The linear-geometry magnetic confinement concept is among the oldest used in the study of high-temperature plasmas. However, it has generally been discounted as a suitable approach for demonstrating controlled thermonuclear fusion because rapid losses from the plasma column ends necessitate very long devices. Further, the losses and how to overcome them have not yet received parametric experimental study, nor do facilities exist with which such definitive experiments could be performed. Nonetheless, the important positive attribute, simplicity, together with the appearance of several ideas for reducing end losses have provided motivation for continued research on linear magnetic fusion (LMF). These motivations led to the LMF workshop, held in Seattle, March 9--11, 1977, which explored the potential of LMF as an alternate approach to fusion. A broad range of LMF aspects were addressed, including radial and axial losses, stability and equilibrium, heating, technology, and reactor considerations. The conclusions drawn at the workshop are summarized.

The experimental effort on this program has concentrated thus far on Na/SiCl/sub 4/ and K/SiCl/sub 4/ opposed jet diffusion flames in an evacuated reaction vessel; both reactants are supplied as vapors. The flames are self-igniting, fast burning and intensely chemiluminescent. Solid reaction products have been collected, separated by simple washing, and some preliminary analyses performed which indicate that the concentrations of most impurities in the reagents are reduced during the course of the Si formation process. The chemiluminescence is being characterized spectroscopically. The products of reaction are all solids and appear as a mixture of brown (amorphous Si) and white (KCl) powders. Microscopic examination of the unwashed products reveals what seem to be agglomerates of Si particles with less than 1 ..mu..m diam. Washing with slightly acidic water easily removes the KCl. A tubular reactor for the preparation of larger quantities of products and possibly their separation via differential deposition is now being built. Provision is also being made for the addition of hot H/sub 2//Ar diluents and variable flow rates and pressures in this reactor.

The development of equipment and processes to produce single crystal solar silicon by a continuous Czochralski method was studied. ''Continuous'' is defined as the ability to produce 100 kilograms of crystal from only one melt container. The equipment to be used is a Hamco CG2000 Production Crystal Grower. Certain modifications will be made to the grower to enable periodic replenishment of silicon into the crucible and removal of grown crystals. The crystal grower was constructed and installed in a separate room designated and prepared for the project. It was adapted with a modified throat, a vacuum-tight isolation valve, an enlarged pull chamber to hold a supply of poly material, and a modified automatic diameter control (ADC) optical system. It was fully tested and made ready for trial runs. Designs are under way for other modifications to the equipment, including a recharge system, a polysilicon attachment device, and a modified bead-chain pull mechanism capable of pulling and simultaneously weighing a 30 to 40 Kg growing crystal. An economic model was developed for batch CZ as a base-line reference, and for two methods of continuous CZ. Preliminary analysis indicates a cost (value added by crystal growth) of approximately $13 to $17 per …

An experimental arrangement consisting of an ultrahigh vacuum bell jar equipped with an internal sample isolation cell was used to investigate the hydrogenation of CO over Fe and Rh surfaces. This apparatus permitted both UHV surface characterization (Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction) and high pressure (1-20 atm) catalytic reactions to be carried out. Small surface area (approximately 1 cm/sup 2/) metal samples, both single crystals and polycrystalline foils, were used to catalyze the H/sub 2//CO reaction at high pressures (1-6 atm). Reaction products were monitored with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. The surface compositions of the metal samples were determined before and after the reaction and the results correlated with the observed product distributions and reaction rates. In addition, the influence of various surface additives (carbon, oxygen, potassium) was also investigated. Iron was the more reactive of the two metals studied and was found to produce C/sub 1/-C/sub 5/ straight chain hydrocarbons but it poisoned rapidly. The catalytically active surface of both metals was covered with a carbonaceous monolayer. The carbonaceous monolayer was stable on the rhodium surface and produced C/sub 1/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons at a steady rate even after several hours of reaction. The …

