torus major radius.

If an intense short pulse of megavolt electrons is deposited in a brittle solid, dynamic spalling can be made to occur with removal of material. Experiments were made on several types of hard rock; results are reproducible and well-described theoretically. An accelerator with a rapidly-pulsed scanning electron beam was designed that could tunnel in hard rock about ten times faster than conventional drill/blast methods.