Relativistic klystrons are being developed as a power source for high gradient accelerator applications which include large linear electron--positron colliders, compact accelerators, and FEL sources. We have attained 200MW peak power at 11.4 GHz from a relativistic klystron, and 140 MV/m longitudinal gradient in a short 11.4 GHz accelerator section. We report here on the design of our first klystrons, the results of our experiments so far, and some of our plans for the near future. 5 refs., 7 figs.

A simple, nondestructive method to suppress pressure pulses in a fluid-filled piping is theoretically analyzed, and the result provides the basis needed for design and evaluation of a pressure-pulse suppression device based on the proposed theory. The method is based on forming of fluid jets in the event of a pressure surge such that the pulse height as well as the energy of the pulse are reduced. The result for pressure pulses in the range of practical interest shows that a substantial reduction can be attained in the pulse height with accompanied reduction of pulse energy remaining in the system. The analysis also reveals that a certain amount of trade-off exists in the design of the suppression device; a certain level of pulse energy remaining in the system must be accepted in order to limit the pulse height below a certain level and vice versa. 7 refs., 5 figs.

We describe a method and a way of thinking which is ideally suited for the study of systems represented by canonical integrators. Starting with the continuous description provided by the Hamiltonians, we replace it by a succession of preferably canonical maps. The power series representation of these maps can be extracted with a computer implementation of the tools of Non-Standard Analysis and analyzed by the same tools. For a nearly integrable system, we can define a Floquet ring in a way consistent with our needs. Using the finite time maps, the Floquet ring is defined only at the locations s/sub i/ where one perturbs or observes the phase space. At most the total number of locations is equal to the total number of steps of our integrator. We can also produce pseudo-Hamiltonians which describe the motion induced by these maps. 15 refs., 1 fig.

A search for pairs of high p/sub T/ prompt photons produced in hydrogen by a 280 GeV/c incident /pi//sup /minus// beam has been carried out using a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter and the Omega spectrometer at the CERN SPS. Clear evidence for the existence of such events is found with a six standard deviation signal for p/sub T/ > 3.0 GeV/c. The cross sections are consistent with beyond leading order QCD calculations. A discussion on the determination of /alpha//sub s/ is also presented. 18 refs., 7 figs., 7 tabs.

The facilities and projects of the National Tritium Labeling Facility are described. 5 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

The predominant effect of thermal atom irradiation on solid molecules is saturation of their aromatic functions. Only low level of tritium exchange is observed for aliphatic solids. In contrast, liquids whose frozen surface can be rendered somewhat mobile at appropriate temperatures exhibit more exchange than addition. The rank order of effectiveness of several metals in promoting exchange/addition appears similar to the rank order for heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation. 3 refs., 8 figs.

Since October 1983, most of the research in the US on heavy ion fusion (HIF) has been devoted to the physics and technology of the induction linac driver. The economic viability of the method was confirmed in the recent HIF Systems Assessment. Research at Berkeley comprises three experimental activities: the multiple-beam experiment, MBE-4, which accelerates four parallel, separately focused beams of cesium ions from 0.2 to 1 MeV; amplification of the beam power by a factor of nearly 40 is observed; development of a 16-beam, pulsed, 2-MV injector; and a single beam transport experiment (SBTE) for studying collective phenomena in ion beam transport. In addition, a major activity has been the development of a physics and engineering design for a larger experiment to test (in a scaled way) almost all of the manipulations needed in a full-scale driver. A complicating feature in the design is the combining of beams (in sets of four to one); the penalty in collectively enhanced emittance growth must be balanced against the cost savings gained in a driver. 12 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

A simulation code TRACY has been developed for accelerator design and analysis. The code can be used for lattice design work simulation of magnet misalignments, closed orbit calculations and corrections, undulator calculations and particle tracking. TRACY has been used extensively for single particle simulations for the Advanced Light Source (ALS), a 1-2 GeV Synchrotron Radiation Source now under construction at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 9 refs., 2 figs.

The modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) is a 350 MW(t) second generation reactor system design which during normal operation circulates helium with a mixed mean coal and hot temperature of 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/C) and 690/sup 0/C (1270/sup 0/F), respectively. The design incorporates passive design features which allow the plant to be safely shutdown and cooled with no active systems or operator action being required. A key feature of this concept is the capability of the residual heat removal by passive conduction cooldown from the core to the reactor cavity via an uninsulated vessel. The MHTGR uses a number of metallic components. A description of these components and their design requirements are presented in this paper.

Global characteristics of heavy ion collisions at high energy are now understood at some level such that the challenging search for Quark-Gluon plasma signatures becomes of more importance. Some features of pp, pA, and ..cap alpha../ alpha/ interactions at ..sqrt..s less than or equal to 62 GeV are selected to illustrate potential consequences for, and problems of, investigations of the Quark-Gluon plasma. 35 refs., 8 figs.

The research reported here is an investigation of the influence of the mechanically induced martensitic transformation on the fatigue crack growth rate in 304-type steels. The alloys 304L and 304LN were used to test the influence of composition, the testing temperatures 298 K and 77 K were used to study the influence of test temperature, and various load ratios (R) were used to determine the influence of the load ratio. It was found that decreasing the mechanical stability of the austenite by changing composition or lowering temperature decreases the fatigue crack growth rate. The R-ratio effect is more subtle. The fatigue crack growth rate increases with increasing R-ratio, even though this change increases the martensite transformation. Transformation-induced crack closure can explain the results in the threshold regime, but cannot explain the R-ratio effect at higher cyclic stress intensities. 26 refs., 6 figs.

At the present time a Monte Carlo transport computer code is being designed and implemented at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to include the transport of: neutrons, photons, electrons and light charged particles as well as the coupling between all species of particles, e.g., photon induced electron emission. Since this code is being designed to handle all particles this approach is called the ''All Particle Method''. The code is designed as a test bed code to include as many different methods as possible (e.g., electron single or multiple scattering) and will be data driven to minimize the number of methods and models ''hard wired'' into the code. This approach will allow changes in the Livermore nuclear and atomic data bases, used to described the interaction and production of particles, to be used to directly control the execution of the program. In addition this approach will allow the code to be used at various levels of complexity to balance computer running time against the accuracy requirements of specific applications. This paper describes the current design philosophy and status of the code. Since the treatment of neutrons and photons used by the All Particle Method code is more or less conventional, emphasis in …

A new method of calculating total energies of solids using non-local pseudopotentials in conjunction with the variational quantum Monte Carlo approach is presented. By using pseudopotentials, the large fluctuations of the energies in the core region of the atoms which occur in quantum Monte Carlo all-electron schemes are avoided. The method is applied to calculate the cohesive energy and structural properties of diamond and the first ionization energy and electron affinity of the carbon atom. Results are in excellent agreement with experiment. 8 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

Demand of high luminosity in the Tevatron collider in Fermilab makes the small beam emittance coming out of the 8 GeV Booster a highly desirable feature. This is because Booster bunches with small emittance, when eventually coalesced into Main Ring bunches, will ensure a high luminosity in the collider. Efforts have been made to identify factors limiting the phase space density in both transverse and longitudinal dimensions. The experimental result points to space charge induced tune spread at low energy as the main factor limiting the transverse phase space density, and the space charge induced phase space dilution at transition and longitudinal coupled bunch instability as the factors limiting the longitudinal phase space density. To counteract these factors, a set of harmonic correction sextupoles and skew sextupoles were implemented to reduce the third order resonances in the transverse case. In the longitudinal case a ..gamma../sub t/-jump system was implemented to ease the bunch tumbling after transition, and various schemes to damp the longitudinal coupled bunch instability are either implemented or being reviewed. Future plans and efforts will be mentioned briefly at the end of this article. 3 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

