The work in this task involves the use of composite membranes to remove tritium from contaminated water at DOE sites. Experience with membrane systems in industry indicates that they are inherently energy efficient. Furthermore, membrane technologies such as reverse-osmosis have been well developed for desalination and other industrial/municipal applications. Aromatic polyphosphazenes were chosen as the polymeric material for the membranes being investigated because they have excellent radiological, thermal, and chemical stability. The FY-96 effort is directed toward empirical delineation of a potential mechanism, providing a statistical approach to data acquisition, further mass balance determination, and a preliminary design for the module staged array.

Three volatile nitrogen-containing compounds, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), pyridine and pyrrole, were investigated as potential tracers for determining the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments with smoking. The source emission rates of the three tracers and ten selected VOCs in ETS were first measured in a room-size environmental chamber for a market-weighted selection of six commercial cigarettes. The ratios of the emission rates of the tracers to the emission rates of the selected VOCs were calculated and compared among the six brands. The utility of the tracers was then evaluated in a field study conducted in five office buildings. Samples for VOCs were collected in designated smoking areas and adjoining non-smoking areas, air change rates were measured, and smoking rates were documented. Concentrations of the three tracers in the smoking areas were calculated using a mass-balance model and compared to their measured concentrations. Based on this comparison, 3-EP was selected as the most suitable tracer for the volatile components of ETS, although pyrrole is also potentially useful. Using 3-EP as the tracer, the contributions of ETS to the measured concentrations of the selected VOCs in the smoking areas were estimated by apportionment. …

With the advent of more sophisticated techniques for control of tokamak plasmas comes the requirement for increasingly more accurate models of plasma processes and tokamak systems. Development of accurate models for DIII-D power systems, vessel, and poloidal coils is already complete, while work continues in development of general plasma response modeling techniques. Increased accuracy in estimates of parameters to be controlled is also required. It is important to ensure that errors in supporting systems such as diagnostic and command circuits do not limit the accuracy of plasma parameter estimates or inhibit the ability to derive accurate plasma/tokamak system models. To address this issue, we have developed more formal power systems change control and power system/magnetic diagnostics calibration procedures. This paper discusses our approach to consolidating the tasks in these closely related areas. This includes, for example, defining criteria for when diagnostics should be re-calibrated along with required calibration tolerances, and implementing methods for tracking power systems hardware modifications and the resultant changes to control models.

The contractual work is in three parts: Part I - Effect of rotation on enhanced cooling passage heat transfer, Part II - Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) spallation on surface heat transfer, and Part III - Effect of surface roughness and trailing edge ejection on turbine efficiency under unsteady flow conditions. Each section of this paper has been divided into three parts to individually accommodate each part. Part III is further divided into Parts IIIa and IIIb.

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) has an integrated gasification hot gas cleanup facility to develop gasification, hot particulate and desulfurization process performance data for IGCC systems. The objective of our program is to develop fluidized-bed process performance data for hot gas desulfurization and to further test promising sorbents from lab-scale screening studies at highpressure (300 psia), and temperatures (1,200{degrees}F) using coal-derived fuel gases from a fluid-bed gasifier. The 10-inch inside diameter (ID), nominal 80 lb/hr, air blown gasifier is capable of providing about 300 lb/hr of low BTU gas at 1,000{degrees}F and 425 psig to downstream cleanup devices. The system includes several particle removal stages, which provide the capability to tailor the particle loading to the cleanup section. The gas pressure is reduced to approximately 300 psia and filtered by a candle filter vessel containing up to four filter cartridges. For batch-mode desulfurization test operations, the filtered coal gas is fed to a 6-inch ID, fluid-bed reactor that is preloaded with desulfurization sorbent. Over 400 hours of gasifier operation was logged in 1993 including 384 hours of integration with the cleanup rig. System baseline studies without desulfurization sorbent and repeatability checks with zinc ferrite sorbent were conducted before testing …

