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Studies involving high temperature desulfurization/regeneration reactions of metal oxides for fuel cell development. Final report
Research conducted at Giner, Inc. during 1981 to 1983 under the present contract has been a continuation of the investigation of a high temperature regenerable desulfurization process capable of reducing the sulfur content in coal gases from 200 ppM to 1 ppM. The overall objective has been the integration of a coal gasifier with a molten carbonate fuel cell, which requires that the sulfur content be below 1 ppM. Commercially available low temperature processes incur an excessive energy penalty. Results obtained with packed-bed and fluidized bed reactors have demonstrated that a CuO/ZnO mixed oxide sorbent is regenerable and capable of lowering the sulfur content (as H/sub 2/S and COS) from 200 ppM in simulated hot coal-derived gases to below 1 ppM level at 600 to 650/sup 0/C. Four potential sorbents (copper, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide and zinc oxide) were initially selected for experimental use in hot regenerable desulfurization in the temperature range 500 to 650/sup 0/C. Based on engineering considerations, such as desulfurization capacity in per weight or volume of sorbents, a coprecipitated CuO/ZnO was selected for further study. A structural reorganization mechanism, unique to mixed oxides, was identified: the creation of relatively fine crystallites of the sulfided components (Cu/sub …
Date:
October 1, 1983
Creator:
Jalan, V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Review of negative ion source technology
H/sup -/ or D/sup -/ ions are required for generating high energy neutral beams in heating fusion plasmas. Two distinct types of H/sup -/ ion sources can be identified: (1) surface sources - in which the H/sup -/ ions are generated by particle collisions with low work function metal surfaces; and (2) volume sources - in which the H/sup -/ ions are produced by electron-molecules and electron-ion collision processes in the volume of a hydrogen discharge. Recent experiments demonstrate that reasonable H/sup -/ ion current density can be obtained from both types of sources. However, further technology must be developed on the control of cesium and the reduction of electron drain before these sources become practical units of a multi-ampere neutral beam injection system.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Leung, K. N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Jets in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation
We have a simple perturbative picture of the production of hadrons from e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilations which works quite well in predicting the main features of this interaction. It explains the magnitude of the total cross-section, the basic two-jet structure, and the final state angular distributions. It is also consistent with our present ideas about the structure of hadronic matter and the requirement that at high enough energies, the corrections due to strong interactions are small and hence treatable in a perturbative sense. We have seen, however, that to progress beyond this point requires a detailed model of fragmentation phenomena and that differences in models prevent us from making clean predictions about QCD. It is therefore important that we continue to study the fragmentation process and try to parameterize it as well as possible. Large amounts of experimental data are now available on this subject, and new tests will become available as experimenters look in more detail at the behavior of quantum number correlations and energy dependent effects. In doing this, it will be important to keep in mind that mass effects can yield significant energy variations in the model parameters. Our eventual goal should be to find ways of …
Date:
October 1, 1983
Creator:
Hollebeek, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Brief summary of staffing levels at Fermilab during initial construction years
This paper very briefly summarizes the work of the various groups that were involved from the beginning through the end of the initial construction phase of the Fermilab project (defined here to be July 1, 1972) and the final construction or completion phase which is here defined as December 31, 1973. The numbers in this report have been gathered by examining the personnel records of Fermilab with the research being done by Chuck Marofske, the Head of Laboratory Services and his staff and by assembling information from the memories of people still with the laboratory in 1983. Since there was much mobility within the laboratory during the construction years and frequent reorganizations were the norm, the numbers presented herein can not be considered to be more accurate than about +- 5%.