Four appendices are included. The first covers applications of low-temperature geothermal energy including industrial processes, agricultural and related processes, district heating and cooling, and miscellaneous. The second discusses hydrogeologic factors affecting the design and construction of low-temperature geothermal wells: water quality, withdrawal rate, water depth, water temperature, basic well designs, and hydrogeologic provinces. In the third appendix, properties of metallic and nonmetallic materials are described, including: specific gravity, mechanical strength properties, resistance to physical and biological attack, thermal properties of nonmetallics, fluid flow characteristics, corrosion resistance, scaling resistance, weathering resistance of nonmetallics, and hydrolysis resistance of nonmetallics. Finally, special considerations in the design and construction of low-temperature geothermal wells using nonmetallics materials are covered. These include; drilling methods, joining methods, methods of casing and screen installation, well cementing, and well development. (MHR)

An analytical technique has been developed that predicts the amount of warpage that metal reflective mirrors sustain due to various support and load conditions. The laser fusion project being conducted at LASL requires that metal reflective optics be fabricated by diamond turning. The diamond-turning process imposes some unusual loading conditions which result in mirror warpage. The finite-element method is used to compute mirror surface displacements resulting from these support and load conditions. Surface warpage is then determined by a best-fit comparison of these data to the desired surface contour. The technique is not limited to diamond turning, but can be used to predict warpage from a variety of loading conditions placed on the mirrors.

This report characterizes the computation systems capabilities at Sandia Laboratories. Selected applications of these capabilities are presented to illustrate the extent to which they can be applied in research and development programs. 9 figures.

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The purpose of this manual is to serve as a guide for persons using these techniques in water quality studies and as a written record of the methods used in this laboratory at this time. It is anticipated that the manual will be updated frequently as new methods are added and the present ones are further refined. The present methods are all used routinely and have been in regular use for a year or longer. This manual is specifically written as a guide for the collection and analysis of lake water samples from the Laurentian Great Lakes. However, all of the analytical methods are easily adapted for laboratory culture or small lake studies. The descriptions contained in this manual are designed primarily as users guides oriented to the equipment available at the Great Lakes Research Division, and as most of the methods are taken from the literature, the reader is referred to the original articles for a more detailed discussion of the methods.

Acoustic emission was monitored during plastic deformation under dead-weight tensile loading of polycrystalline aluminum, brass, copper, and steel. The acoustic emission data, both threshold-type and frequency-analysis type, were correlated with yield strength, stored elastic energy, strain hardening parameters, loading histories, diffusion processes, slip band motion and mosaic cell size. Major results are presented under the headings discontinuous yielding (Portevin--Le Chatelier Effect), parabolic strain hardening, and frequency analysis. The principal experimental techniques are also summarized. (auth)

The status of fission product plateout studies at General Atomic is reviewed and suggestions are offered for future work. The deposition, or plateout, of condensible radionuclides in the primary circuits of gas-cooled reactors affects shielding requirements, maintenance procedures, and plant availability as well as representing a significant radiological source and/or sink for certain hypothetical accidents. Physical models and computer codes used to describe these plateout phenomena for reactor analysis are presented along with their limitations and possible refinements. The review includes portions of the recent AIPA study which sought to quantify the effects of uncertainties in input parameters on plateout code predictions. Major emphasis is placed upon the design methods verification program to assess the validity of plateout predictions by comparison of calculated behavior with experimental transport data.

This paper presents and compares the design and fabrication of the FFTF and CRBRP reactor structures which support and restrain the reactor core assemblies. The fabrication of the core support structure (CSS) for the FFTF reactor was completed October 1972 and this paper discusses how the fabrication problems encountered with the FFTF were avoided in the subsequent design of the CRBR CSS. The radial core restraint structure of the FFTF was designed and fabricated such that an active system could replace the present passive system which is segmented and relies on the CSS core barrel for total structure integrity to maintain core geometry. The CRBR core restraint structure is designed for passive restraint only, and this paper discusses how the combined strengths of the restraint structure former rings and the CSS core barrel are utilized to maintain core geometry. Whereas the CSS for the FFTF interfaces directly with the reactor core assemblies, the CRBR CSS does not. A comparison is made on how intermediate structures in CRBR (inlet modules) provide the necessary design interfaces for supporting and providing flow distribution to the reactor core assemblies. A discussion is given on how the CRBR CSS satisfied the design requirements of the …