The thermographic-phosphor (TP) method can measure temperature, heat flux, strain, and other physical quantities remotely in hostile and/or inaccessible environments such as the first-stage turbine components in turbine engines. It is especially useful in situations in which no other known method works well. This paper is a brief review of engine tests that demonstrated the utility of the TP method. For the most part, the results presented here are discussed only qualitatively. The papers in the bibliography describe these and other experiments and results in detail. The first viewgraph summarizes the many desirable features of the TP method. The second viewgraph describes TPs, and the third summarizes how the TP method works. To measure single-point temperatures in turbine-engine applications, we use the decay-time method, which depends on the fact that the luminescence following an impulse of ultraviolet excitation decays, with a characteristic decay time that. Is a monotonically decreasing function of temperature over some range of temperatures. The viewgraph is a set of calibration curves showing the behavior of some useful emission lines for ten important TPs. Consider Lu PO{sub 4}:Eu as an example. Below the {open_quotes}quenching{close_quotes} temperature near 900 Y, the decay time is nearly constant. Above it, the …

Advanced technologies such as the photoinjector, the short-period microwigglers, and harmonic lasing enable free-electron-laser operation in the infrared with a low-energy ({approximately} 10 MeV) electron beam and thus reduce the size and cost of FELs. The next-generation, rf-linac FEL will fit in a small laboratory and produce high-power, picosecond infrared.

Sunrise is a Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) project started in October 1993. It is intended to be a prototype National Information Infrastructure development project. A main focus of Sunrise is to tie together enabling technologies (networking, object-oriented distributed computing, graphical interfaces, security, multi-media technologies, and data-mining technologies) with several specific applications. A diverse set of application areas was chosen to ensure that the solutions developed in the project are as generic as possible. Some of the application areas are materials modeling, medical records and image analysis, transportation simulations, and K-12 education. This paper provides a description of Sunrise and a view of the architecture and objectives of this evolving project. The primary objectives of Sunrise are three-fold: (1) To develop common information-enabling tools for advanced scientific research and its applications to industry; (2) To enhance the capabilities of important research programs at the Laboratory; (3) To define a new way of collaboration between computer science and industrially-relevant research.

Specular reflection of neutrons or x rays has been developed recently as a tool to probe density variations in the neighborhood of flat interfaces. The techniques have been applied to a variety of materials problems ranging from polymer adsorption to hydrogenation of carbon films and the structure of magnetic multilayers. In addition to the specular scattering, diffuse scattering is often observed, sometimes in strikingly beautiful patterns. This scattering is caused by imperfections such as interfacial roughness or density fluctuations within a layer. As a general rule, the diffuse, off-specular scattering measures the density-density correlation function within and between the interfaces responsible for the specular scattering. Interpretation of diffuse x-ray and neutron scattering from surfaces and interfaces is in its infancy using theoretical schemes that are still being developed. In this talk the author shows examples of diffuse scattering patterns and offers some guidelines for their interpretation.

The design of many devices involves numerical predictions of the material strength and fracture of brittle materials. The materials of interest include ceramics that are used in armor packages; glass that is used in windshields; and rock and concrete that are used in oil wells. As part of a program to develop advanced hydrocode design tools, the authors have implemented a brittle fracture model for glass into the SPHINX smooth particle hydrodynamics code. The authors have evaluated this model and the code by predicting data from tungsten rods impacting glass. Since fractured glass properties, which are needed in the model, are not available, they did sensitivity studies of these properties, as well as sensitivity studies to determine the number of particles needed in the calculations. The numerical results are in good agreement with the data.

During the 1993 AGS heavy ion run, experiment E886 conducted a strangelet search in Au + Pt reactions, with beam momentum of 10.8 GeV/c per nucleon. Presented here are the upper limit for strangelet production, invariant cross sections for p, t, d, {sup 3}He, {sup 4}He, {sup 6}He, {sup 8}He, {sup 6}Li, {sup 7}Li, {sup 8}Li and {sup 7}Be, along with a demonstration of their agreement with a coalescence model fit to data collected by E886 during the 1992 engineering run, and upper limits for production cross sections for other rare objects, such as (H dibaryon)-nucleus systems. All results reported are preliminary.