Date:
November 1, 1983
Creator:
Livdahl, P.V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
CaO interaction in the staged combustion of coal
The LIMB (limestone injection multi-stage burner) process offers special potential for reducing NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ by at least 50 percent in coal combustion. This is to be accomplished by adding limestone with fuel and/or air in a low NO/sub x/ burner. This program has been directed to defining the chemistry and kinetics necessary to optimize sulfur capture in LIMB combustion. More specifically, this program has attempted to clarify the role of calcium sulfide in LIMB chemistry. When limestone is added in a staged burner, there is a strong possibility that under certain circumstances CaS is produced in the reducing (fuel-rich) zone of the burner. Since CaS is more stable than CaSO/sub 4/, this affords the opportunity to (1) operate the burner at a higher temperature, 2200 to 2500 F, (2) pass the CaS rapidly through the high temperature zone (before dissociation), and (3) complete the combustion in a lean (air-rich) region where the sulfur is finally retained in CaSO/sub 4/. For these reasons this program has concentrated on the high temperature chemistry and kinetics of CaS. To achieve the program objective, the program was divided into three tasks. These involved (1) a study of CaS formation, (2) a …
Date:
December 19, 1983
Creator:
Levy, Arthur; Merryman, Earl L. & Rising, Bruce W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Auger decay mechanism in photon-stimulated desorption of ions from surfaces
Photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) of positive ions was studied with synchrotron radiation using an angle-integrating time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Ion yields as functions of photon energy near core levels were measured from condensed gases, alkali fluorides, and other alkali and alkaline earth halides. These results are compared to bulk photoabsorption measurements with emphasis on understanding fundamental desorption mechanisms. The applicability of the Auger decay mechanism, in which ion desorption is strictly proportional to surface absorption, is discussed in detail. The Auger decay model is developed in detail to describe Na/sup +/ and F/sup +/ desorption from NaF following Na(1s) excitation. The major decay pathways of the Na(1s) hole leading to desorption are described and equations for the energetics of ion desorption are developed. Ion desorption spectra of H/sup +/, Li/sup +/, and F/sup +/ are compared to bulk photoabsorption near the F(2s) and Li(1s) edges of LiF. A strong photon beam exposure dependence of ion yields from alkali fluorides is revealed, which may indicate the predominance of metal ion desorption from defect sites. The large role of indirect mechanisms in ion desorption condensed N/sub 2/-O/sub 2/ multilayers is demonstrated and discussed. Ion desorption spectra from several alkali halides and alkaline earth halides …
Date:
November 1, 1983
Creator:
Parks, C.C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effect of sulfuric acid, oxygen, and hydrogen in high-temperature water on stress corrosion cracking of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel
The influence of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen and dilute sulfuric acid in 289/sup 0/C water on the stress-corrosion-cracking susceptibility of lightly and moderately sensitized Type 304 stainless steel was determined in constant-extension-rate tensile (CERT) tests. The CERT parameters and the fracture surface morphologies were correlated with the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and sulfate, and the electrochemical potentials of platinum and Type 304 stainless steel electrodes in simulated boiling-water reactor (BWR) environments. A particularly high susceptibility to intergranular cracking was found for the steel in the lightly sensitized condition at oxygen concentrations between approx. 0.05 and 0.2 ppM under slightly acidic conditions (pH approx. 6.0 at 25/sup 0/C), which may, in part, account for the pervasive nature of intergranular cracking in BWR piping systems. Scanning-transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed significant differences between samples in the lightly and the moderately sensitized condition with respect to the width, but not the depth, of the chromium-depleted region at the grain boundaries. The addition of 0.5 ppM hydrogen to the water had only a small mitigating effect on intergranular cracking in water containing oxygen and sulfuric acid at low concentrations; however, oxygen suppression to less than or equal to 0.05 ppM in the reactor-coolant water, …
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Ruther, W.E.; Soppet, W.K.; Ayrault, G. & Kassner, T.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Particulate oil shale inhalation and pulmonary inflammatory response in rats
This experiment detrimetal that long-term inhalation of shale dusts by rats elicits a limited inflammatory response in the lung less profound than that observed in animals exposed to equivalent levels of quartz alone. This observation suggests that organic and inorganic constituents of shale may provide a protective effect. The implications for fibrogenic disease are two-fold: (1) inhalation of oil shale dusts appeared to be less detriemtal than the inhalation of quartz along, and (2) there was no apparent synergistic action of quartz and the complex of organic materials present in shale. Animals exposed to shale dusts failed to develop any significant lung lesions, while all of the animals exposed to quartz developed granulomas and some frank fibrosis.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Wilson, J. S.; Holland, L. M.; Halleck, M. S.; Martinez, E. & Saunders, G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some nitrogen-14 NMR studies in solids
The first order quadrupolar perturbation of the /sup 14/N NMR spectrum yields information regarding the static and dynamic properties of the surrounding electronic environment. Signal to noise problems caused by long /sup 14/N longitudinal relaxation times (T/sub 1/) and small equilibrium polarizations are reduced by rotating frame cross polarization (CP) experiments between /sup 14/N and /sup 1/H. Using quadrupolar echo and CP techniques, the /sup 14/N quadrupolar coupling constants (e/sup 2/qQ/h) and asymmetry parameters (eta) have been obtained for a variety of tetraalkylammonium compounds by observation of their quadrupolar powder patterns at various temperatures. For choline chloride and iodide the /sup 14/N NMR powder patterns exhibit the effects of anisotropic molecular motion, while choline bromide spectra show no such effects.
