Three papers are included. A separate abstract was prepared for each. (MHR)

A boundary element formulation for planar, time-dependent, inelastic deformation problems for bodies with cutouts is presented in this paper. A stress function description for these nonlinear problems leads to a nonhomogeneous biharmonic equation for the stress function rate. An integral representation of the solution uses modified kernels which guarantee that the cutout boundary is traction free for all time. This incorporation of the effect of the cutout on the stress field into the kernels leads to an accurate determination of stresses in the near field of the cutout. Illustrative analytical examples for circular plates with circular cutouts are presented in this paper. In a companion paper, numerical solutions are presented for problems of finite plates with very narrow elliptic cutouts. These problems are of considerable importance in inelastic fracture.

The project is aimed at understanding wall quenching and other processes responsible for surface generated hydrocarbons in combustion under engine-like conditions. The study concerns the effects of turbulence on the evolution of hydrocarbons. At the conclusion of the program, significant new experimental information will have been generated and an analytical model of the fluid mechanics and some aspects of the chemistry of quenching will be formulated. The work is divided into three tasks: (1) combustion bomb experiments to measure the effect of turbulence on the chemical species near the cold surface; combustion bomb experiments, using a similar turbulence generating device, to fully characterize the flow and turbulence in the vicinity of the quenching surface, and an analytical study to characterize fluid mechanical scales of interest in the boundary layer and to find an analytical solution to describe the evolution of the layer. The major accomplishments to date are (i) demonstration of the feasibility of single shot sampling valve operation and gas analysis in the Ford bomb under laminar combustion conditions, (ii) formulation of design rationale for turbulence generation scheme and bomb geometry, and (iii) formulation of an approach to modeling turbulent boundary layer conditions.

The present work is addressed primarily to the study of the effects of glycol aging at elevated temperatures (above 100/sup 0/C). Glycols are known to be susceptible to thermal decomposition producing new product species which may be aggressive to aluminum. In addition, the possible breakdown of corrosion inhibitors due to long term exposure to high temperature are also investigated. Both uninhibited and inhibited ethylene (as well as propylene) glycols have been aged at temperatures up to 190/sup 0/C for over 2000 h continuously to date. Aliquot samples of each glycol solution tested in this program were taken at 1000 and 2000 h of exposure for chemical analysis and pH measurement. Based on the data obtained so far, solution pH was found to decrease steadily with exposure time. The critical pitting potential of 1100 series aluminum in a 50 vol % aqueous ethylene glycol solution is reported as functions of both temperature and chloride ion concentration. This information is essential in the cathodic protection of pitting corrosion of aluminum.

Information is presented concerning the nuclear steam supply system; reactor core; systems engineering; safety and reliability; and circulator test facility.

Results of a study to identify and evaluate potential public health and safety problems and the potential environmental impacts from recovery of natural gas from Tight Western Sands are reported. A brief discussion of economic and technical constraints to development of this resource is also presented to place the environmental and safety issues in perspective. A description of the resource base, recovery techniques, and possible environmental effects associated with tight gas sands is presented.

Behavioral responses of organisms are often sensitive indicators of changes in the environment over short time frames. The rate of burrowing of Abarenicola pacifica, a lugworm typical of muddy tidal flats, was studied to determine its response to the presence of hydrocarbons in the environment. If a reduction in burrowing rates is reflected in reduced food intake, a decline in nutritional status might be expected. The level of free amino acids in the tissues was examined as a possible indicator of nutritional status. (ACR)