The LBL Advanced Light Source (ALS) will be a third generation synchrotron radiation facility. It is based on a low emittance 1--2 GeV electron storage ring (natural radial emittance <10 nm-rad), optimized to produce extremely bright beams of electromagnetic radiation (in the energy range from a few eV to around one keV) from insertion devices known as undulators. The storage ring is fed from an injection system consisting of a 50 MeV linac and a 1.5 GeV, 1 Hz, booster synchrotron, which can fill the ring to its normal operating current (400 mA, multibunch, or 7.6 mA, single bunch) in a few minutes. As well as high brightness (which is a consequence of the very small electron beam emittance in the storage ring), the design emphasizes: picosecond timestructure, laserlike coherence properties, narrow bandwidth, and long beam lifetimes. The more familiar continuous synchrotron radiation spectrum will be available from bending magnets and from wiggler magnets. This paper gives a general description of the ALS and discusses some of the significant design issues associated with the low emittance storage ring that is required for this new facility. 7 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.

The multiple beam accelerator MBE-4 is a device for research toward a heavy ion driver for inertial confinement fusion, based on the induction linac concept. Its main goal is proof of the principle of current amplification by acceleration and controlled self-similar beam pulse compression. Into the 16-m long device four beams, each with an initial current of 10 mA are injected from a Marx-driven diode at 200 keV. The current amplification is up to nine-fold, with a final beam energy of about 800 keV in the middle of the bunch. Now that all the apparatus' accelerator sections have been completed, installed and aligned, and its unaccelerated transport properties have been studied, our experimental research has reached the crucial phase of implementing appropriate accelerator schedules that approximate self-similar current-pulse compression. These schedules are established through a close interplay of computations using a one-dimensional simulation code and a manual empirical tuning procedure. In a first approach, with a rather vigorous schedule that uses most of the accelerator modules to their voltage limits, we have determined the limits of our capability for controlled pulse compression, mainly due to waveform shaping of the driving pulse-forming networks. We shall report on these results. In the …

Plasma erosion and redeposition behavior of selected candidate materials for plasma-facing components in the NET-machine have been investigated using the PISCES-A facility. Materials studied include SiC-impregnated graphite, 2D graphite weaves with and without CVD- SiC coatings, and isotropic graphite. These specimens were exposed to continuous hydrogen or deuterium plasmas under the following conditions: electron temperature range from 5 to 35eV; plasma density range from 5 x 10/sup 11/ to 1 x 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/; flux range from 5 x 10/sup 17/ to 2 x 10/sup 18/ ions cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/; fluence of the order from 10/sup 21/ to 10/sup 22/ ions/cm/sup 2/; bombarding energies of 50 and 100eV; target temperature range from 300 to 1000/degree/C. The erosion yield of SiC-impregnated graphite due to deuterium plasma bombardment is found to be a factor of 2 to 3 less than that of isotropic graphite materials. A further factor of 2-3 reduction in the erosion yield is observed in when redeposition associated with reionization of sputtered particle becomes significant. From postbombardment surface analysis with AES, the surface composition in terms of the Si/C of SiC-impregnated graphite ratio is found to increase from 0.15 to 0.7 after hydrogen plasma bombardment to a …