Date:
November 1, 1983
Creator:
Pratum, T. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fabrication and testing of the flexible transmission line to the TFTR neutral beam ion sources
The four Neutral Beam Injectors (NBI) on the TFTR Tokamak Test Cell (TTC) floor require twelve transmission lines to carry arc and filament power to the twelve ion sources from the basement. Also, the Neutral Beam Test Cell (NBTC) requires three lines but on the same floor through a wall. The same basic specifications apply: (1) center bundle operates at 120 kV with respect to the outer cables, (2) filament circuits at 6000 A, (3) arc circuits at 3000 A, (4) gradient grid, (5) accel grids in a quadrupole configuration, (6) multi wire control cable, (7) SF/sub 6/ environment, (7) flexible, (8) 36'' centerline bend radius and (9) hi-pot to 200 kV.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Haughian, J.; Lou, K.; Byrns, R.; Fong, E. & Carrieri, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
NOVA laser facility for inertial confinement fusion
The NOVA laser consists of ten beams, capable of concentrating 100 to 150 kJ of energy (in 3 ns) and 100 to 150 TW of power (in 100 ps) on experimental targets by 1985. NOVA will also be capable of frequency converting the fundamental laser wavelength (1.05 ..mu..m) to its second (0.525 ..mu..m) or third (0.35 ..mu..m) harmonic. This additional capability (80 to 120 kJ at 0.525 ..mu..m, 40 to 70 kJ at 0.35 ..mu..m) was approved by the US Department of Energy (DOE) in April 1982. These shorter wavelengths are much more favorable for ICF target physics. Current construction status of the NOVA facility, intended for completion in the autumn of 1984, will be presented.
Date:
November 30, 1983
Creator:
Simmons, W.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of anelastic relaxations controlled by a spectrum of relaxation times
Anelastic studies, although they have provided an important method for investigating the mobility of point defects in solids, have often been difficult to analyze when a continuous spectra of relaxation times controls the anelastic response. This paper describes a new method for obtaining accurate estimates of relaxation time spectra by direct analysis (without prior assumptions) of the data using a nonlinear regression method. Applications to internal friction and anelastic creep results are described with emphasis upon the internal friction technique. 5 references.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Cost, J.R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnet power control system for the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade
This paper describes the desktop computer/CAMAC-based system that controls the power source for the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) magnet power system. Presently it contains 42 dc rectifier power supplies connected to 24 magnet coils arranged in 17 circuits. During each shot, the system delivers 22.6 MW dc to the magnets for about 3 s. The system is presently being changed to add six power supplies, two solenoidal throttle coils, and two reverse C-coils. When complete, the delivered power will increase to 36.9 MW. The closed-loop control system usually provides current (and thus, magnetic field) that is within 1% of the requested current. Achieving this accuracy required using grounding, shielding, and isolation methods to reduce noise and related problems. These are also discussed.
Date:
November 4, 1983
Creator:
Bell, H.H. Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Emittance growth in the collider arcs due to transverse wakefields
The three main components of the dipole wakefield in the collider arcs are the resistive wall wake due to the finite conductivity of the vacuum chamber wall and the wakes due to discontinuities at the beam position monitors and vacuum chamber bellows. In the first section we estimate the dipole wakefield arising from the resistive wall wake. In the second section results of TBCI calculations of the wakes due to the BPM's and bellows are presented, and compared with the resistive wall calculation. In the final section the total wakefield is used to compute the emittance growth.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Peterson, J. M. & Wilson, P. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Stability of radioactive waste glasses assessed from hydration thermodynamics
Assessment of the geologic performance of radioactive waste glasses requires extrapolation of finite tests to very long times. Hydration thermodynamics provides a means to compare the stability of waste glasses to natural analogues and to ancient synthetic glasses. The glass composition is separated into structural components of known free energy of hydration. These are then summed to provide a discrete measure of the stability of a given glass to aqueous attack. Hydration thermodynamics can be used to extend the results of laboratory tests of Savannah River waste glass to the repository environment. 15 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Plodinec, M. J.; Jantzen, Carol M. & Wicks, George G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Reactor safety research programs. Quarterly report, April-June 1983. Vol. 2
This document summarizes work performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory from April 1 through June 30, 1983, for the Division of Accident Evaluation and the Division of Engineering Technology, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Evaluations of nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques and instrumentation are reported; areas of investigation include demonstrating the feasibility of determining the strength of structural graphite, evaluating the feasibility of detecting and analyzing flaw growth in reactor pressure boundary systems, examining NDE reliability and probabilistic fracture mechanics, and assessing the integrity of pressurized water reactor steam generator tubes where service-induced degradation has been indicated. Experimental data and analytical models are being provided to aid in decision making regarding pipe-to-pipe impacts following postulated breaks in high-energy fluid system piping. Experimental data and validated models are being used to determine a method for evaluating the acceptance of welded or weld-repaired stainless steel piping. Core thermal models are being developed to provide better digital codes to compute the behavior or full-scale reactor systems under postulated accident conditions. High-temperature materials property tests are being conducted to provide data on severe core damage fuel behavior. Severe fuel damage accident tests are being conducted at the NRU reactor, Chalk River, Canada; and an instrumented fuel assembly …