In this Fourth Quarterly/Annual Report submitted under DOE contracts EX-76-C-01-1760 and DE-AC02-79ET10815, the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI) reports on significant activity, task status, planned research, testing, and development, and conclusions for the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Coal-Fired Flow Facility (CFFF) and the Research and Development Laboratory. Work on the CFFF progressed with only minor problems. Total construction activity for all site work presently awarded is nearly 98% complete. Water analysis shows that Woods Reservoir baseline conditions are within EPA or Tennessee drinking water standards. For the primary combustor, the vitiation heater and primary combustor fabrication drawings were completed and the nozzle design was completed. The drum module for the radiant slagging furnace was awarded. On the MHD Power Generator, development continued in several areas of advanced analysis including development of time-dependent models for use with the one-dimensional code. For seed regeneration, the tentative determination is that the Tomlinson Tampella is the most economically viable method. With regard to capped electrode erosion, investigations have shown that the major degradation of the cladding still present is at the leading edge of the capped anode. To alleviate this, plans are to hot work the noble metal in the bending operation. In resolving another …

Several all sputter deposited Cu/sub 2/S/CdS cells have been prepared to date with J/sub SC/ approx. = 3 mA/cm/sup 2/ under simulated AM1 illumination. The best AM1 conversion efficiency obtained is 0.6%. This is shown to be typical of sputtered CdS in Cu/sub 2/S/CdS cells investigated to date. The sputtered Cu/sub 2/S appears to be satisfactory for solar cell applications. Presented evidence indicates that the poor conversion efficiency is due to a low-junction electric field intensity on the CdS side of the heterojunction. A multilayer CdS structure has been developed which may allow the tailoring of the junction electric field intensity to a selected high value to obtain high-junction collection efficiency. Other areas of cell development advances included: (1) determination of effect of Cu cones in Cu/sub 2/S on Cu/sub 2/S/CdS cell performance; (2) solution of CdS pinhole problem; and (3) open circuit voltage improvement by heat treatment.

Over the past several years, Motorola's Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL), has been conducting several projects with goals directed at the production of high quality low cost silicon crystals. One of the projects which is being investigated is the direct purification of MG-Si. A unique characteristic of the approach used by this project is the use of a crystal puller to perform both purification and crystal growth. Sequential steps of purification were taken. By the completion of this series of purification, the purified MG-Si melt will be further purified by impurity redistribution using ingot pulling. The final purified silicon will be in an ingot form of desired dimensions for slicing into silicon sheets. The sequential steps of purification include: (1) leaching of MG-Si charge, (2) phase separation, (3) reactive gas treatment, (4) liquid-liquid extraction (called Slagging), and (5) purification by redistribution of impurities using ingot pulling. Progress on items (1) and (2) is reported. (WHK)

An experimental methane fermentation system was constructed for the purpose of evaluating the processng requirements and conversion efficiencies associated with production of methane from various organic feed stocks. The fermentation reactors had an operating volume 0.775 m/sup 3/. This permitted operation with an approximate continuous feed of milled organics including beef feedlot manure, corn stover, wheat straw and alfalfa hay. A thermochemical pretreatment was applied to the corn stover and wheat straw in order to increase the biodegradability of these substrates. Working with these large units provided sufficient volumes of fermented slurry for evaluation of the dewatering properties of these slurries. Kinetic data were obtained by operating four reactors at different retention times. These data were used to calculate a first order rate constant and the percent of substrate volatile solids that were biodegradable. These data were obtained on beef feed lot manure at 40/sup 0/C and 60/sup 0/C nominal fermentation temperatures. Data from the fermentation of corn stover showed that the biodegradability of the stover volatile solids was only 36 percent at the thermophilic fermentation temperature. The first order rate constant was found to be 0.25 day/sup -1/. Thermochemical pretreatment increased the biodegradability of stover volatile solids to 71 …

This document establishes the basis for collaborative writing of transportable computer programs for x-ray crystallography. The concepts and general-purpose utility subroutines described here can be readily adapted to other scientific calculations. The complete system of crystallographic programs and subroutines is called XTAL and replaces the XRAY (6,7,8) system of programs. The coding language for the XTAL system is RATMAC (5). The XTAL system of programs contains routines for controlling execution of application programs. In this sense it forms a suboperating system that presents the same computational environment to the user and programmer irrespective of the operating system in use at a particular installation. These control routines replace all FORTRAN I/O code, supply character reading and writing, supply binary file reading and writing, serve as a support library for applications programs, and provide for interprogram communication.