Peebles has suggested an interesting method to trace back in time positions of galaxies called the least action method. This method applied on the Local Group galaxies seems to indicate that we live in an {Omega} {approx} 0.1 Universe. The authors have studied a cold dark matter (CDM) N-body simulation with {Omega} = 0.2 and H = 50kms{sup {minus}1}/Mpc and compare trajectories traced back from the Least Action Principle and the center of mass of the particle forming CDM halos. They have shown that the agreement between these set of trajectories is at best qualitative. They have also shown that the line of sight peculiar velocities are underestimated. This discrepancy is due to orphans, CDM particles which do not end up in halos. By varying the density parameter {Omega} in the least action principle the authors show that using this method they would underestimate the density of the Universe by a factor of 4-5.

Traditional manufacturing practice has depended upon Statistical Process Control (SPC) to eliminate defects. However, our research demonstrates that these sampling based methods significantly underestimate the tails of a distribution. As a consequence of the limitations of SPC, mistakes require different methods of control to achieve defect rates in the tens of parts per million range. Furthermore, product complexity contributes to defects resulting from both mistakes and excess variation. Correlations between defects and complexity lead to a new opportunity for selecting superior product concepts.

Depleted uranium hexafluoride (UF{sub 6}) at the US Department of Energy`s K-25 Site at Oak Ridge, TN has been stored in large steel cylinders which have undergone significant atmospheric corrosion damage over the last 35 years. A detailed experimental program to characterize and monitor the corrosion damage was initiated in 1992. Large amounts of corrosion scale and deep pits are found to cover cylinder surfaces. Ultrasonic wall thickness measurements have shown uniform corrosion losses up to 20 mils (0.5 mm) and pits up to 100 mils (2.5 mm) deep. Electrical resistance corrosion probes, time-of-wetness sensors and thermocouples have been attached to cylinder bodies. Atmospheric conditions are monitored using rain gauges, relative humidity sensors and thermocouples. Long-term (16 years) data are being obtained from mild steel corrosion coupons on test racks as well as attached directly to cylinder surfaces. Corrosion rates have been found to intimately related to the times-of-wetness, both tending to be higher on cylinder tops due to apparent sheltering effects. Data from the various tests are compared, discrepancies are discussed and a pattern of cylinder corrosion as a function of cylinder position and location is described.

Source size parameters measured via two-particle interferometry in experiment NA44 for 200 GeV/nucleon S+Pb collisions are compared to calculations using the RQMD event generator. Reasonable agreement is found in most cases. The event generator is then used to compare the {open_quotes}true{close_quotes} size of the particle-emitting source to the measured size parameters and to discuss the difficulties in defining the {open_quotes}true{close_quotes} source size.

For the very first time, it has recently proved possible to make a well-motivated, physically plausible, and self-consistent prediction of the Hyades G- and K-dwarf (Li,T{sub eff}) relationship that matches the long-unexplained observations. The method employs the latest Iglesias &, Rogers (OPAL) interior opacities and Alexander surface opacities (whose respective values are now themselves close to empirical predictions or estimates made earlier in this Hyades project), King`s recently discovered [O/Fe] enhancement (another prediction!) and utterly conventional PMS (pre-main-sequence) evolution unaided by arbitrary and ad hoc adjustable parameters. Thus, the following assumptions form a self-consistent set explaining the Hyades G- and K-dwarf (Li,T{sub eff}) observations: (i) Pop. I interior opacities are now essentially correct; (ii) Pop. I surface opacities are now essentially correct; (iii) The Hyades distance is now essentially correct; (iv) The Hyades [Fe/H] and [O/Fe] are now essentially correct, and possible changes in [Ne, Mg., or Si/Fe] are likely to have only a small effect; (v) Convective envelope overshooting is negligible; (vi) Quarreling with the above means finding at least two compensating errors in assumptions (i) through (v).

The Department of Energy (DOE) has successfully performed decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) on many production reactors it. DOE now has the challenge of performing D&D on a wide variety of other nuclear facilities. Because so many facilities are being closed, it is necessary to place many of them into a safe-storage status before conducting D&D-for perhaps as much as 20 yr. The challenge is to achieve this safe-storage condition in a cost-effective manner while remaining in compliance with applicable regulations. The DOE Office of Environmental Management, Office of Transition and Management, commissioned a lessons learned study of commercial experience with safe storage and transition to D&D. Although the majority of the commercial experience has been with reactors, many of the lessons learned presented in this paper are directly applicable to transitioning the DOE Weapons Complex.

