The electron microscope was used to study the biological processes involved in hydrocarbon production. The little desert shrub Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) was selected for study. This shrub can produce hydrocarbons (rubber) in concentrations up to 1/4 of its dry weight. It grows on semi-arid land and has been extensively studied. The potential of Guayule is described in detail. Results of an investigation into the morphology of Guayule at the electron microscope level are given. Experiments, which would allow the biosynthesis of hydrocarbon in Guayule to be followed, were designed. In order to do this, knowledge of the biochemistry of rubber formation was used to select a tracer, mevalonic acid. Mevalonic acid is the precursor of all the terpenoids, a large class of hydrocarbons which includes rubber. It was found that when high enough concentrations of mevalonic acid are administered to seedling Guayule plants, build-ups of metabolized products are found within the chloroplasts of the seedlings. Also, tritium labeled mevalonic acid was used as a precursor, and its metabolic progress was followed by using the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. The results of these experiments also implicated chloroplasts of the Guayule plant in hydrocarbon production. The final task was the development …

High energy runaway electrons in the Oak Ridge tokamak ORMAK have been investigated through measurement of the bremsstrahlung produced when these electrons leave the discharge and strike the limiting aperture of the torus. The experimental results have been interpreted in terms of a classical single-particle model appropriate for collisionless particles in a tokamak, and it has been found that most of the confinement properties of high energy runaways in ORMAK can be understood on this basis. An experiment designed to directly test this model has disclosed an anomalous transport which has been described by a runaway diffusion coefficient D approximately 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 4/ cm/sup 2//sec appropriate for runaways near the outside of the plasma. A discussion of the possible mechanisms for this anomalous transport is given.

The purpose of this study was to describe and to assess the development, current status, and contributions of Student Foundation programs in institutions of higher education in the United States.

The investigation of two poorly understood but technologically important physical properties of silicate glasses and related materials is described. The use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance to investigate the nature of radiation-induced damage in glasses exposed to a variety of high-energy radiation sources is discussed first. Second, the measurement of the nonlinear index of refraction coefficient in a variety of optical materials related to the design of high-power laser systems is described. The radiation damage investigations rely heavily on the comparison of experimental results for different experimental situations. The comparison of EPR lineshapes, absolute spin densities and power saturation behavior is used to probe a variety of microscopic and macroscopic aspects of radiation damage in glasses. Comparison of radiation damage associated with exposure to gamma rays and fast neutrons (and combinations thereof) are interpreted in terms of the microscopic damage mechanisms which are expected to be associated with the specific radiations. Comparison of radiation damage behavior in different types of glasses is also interpreted in terms of the behavior expected for the specific materials. The body of data which is generated is found to be internally self-consistent and is also generally consistent with the radiation damage behavior expected for specific situations. …

The Eco R1 restriction enzyme can be shown to be inhibited by nucleotides which correspond to any part of its known site of phosphodiesterase activity. A series of di-, tetra-, and hexa-nucleotide fragments were synthesized and their effect on the activity of the enzyme upon superhelical Co1 E1 DNA studied. The inhibition caused by the individual mononucleotides were also studied. In general all the nucleotide fragments showed some form of interaction with the enzyme system. Tetranucleotides were stronger inhibitors than dinucleotides, which in turn were stronger inhibitors than the mononucleotides. Within each category of inhibitors, those containing the phosphodiester bond which is acted upon by the enzyme were the strongest inhibitors. Only those fragments which were consistent with the enzymes site of activity showed competitive inhibition kinetics. Nucleotides which do not fit within the site of phosphodiesterase activity show non-competitive inhibition kinetics.

The design of a crossed molecular beam ''supermachine'' for neutral-- neutral collisions is discussed. The universal electron bombardment ionizer, mass filter, and ion detection system of the detector, the supersonic nozzle sources, the differential pumping arrangement for the sources and detector, the time-of-flight detection of scattered products, and the overall configuration of the apparatus are described. The elastic scattering of two systems, CH$sub 4$ + Ar and NH$sub 3$ + Ar, has been measured using the supermachine with two supersonic nozzle sources. The rainbow structure and the interference oscillations are seen in each system. The best fit to the data was found using a Morse--Spline--Van der Waals (MSV) potential. The three potential parameters epsilon, r/sub m/, and $beta$ were found to be 2.20(+-0.04) x 10$sup -14$ ergs, 3.82(+-0.04)A, and 7.05 +- 0.20 for CH$sub 4$ + Ar, and 2.21(+-0.04) x 10$sup - 14$ ergs 3.93 (+-0.05)A, and 8.45 +- 0.30 for NH$sub 3$ + Ar. A new phenomenon in crossed molecular beams of condensation of a molecule on a cluster to form a complex was observed. A bromine molecule condensed on clusters of chlorine (Cl$sub 2$)/sub chi/ and ammonia (NH$sub 3$)/sub chi/. The value of chi for measurements in these …

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This thesis describes the design, selection and scale model test results of a contour design for a convectively-cooled, ground test nozzle extension which originates at an area ratio of 5:1 (termination point of main nozzle).