Results obtained during the reporting period are presented. The agglomeration of submicron fly ash particles has been studied as a function of sound pressure level, sound frequency, loading, and exposure time. A second generation model of the agglomeration process is being developed. A high-frequency, high-intensity variable speed siren delivering at least 600 W at frequencies up to 4000 Hz has been developed and tested. Details on the design and operation are presented. The agglomeration chamber has been completely cleaned and the aerosol generating system has been rebuilt. A mathematical model of the acoustics of agglomeration is being developed. Preliminary results of computerized electron microscopic scanning of fly ash particles during agglomeration are presented. (DMC)

Fundamental limitations on the performance of Si solar cells are shown to be quite different from those that have been conventionally invoked. Particularly for heavy-doping effects, the usual models are shown to be invalid and a new method is devised for calculating the reverse saturation current of a heavily doped device in which nearly all minority carriers reach the junction (viz., good blue-response). Calculations by the new method show: (1) increased doping above 10/sup 18/cm/sup -3/ does not improve the open-circuit voltage as has been thought, and (2) previous estimates of bandgap varrowing in diffused cells are much too high because of the neglect of Auger recombination effects. Also of importance are the effects of doping gradients and their relation to the properties of the front surface of a diffused-junction cell; experiments are clarifying some of these relations. These experiments have led to a new, simple method of separating the internal optoelectronic properties of a solar cell (or optical detector) from the reflectance properties of the front surface. This method thus provides a direct means of evaluating the effectiveness of antireflection coatings on such devices.

In any nuclear power plant, reactor design and performance are the major determining and driving factors of the plant economic and technical viability. However, the balance-of-plant (BOP) - which includes heat transport and energy conversion systems, plant auxiliary systems, plant electrical system, and structures and facilities - has a major effect on the plant economics. In fact, the BOP can account for as much as 70 to 85 percent of the total plant capital cost and therefore will have a significant impact upon the economic viability of the plant. Further, decisions made in the reactor design can have significant impact on the BOP design. A preconceptual BOP design and an order-of-magnitude cost estimate were developed for the helium cooled TMHR and are described.

It is generally agreed that the most practicable method of isolating nuclear wastes from the biosphere is by deep burial in suitable geologic formations. Such burial achieves a high degree of physical isolation but raises questions concerning the rate at which some of these wastes may return to the biosphere through transport by groundwater. Any suitable repository site will be disturbed first by the excavation of the repository and second by the thermal pulse caused by the radioactive decay of the wastes. To assess the effectiveness of geologic isolation it is necessary to develop the capability of predicting the response of a rock mass to such a thermal pulse. Ultimately, this requires field measurements at depths below surface and in media representative of those likely to be encountered at an actual repository. Access to a granitic rock mass adjacent to a defunct iron ore mine at Stripa in Sweden at a depth of about 350 m below surface has provided a unique opportunity to conduct a comprehensive suite of hydrological and thermo-mechanical experiments under such conditions virtually without delay. The results of these field tests have shown the importance of geologic structure and the functional dependence of the thermo-mechanical properties …

The program consists of six interrelated areas: (1) Reactions of iodine with alkenes and alkynes activated by radiative neutron capture and isomeric transition in low pressure gaseous systems employing additives and rare gas moderators, high pressure, and liquid systems. Special attention was given to the reactivity of excited complex formation and structural effects of electrophilic iodine attack on various pi-bond systems. (2) The gas-to-condensed phase transition in halogen high energy chemistry. Current interest involves the study of caging effects of an ice lattice on recombination reactions involving neutron-irradiated frozen aqueous solutions of halogenated organic and biochemical solutes in order to learn more about kinetic energy effects, halogen size, solute molecule size, steric effects and hydrogen bonding within an ice lattice cage. (3) Systematics of halogen hot atom reactions. The reactions of /sup 80m/Br, /sup 80/Br, /sup 82m/Br + /sup 82/Br, /sup 82/Br, /sup 82/Br, /sup 128/I, /sup 130/I, and /sup 130m/I + /sup 130/I activated by radiative neutron capture or isomeric transition in hydrocarbons and halo-substituted alkanes in low pressure and high pressure gaseous systems employing additives and rare gas moderators are currently being studied. (4) Mathematical and computer simulation studies of caging events within an ice lattice are being …

