A model-based detector is developed to process shallow water ocean acoustic data. The function of the detector is to adaptively monitor the environment and decide whether or not a change from normal has occurred. Here we develop a processor incorporating both a normal-mode ocean acoustic model and a vertical hydrophone array. The detector is applied to data acquired from the Hudson Canyon experiments at various ranges and its performance is evaluated.

In-situ studies of CO adsorption by surface x-ray scattering (SXS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques are used to create the link between the macroscopic kinetic rates of CO oxidation and the microscopic level of understanding the structure/site occupancy of CO on Pt(111). A remarkable difference in activity was observed between alkaline and acid solutions. In alkaline solution the oxidation of CO proceeds at low overpotential (<0.2 V) by the surface reaction between the adsorbed CO and OH, the latter forming selectively in the hydrogen underpotential potential region at defect sites. In acid solution these sites are blocked by specific adsorption of anions, and consequently in a solution containing Br{sup -} the ignition potential is shifted positively by 0.6 V. Anions of supporting electrolytes also have dramatic effects on both the potential range of stability and the domain size of the p(2x2)-3CO structure which is formed at 0.05 V. The stability/domain size of this structure increases from KOH (ca. 30 {angstrom} between 0.05 < E < 0.3V), to HClO{sub 4} (ca. 140 {angstrom} between 0.05 < E < 0.6V) to HClO{sub 4} + Br{sup -} (ca 350 {angstrom} between 0.05 < E < 0.8V). The larger the ordered domains …

The principle of magnetic induction has been applied to the acceleration of high current beams in betatrons and a variety of induction accelerators. The linear induction accelerator (LIA) consists of a simple nonresonant structure where the drive voltage is applied to an axially symmetric gap that encloses a toroidal ferromagnetic material. The change in flux in the magnetic core induces an axial electric field that provides particle acceleration. This simple nonresonant (low Q) structure acts as a single turn transformer that can accelerate from hundreds of amperes to tens of kiloamperes, basically only limited by the drive impedance. The LIA is typically a low gradient structure that can provide acceleration fields of varying shapes and time durations from tens of nanoseconds to several microseconds. The efficiency of the LIA depends on the beam current and can exceed 50% if the beam current exceeds the magnetization current required by the ferromagnetic material. The acceleration voltage available is simply given by the expression V=A dB/dt. Hence, for a given cross section of material, the beam pulse duration influences the energy gain. Furthermore, a premium is put on minimizing the diameter, which impacts the total weight or cost of the magnetic material. The …

Faced with a downsizing organization, serious budget reductions and retirement of key metrology personnel, maintaining capabilities to provide necessary services to our customers was becoming increasingly difficult. It appeared that the only solution was to automate some of our more personnel-intensive processes; however, it was crucial that the most personnel-intensive candidate process be automated, at the lowest price possible and with the lowest risk of failure. This discussion relates factors in the selection of the Standard Leak Calibration System for automation, the methods of automation used to provide the lowest-cost solution and the benefits realized as a result of the automation.

Mechanisms underlying the differentiation of stable T helper subsets will be important in understanding how discrete types of immunity develop in response to different pathogens. An evolutionarily conserved {approx}400 base pair non-coding sequence in the IL-4/IL-13 intergenic region, designated CNS-1, was deleted in mice. The capacity to develop Th2 cells was compromised in vitro and in vivo in the absence of CNS-1. Despite the profound effect in T cells, mast cells from CNS-1-deleted mice maintained their capacity to produce IL-4. A T cell-specific element critical for optimal expression of type 2 cytokines may represent evolution of a regulatory sequence exploited by adaptive immunity.

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Testing superconducting accelerator magnets is inherently coupled with the proper handling of quenches; i.e., protecting the magnet and characterizing the quench process. Therefore, software implementations must include elements of both data acquisition and real-time controls. The architecture of the quench management software developed at Fermilab's Magnet Test Facility is described. This system consists of quench detection, quench protection, and quench characterization components that execute concurrently in a distributed system. Collaboration between the elements of quench detection, quench characterization and current control are discussed, together with a schema of distributed saving of various quench-related data. Solutions to synchronization and reliability in such a distributed quench system are also presented.