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A study of the relation between SO/sub 2/ and smoke-shade in the surface air of New York City and deaths resulting from respiratory and heart diseases is discussed. The need to use data from a number of sampling stations in any epidemiological study on the health effects of air pollutants is stressed. It is pointed out that the complicated effects of weather on the environmental transport of air pollutants and the variations in statistical methods used may lead to eronious conclusions as to the cause of deaths.

Progress is reported by the divisions of chemical sciences, metallurgy and materials science, and process sciences. a separate abstract was prepared for each division. (DLC)

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The assessment is based on the estimation of the fusion device plasma properties using a simple point model, on general energy balance considerations for hybrid reactors for power generation, and on the estimation of expected performance of a specific type of hybrid reactor-a natural uranium fueled, light water moderated breeding hybrid power reactor driven by a semi-catalyzed deuterium fusion neutron source. Beam-driven semi-catalyzed deuterium and D-T fusion devices for hybrid power reactor applications are compared, and potential advantages of the former are identified. It is found that the plant efficiency of hybrid power reactors driven by a semi-catalyzed deuterium neutron source might exceed that attainable with a D-T neutron source when the fraction of the fusion neutrons that reach the blanket is smaller than about 0.8. A beam-driven deuterium fusion device can be operated in the semi-catalyzed mode and provide an intense source of neutrons even for plasma electron temperatures as low as 5 keV. Such a fusion neutron source might be useful for experimental facilities.

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in unirradiated recrystallized Zircaloy-4 internally pressurized tubing specimens in atmospheres containing iodine vapor, cesium, or combinations of iodine and cesium is evaluated experimentally in terms of the effects of internal surface flaw morphology, iodine and cesium concentrations, tubing hydrogen content, test temperature, and test atmosphere water vapor content on the time to failure. The iodine vapor SCC data are analyzed in the framework of a fracture mechanics model. Expressions are developed which relate the iodine SCC threshold stress and lifetime for stresses above threshold to temperature, iodine concentration, and surface flaw geometry.

The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. In turn, this demonstration plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an Ocean Thermal Power Plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the demonstration plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibilty studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report contains appendices on the developed computer models, water system dynamic studies, miscellaneous performance analysis, materials and processes, detailed equipment lists, turbine design studies, tube cleaner design, ammonia leak detection, …

Research is presented concerning iodide stress corrosion cracking of zircaloy, self-diffusion of oxygen in hypostoichiometric urania, surface chemistry of epitaxial silicon deposition by thermal cracking of silane, kinetics of laser pulse vaporization of UO/sub 2/, gas laser model for laser induced evaporation, solubility of hydrogen in uranium dioxide, thermal gradient migration of metallic inclusions in UO/sub 2/, molecular beam studies of atomic hydrogen reduction of oxides, and thermal gradient brine-inclusion migration in salt. (FS)

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An engineering assessment was performed of the problems resulting from the existence of radioactive uranium sand residues at the Lowman, Idaho site. Services included the preparation of topographic maps, the performance of core drillings and radiometric measurements sufficient to determine areas and volumes of tailings and other radium-contaminated materials, the evaluation of resulting investigation of site hydrology and meteorology, and the evaluation and costing of alternative corrective actions. Radon gas release from the 90,000 tons of sand residues at the Lowman site constitutes the most significant environmental impact, although external gamma radiation is also a factor. The two alternative actions presented are dike construction, fencing, and maintenance; and consolidation of the piles, addition of a 2-ft-thick stabilization cover, and on-site cleanup. Both options include remedial action at off-site structures. Cost estimates for the two options are $393,000 and $590,000.

A fuel element size reduction system has been designed for the ''cold'' pilot-scale plant for an HTGR Fuel Reference Recycle Facility. This report describes in detail the present design.