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Edler, S.K. (ed.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
End-crop box counter
A nondestructive assay instrument that measures large quantities of low-enriched uranium metal is described. The assay is based on the spontaneous totals neutron signal.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Sprinkle, J. K. Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Prospects of the surfatron laser plasma accelerator
The surfatron concept is proposed as a possible solution to the problem of staging in the laser-plasma beat wave accelerator scheme. Prospects of a 100 GeV particle accelerator based on the surfatron concept are explored. Finite angle optical mixing appears to be a promising solution for drastically reducing the width of the plane wave, thereby, making the required laser power and the device size realizable for a proof-of-principle experiment. Our conclusions are based mainly on analytical theory and one-dimensional particle simulations.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Katsouleas, T.; Joshi, C.; Mori, W. & Dawson, J.M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Relativistic fluid equations of motion, equilibrium and stability of beams
A general relativistic fluid formulation has been obtained by Siambis. The set of relativistic fluid equations includes a general equation of state. The use of these equations, however, is hampered by the presence of additional fluid variables resulting from relativistic corrections. The systematic expansion and associated nice variables introduced by Newcomb, have been utilized in the formulation of Siambis to yield a compact set of relativistic fluid equations which is the relativistic generalization of the well-known non-relativistic set of fluid equations. Specifically a general relativistic equation of state is obtained, which can be reduced to much simpler forms for specific cases. Equilibrium constraints are obtained and discussed. A stability analysis has been carried out for the two-stream instability including relativistic thermal corrections. A new mode of beam oscillation has been found, the thermal-relativistic mode. This mode is a fast-wave mode and it interacts resonantly, under certain conditions, with the well-known positive energy beam fast wave. 5 refs., 2 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Siambis, J.G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Impact of inservice inspection on the reliability of nuclear piping
The reliability of nuclear piping is a function of piping quality as fabricated, service loadings and environments, plus programs of continuing inspection during operation. This report presents the results of a study of the impact of inservice inspection (ISI) programs on the reliability of specific nuclear piping systems that have actually failed in service. Two major factors are considered in the ISI programs: one is the capability of detecting flaws; the other is the frequency of performing ISI. A probabilistic fracture mechanics model issued to estimate the reliability of two nuclear piping lines over the plant life as functions of the ISI programs. Examples chosen for the study are the PWR feedwater steam generator nozzle cracking incident and the BWR recirculation reactor vessel nozzle safe-end cracking incident.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Woo, H.H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Operational experience with the BNL magnetron H/sup -/ source
A magnetron H/sup -/ source with a grooved cathode has been in operation at the BNL Linac for over 18 months. The source has run at 5 pps with a 600 ..mu..sec pulse width for periods as long as 5 months. Its development and performance will be discussed.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Witkover, R.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy and technology review
Separate abstracts were prepared for three papers in this review. (LEW)
Date:
November 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low-level waste management program and interim waste operations technologies
The Department of Energy currently supports an integrated technology development and transfer program aimed at ensuring that the technology necessary for the safe management and disposal of LLW by the commercial and defense sectors is available. The program focuses on five technical areas: (1) corrective measures technology, (2) improved shallow land burial technology, (3) greater confinement disposal technology, (4) model development and validation, and (5) treatment methods for problem wastes. The results of activities in these areas are reported in the open literature and the Proceedings of the LLWMP Annual Participants Information Meeting.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Mezga, L. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Constraints on stellar evolution from pulsations
Consideration of the many types of intrinsic variable stars, that is, those that pulsate, reveals that perhaps a dozen classes can indicate some constraints that affect the results of stellar evolution calculations, or some interpretations of observations. Many of these constraints are not very strong or may not even be well defined yet. In this review we discuss only the case for six classes: classical Cepheids with their measured Wesselink radii, the observed surface effective temperatures of the known eleven double-mode Cepheids, the pulsation periods and measured surface effective temperatures of three R CrB variables, the delta Scuti variable VZ Cnc with a very large ratio of its two observed periods, the nonradial oscillations of our sun, and the period ratios of the newly discovered double-mode RR Lyrae variables. Unfortunately, the present state of knowledge about the exact compositions; mass loss and its dependence on the mass, radius, luminosity, and composition; ;and internal mixing processes, as well as sometimes the more basic parameters such as luminosities and surface effective temperatures prevent us from applying strong constraints for every case where currently the possibility exists.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Cox, A. N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library