Deuterium plasma recycling and chemical erosion behavior of selected graphite materials have been investigated using the PISCES-A facility. These materials include: Pyro-graphite; 2D-graphite weave; 4D-graphite weave; and POCO-graphite. Deuterium plasma bombardment conditions are: fluxes around 7 /times/ 10/sup 17/ ions s/sup /minus/1/cm/sup /minus/2/; exposure time in the range from 10 to 100 s; bombarding energy of 300 eV; and graphite temperatures between 20 and 120/degree/C. To reduce deuterium plasma recycling, several approaches have been investigated. Erosion due to high-fluence helium plasma conditioning significantly increases the surface porosity of POCO-graphite and 4D-graphite weave whereas little change for 2D-graphite weave and Pyro-graphite. The increased pore openings and refreshed in-pore surface sites are found to reduce the deuterium plasma recycling and chemical erosion rates at transient stages. The steady state recycling rates for these graphite materials can be also correlated to the surface porosity. Surface topographical modification by machined-grooves noticeably reduces the steady state deuterium recycling rate and the impurity emission from the surface. These surface topography effects are attributed to co-deposition of remitted deuterium, chemically sputtered hydrocarbon and physically sputtered carbon under deuterium plasma bombardment. The co-deposited film is found to have a characteristic surface morphology with dendritic microstructures. 18 ref., 4 …

The current situation concerning supernova simulations and the theory of neutron star structure are studied with respect to what they tell about the equation of state. A new mechanism that could help power supernovae is suggested.

The Fermilab antiprotron Accumulator has been modified for use in a medium energy experiment. The experiment is conducted with circulating antiproton beam of momentum between 6.7 GeV/c and 3.7 GeV/c colliding with protons from an internal gas jet. Antiprotons are accumulated at the normal momentum of 8.9 GeV/c and then decelerated to the appropriate energy. It is necessary to cool the beam continually during the time it is colliding with the gas jet. The experiment requires new provisions for the control of magnet power supplies and low level rf system and modifications of the cooling system and high level energy systems to permit variable energy operation. Transition must be crossed to decelerate the beam below 5 GeV/c; because the deceleration is very slow, transition can not be crossed in a conventional manner. This paper will describe the required changes to the Accumulator and operating experience with protons. 8 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

We present a search for axion production in radiative UPSILON(1S) decays using the Crystal Ball detector. We find no evidence for a signal and give a new upper limit, Br(UPSILON(1S)..-->..a/degree/..gamma..) < 4 /times/ 10/sup /minus/5/, for m/sub a/ < 2m/sub e/. Results from previous axion searches in both the UPSILON and J//psi/ systems are discussed and compared to theoretical predictions.

A wide variety of forces can produce head gradients that drive the flow and advective mixing of internal coral reef pore waters. Oscillatory gradients that produce mixing result from wave and tide action. Sustained gradients result from wave and tide-induced setup and ponding, from currents impinging on the reef structure, from groundwater heads, and from density differenced (temperature or salinity gradients). These gradients and the permeabilities and porosities of reef sediments are such that most macropore environments are dominated by advection rather than diffusion. The various driving forces must be analyzed to determine the individual and combined magnitudes of their effects on a specific reef pore-water system. Pore-water movement controls sediment diagenesis, the exchange of nutrients between sediments and benthos, and coastal/island groundwater resources. Because of the complexity of forcing functions, their interactions with specific local reef environments, experimental studies require careful incorporation of these considerations into their design and interpretation. 8 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

This paper presents a new formulation of a class of nonlinear optimal control problems in which the system's signals are noisy and some system parameters are changing arbitrarily with time. The methodology is validated with an application to a nonlinear nuclear reactor model. A variational technique based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is used to filter the noisy signals, estimate the time-varying parameters, and calculate the optimal controls. The reformulation of the variational technique as an initial value problem allows this microprocessor-based algorithm to perform on-line filtering, parameter tracking, and control.

The electromagnetic interaction needs no introduction as a probe of the structure of systems on many scales. The continued use of this technique dominated the sessions on Electron and Muon Physics at the Samoset Meeting. The experimental results continue to stimulate large numbers of theorists and the results on polarized deep inelastic muon scattering and their various interpretations permeated beyond these sessions. The breadth of physics attacked with electrons and muons makes a summary such as this rather peculiar. As one of my nuclear physics friends (I think) commented after my summary, ''it was interesting to see Nuclear Physics from a long distance with the telescope inverted.'' The comment may well be applied to this written version of the summary talk. 21 refs.