The Learning Objective is to present the basic chemistry research findings to the forensic community regarding development of latent fingerprints using the cyanoacrylate fuming method. Chemical processes involved in the development of latent fingerprints using the cyanoacrylate fuming method have been studied, and will be presented. Two major types of latent prints have been investigated--clean (eccrine) and oily (sebaceous) prints. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used as a tool for determining the morphology of the polymer developed separately on clean and oily prints after cyanoacrylate fuming. A correlation between the chemical composition of an aged latent fingerprint, prior to development, and the quality of a developed fingerprint was observed in the morphology. The moisture in the print prior to fuming was found to be a critical factor for the development of a useful latent print. In addition, the amount of time required to develop a high quality latent print was found to be minimal. The cyanoacrylate polymerization process is extremely rapid. When heat is used to accelerate the fuming process, typically a period of 2 minutes is required to develop the print. The optimum development time is dependent upon the concentration of cyanoacrylate vapors within the enclosure.

This report presents the measurement of charged particle multiplicity densities dN/d{eta} in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions as function of {eta} and the centrality of the collisions. This distributions were extracted from data collected by the BRAHMS collaboration during the first RHK run with gold ions at {radical}s{sub NN} = 130A {center_dot} GeV. The analysis method is described and, results are compared to some model predictions.

Fermilab is developing high field dipole magnets for post-LHC hadron colliders. Several designs with a nominal field of 10-12 T, coil bore size of 40-50 mm based on both shell-type and block-type coil geometry are currently under consideration. This paper presents a new approach to magnet design, based on simple and robust single-layer coils optimized for the maximum field, good field quality and minimum number of turns.

Common coil dipole magnets based on Nb{sub 3}Sn conductor and the React and Wind technology are a promising option for the next generation of hadron colliders. The react and wind technology has potential cost benefits in terms of cable insulation, structural materials and magnet fabrication. A common coil design allows the use of pre-reacted Nb{sub 3}Sn superconductor with low critical current degradation after bending. Fermilab in collaboration with LBNL is involved in the development of a single-layer common-coil dipole magnet with maximum field of 11 T and 40-50 mm aperture, for a future VLHC. The current magnetic and mechanical designs of the dipole model, magnet parameters along with the status of the program, are reported in this paper.

The Learning Objective is to present to the forensic community a potential qualitative/quantitative method for trace-fiber color comparisons using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Developing a means of analyzing extracted dye constituents from millimeter-size nylon fiber samples was the objective of this research initiative. Aside from ascertaining fiber type, color evaluation and source comparison of trace-fiber evidence plays a critical role in forensic-fiber examinations. Literally thousands of dyes exist to date, including both natural and synthetic compounds. Typically a three-color-dye combination is employed to affect a given color on fiber material. The result of this practice leads to a significant number of potential dye combinations capable of producing a similar color and shade. Since a typical forensic fiber sample is 2 mm or less in length, an ideal forensic dye analysis would qualitatively and quantitatively identify the extracted dye constituents from a sample size of 1 mm or smaller. The goal of this research was to develop an analytical method for comparing individual dye constituents from trace-fiber evidence with dyes extracted from a suspected source, while preserving as much of the original evidence as possible.

Superconducting quadrupoles with a field gradient of 400-450 T/m for a future Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) are being studied at Fermilab. To reach the target field gradient in a 40-50 mm aperture, Nb{sub 3}Sn superconductor is used at an operating temperature of 4.2 K. Two cases with different magnet functions, beam separation distances and coil arrangements have been analyzed and optimized in order to provide the required field quality and magnet parameters.

Fermilab is developing high field magnets for a possible future VLHC. The high levels of stored energy in these magnets present significant challenges to the magnet quench protection. Simulation programs have been developed and used to analyze temperature and voltage distributions during a quench and to performed parametric studies on conductor and quench-heater requirements. This paper concludes with a proposal for a set of quench protection parameters for the VLHC magnets.