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Thesis. Exposure of rats to 700 rads whole-body /sup 60/Co gamma irradiation increased capillary permeabilily by 47% and increased lymph flow by 124% 48 hrs following irradiation, while exposure to 1000 rads caused an increase of capillary permeability of 98%, but did not change lymph flow from control values. The latter result may have been due to the relative dehydration and immobility of the 1000 rad group. Rats drinking large quantities of 5% dextrose + 0.7% NaCl solution did not increase lymph flow measurably above control levels. (CH)

Thesis. The electrical characteristics of In/I/In and In/I/Pb superconducting tunnel junctions have been studied in detail. Since In does not readily form pinhole free oxide layers, a thin insulating dielectric was formed on freshly deposited In film by passing an electric discharge through an atmosphere of fluorocarbon gas. Junctions were then completed by depositing a thin counter electrode of In or Pb. The same process was used to prepare high resistance junctions with Au as the base electrode; these were not however, studied in detail. In/I/In and In/I/Pb junctions were produced with resistances in the range 0.01 ohms to 10/sup 10/ ohms at liquid helium temperatures. Low resistance junctions exhibited nonlinear electrical characteristics associated with good quality oxide'' superconducting junctions including (a) the dc Josephson effcct, (b) quasiparticle tunneling characteristics. (c) phonon structure and (d) inelastic tunneling phenomena. The magnitude of the Josephson current for In/I/In junctions agreed to within a few percent of the value predicted by strong coupling theory. Current voltage (I-V) and first and second derivative curves for In/I/In and In/I/Pb were compared with curves for Al/I/In and Pb/I/Pb junctions. Discrepancies between the characteristics can be, for the most part, explained on the basis of existing theories …

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A theoretical analysis is made of the longitudinal stability of intense beams of charged particles in high energy storage rings. The effect of externally applied radiofrequency fields, i.e., synchrotron oscillations, is included. For electron and positron beams, the damping and quantum excitation due to particle radiation are also included. A criterion for the stability of small longitudinal plasma oscillations is derived and used to obtain the stable size of intense stored beams of electrons and positrons. (auth)

The nature of defects resulting from the implantation of phosphorous ions into doped silicon and a model of how they form are reported. This involved an electron microscope study of the crystallographic defects (in the 300A size range in concentration of 10$sup 15$/cm$sup 3$) that form upon annealing. Images formed by these crystallographic defects are complex and that nonconventional imaging techniques are required for their characterization. The images of these small defects (about 300A) are sensitive to various parameters, such as foil thickness, their position in the foil, and diffracting conditions. The defects were found to be mostly interstitial hexagonal Frank loops lying on the four [111] planes and a few perfect interstitial loops; these loops occurred in concentrations of about 10$sup 16$/cm$sup 3$. In addition, ''rod like'' linear defects that are shown to be interstitial are also found in concentrations of 10$sup 13$/cm$sup 3$. It was found that the linear defects require boron for their formation. A model is proposed to account for the interstitial defects. The number of point defects that make up the defects is of the same order as the number of implanted ions. The model predicts that only interstitial loops ought to be observed in …

An experimental measurement of the spectrum of the submillimeter cosmic background radiation is described. The experiment consists of measuring the night sky emission at an altitude of 39 km, correcting for the atmospheric molecular line emission, and placing limits on the contamination from sources of continuum radiation such as the apparatus itself and the earth. The observations were made on 24 July 1974 using a fully calibrated liquid-helium-cooled balloon- borne spectrophotometer. Important features of the apparatus include a cooled antenna, a polarizing interferometer, and a germanium bolometric detector. The characterization of the spectrophotometer includes the large angle response and emission of the antenna. The calibration of the instrument and corrections to the observed sky spectrum are based on measurements made during the flight. A simple model of the molecular line emission is used to determine the atmospheric contribution. The resulting spectrum covers the frequency range from 4 to 17 cm$sup -1$ and establishes that the cosmic background radiation follows the high frequency quantum cutoff for a 3K blackbody. A blackbody temperature of 2.99/sub -.$sub 14$/$sup +$.$sup 07$/K is deduced from our data. The present status of the cosmic background observations, which span more than three decades in frequency, is analyzed …

The results of a measurement of the $pi$$sup -$p $Yields$ $pi$$sup 0$n and $pi$$sup -$p $Yields$ eta n differential cross sections at six pion beam momenta from 20 to 200 GeV/c are presented. The data for these cross sections were collected at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. A 73.5 x 73.5 cm lead--scintillator hodoscope was used to detect the two photons from the decay of the $pi$$sup 0$ and the eta; all other reactions were eliminated by detection of their charged particles and additional photons in an array of veto counters. The zero-degree charge exchange cross sections determined from these measurements are shown to be consistent with the measured $pi$$sup +$p and $pi$$sup -$p total cross section differences. Effective Regge trajectories for the rho and the A$sub 2$ also extracted from the data. 34 figures, 9 tables. (auth)

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Total cross sections have been measured for protons, deuterons, alphas, and $sup 12$C on hydrogen, deuterium, helium, and carbon targets at 1.55 and 2.89 GeV/c/nucleon using the ''good geometry'' transmission method. In addition, the inelastic cross sections and elastic slope parameters were measured for reactions initiated by deuterons, alphas, and $sup 12$C. The factorization relation sigma/ sub T/(AA) = sigma/sub T/(AB)$sup 2$/sigma/sub T/(BB) is violated for some of these reactions. The results generally agree with Glauber theory predictions except in their detailed energy behavior. It is found that sigma/sub T/ approximately equal to 144 (A/sub T//sup $sup 1$/$sub 3$/ + A/sub P//sup $sup 1$/ $sub 3$/ - 1.48)$sup 2$ and sigma/sub IN/ approximately equal to 78 (A/sub T//sup $sup 1$/$sub 3$/ + A/sub P//sup $sup 1$/$sub 3$/ - 1.25)$sup 2$, where A/sub T/(A/ sub P/) is the atomic mass number of the target (projectile) and the cross sections are given in mb. (auth)

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The purpose of this investigation is to determine the change in characterization that takes place in the works of Emilia Pardo Bazán. Source material include the writings of such critics of Spanish literature as Richard Chandler, Kessel Schwartz, Emiliano Díez-Echarri, José M. Roca Franquesa, Federico C. Saínz de Robles, and José A. Balseiro. Emilia Pardo Bazán wrote a total of twenty novels. From this collection ten were selected which best exemplify the change in characterization in her writings.

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