The NSLS consists of two storage rings, a booster and a linac. A major upgrade of the control system (installed in 1978) was undertaken and has been completed. The computer architecture is being changed from a three level star-network to a two level distributed system. The microprocessor subsystem, host computer and workstations, communication link and the main software components are being upgraded or replaced. Since the NSLS rings operate twenty four hours a day a year with minimum maintenance time, the key requirement during the upgrade phase is a non-disruptive transition with minimum downtime. Concurrent with the upgrade, some immediate improvements were required. This paper describes the various components of the upgraded system and outlines the future plans.

High current YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{delta}} (YBCO) thick films on flexible nickel substrates with textured buffer layers were deposited by using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). Pulsed laser deposited YBCO films were not only c-axis oriented with respect to the film surface but also strongly in-plane textured. The in-plane mosaic spread of YBCO films was {approximately} 10{degrees}. A critical current density of 8x10{sup 5} A/cm{sup 2} was obtained at 75 K and zero field for thin YBCO films. It was also demonstrated that thick YBCO films with a high critical current and excellent magnetic field dependence at liquid nitrogen temperature can be obtained on flexible nickel substrates by using the textured buffer layers. Issues encountered in producing the films were discussed.

Some recent investigations of the thermal equilibrium properties of kinks in a 1+1-dimensional, classical {phi}{sup 4} field theory are reviewed. The distribution function, kink density, correlation function, and certain thermodynamic quantities were studied both theoretically and via large scale simulations. A simple double Gaussian variational approach within the transfer operator formalism was shown to give good results in the intermediate temperature range where the dilute gas theory is known to fail.

M. Lee`s program RESOLVE has recently been in extensive use at CEBAF to help identify and correct optics problems in recirculation arcs and in linac beamlines encountered during the commissioning of the 4- GeV accelerator. We describe the integration of the program with our machine applications software package. A significant vertical focusing error in one of the recirculation arcs, which is attributed to edge focusing of dipole magnets, was found from the analysis of difference orbit measurement data. A corrective measure has been successfully implemented. Optics checks in the spreader and recombiner regions are discussed along with linac optics and 60Hz jitter. 7 refs., 4 figs.

Successful development of advanced coal-fired power conversion systems often require reliable and efficient cleanup devices which can remove particulate and gaseous pollutants from high-temperature high-pressure gas stream. A novel filtration concept for particulate cleanup has been developed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the U.S. Department of Energy. The filtration system consists of a fine metal screen filter immersed in a fluidized bed of granular material. As the gas stream passes through the fluidized bed, a layer of the bed granular material is entrained and deposited at the screen surface. This material provides a natural granular filter to separate fine particles from the gas stream passing through the bed. Since the filtering media is the granular material supplied by the fluidized bed, the filter is not subjected to blinding like candle filters. Because only the in-flowing gas, not fine particle cohesive forces, maintains the granular layer at the screen surface, once the thickness and permeability of the granular layer is stabilized, it remains unchanged as long as the in-flowing gas flow rate remains constant. The weight of the particles and the turbulent nature of the fluidized bed limits the thickness of the granular layer on the filter leading …

Several members of the Accelerator and Operations Technology (AOT) division beam-diagnostics team performed time-of-flight (TOF) beam-energy measurements in line D of the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) using developmental beam time. These measurements provided information for a final design of an on-line beam energy measurement. The following paper discusses these measurements and how they apply to the final beam energy measurement design.

The conference brought together professionals from the process- engineered-fuels (PEF), utility, paper, plastics, and boiler industries. Although the last two decades have produced technical breakthroughs, efforts to advance PEF must now focus on increasing commercial breakthroughs. Successful commercialization will depend on increasing supplier, consumer, and regulator confidence and support by demonstrating the performance and value of PEF products. Speakers provided updates on how PEF technology is evolving with respect to technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. Actions critical toward full commercialization of PEF were then considered. Discussion groups addressed materials sourcing, fuel processing and transportation, combustion, and ash handling.