The status of the engineering and economic feasibility study of utilizing geothermal energy for the mining and processing of tungsten ore at the Union Carbide-Metals Division Pine Creek tungsten complex near Bishop, Calfironia is reviewed. Results of geophysical data analysis including determination of assumed resource parameters are presented. The energy utilization evaluation identifies potential locations for substituting geothermal energy for fossil fuel energy using current technology. Preliminary analyses for local environmental and institutional barriers to development of a geothermal system are also provided.

A brief summary of the biomass liquefaction research programs in the USA is presented. The facilities is Albany, Oregon and at LBL are described and flowcharts are included. The reactions occuring during these processes are explained. Properties of the oil produced are described. (DC)

In Section II, Theoretical Modeling, theories for the capture of electrons by deep centers in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and for field-dependent quantum efficiency in a-Si:H are presented. In Section III, Deposition and Doping Studies, the optimization of phosphorus-doped a-Si:H carried out in four different discharge systems is described. Some details of the dc proximity and rf magnetron discharge systems are also provided. Preliminary mass spectroscopy studies of the rf magnetron discharge in both SiH/sub 4/ and SiF/sub 4/ are presented. In Section IV, Experimental Methods for Characterizing a-Si:H, recent work involving photoluminescence of fluorine-doped a-Si:H, photoconductivity spectra, the photoelectromagnetic effect, the photo-Hall effect and tunneling into a-Si:H is presented. Also, studies of the growth mechanism of Pt adsorbed on both crystalline Si and a-Si:H are described. Measurements of the surface photovoltage have been used to estimate the distribution of surface states of phosphorus-doped and undoped a-Si:H. Section V, Formation of Solar-Cell Structures, contains information on stacked or multiple-junction a-Si:H solar cells. In Section VI, Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Solar-Cell Parameters, an upper limit of approx. = 400 A is established for the hole diffusion length in undoped a-Si:H. A detailed description of carrier generation, recombination and transport in …

This report describes the interactive data acquisition and manipulation program FAWTEK.'The program allows users of the electron beam data acquisition facility to control the R7912 digitizers and to perform a variety of mathematical operations on data arrays. Commands are entered in a high level language via a Tektronix 4010 terminal console. Each command directive and associated parameters is described in detail.

A plasma zero-dimensional model is described and some results obtained to study the initial performance of the ZT-40 experiment are discussed.

Vector Engineering Inc. conducted a safety and hazards analysis of three Rankine Bottoming Cycle Systems in public utility applications: a Thermo Electron system using Fluorinal-85 (a mixture of 85 mole % trifluoroethanol and 15 mole % water) as the working fluid; a Sundstrand system using toluene as the working fluid; and a Mechanical Technology system using steam and Freon-II as the working fluids. The properties of the working fluids considered are flammability, toxicity, and degradation, and the risks to both plant workers and the community at large are analyzed.

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Oil Refit Program provides technical support for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Fuel Oil Conservation Marketing Demonstration Program implemented in several states (designed to accelerate the use of fuel saving devices and systems by homeowners). BNL assisted with the planning and implementation of the marketing and grants option phases for the New York State Pilot Marketing Demonstration Program and is monitoring the results. Additionally BNL planned, and is implementing, the Oil Refit Option Qualification Program involving procedures for evaluating refit options for selection, field testing, and quantifying fuel savings for the purpose of qualifying additional options for use in the DOE state and other marketing programs. The BNL approach for the evaluation of options on a comparative basis is shown and the potential for optimizing fuel savings by combining available single-choice refit options is examined. Also shown are the estimated fuel savings for each option installed.