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1,365 Matching Results
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Survivability of ancient man-made earthen mounds: implications for uranium mill tailings impoundments
As part of a study for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is investigating long-term stabilization techniques for uranium mill impoundments. Part of this investigation involves the design of a rock armoring blanket (riprap) to mitigate wind and water erosion of the underlying soil cover, which in turn prevents exposure of the tailings to the environment. However, the need for the armoring blanket, as well as the blanket's effectiveness, depends on the stability of the underlying soil cap (radon suppression cover) and on the tailings themselves. Compelling evidence in archaeological records suggests that large man-made earthen structures can remain sound and intact for time periods comparable to those required for the stabilization of the tailings piles if properly constructed. We present archaeological evidence on the existence and survivability of man-made earthen and rock structures through specific examples of such structures from around the world. We also review factors contributing to their survival or destruction and address the influence of climate, building materials, and construction techniques on survivability.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Lindsey, C. G.; Mishima, J.; King, S. E. & Walters, W. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cost of high field Nb/sub 3/Sn and Nb-Ti accelerator dipole magnets
Future high-energy proton accelerators will likely require very high magnetic fields if the size of the accelerator and associated experimental areas are to be limited to dimensions that can be accommodated by the terrain at convenient sites. For example, the circumference of a 20 TeV, 10 T accelerator will be about 60 km. Two commercially available superconductors can be used to produce fields of 10 T or greater. The first is Nb/sub 3/Sn, which can operate in pool boiling helium at 4.4 K, the second is Nb-Ti, which must be cooled to about 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In this paper the costs of 7 to 11 T, 5 cm bore, 6 m long magnets made of these materials are compared. At 10 T the capital cost of Nb-Ti coils operating in superfluid helium is 35% less than the cost of Nb/sub 3/Sn coils and the cost is still 10% less after the differential operating costs over the life of the accelerator are included. 10 references, 11 figures, 16 tables.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Hassenzahl, W.V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurements of the emittance and current density profile of the beam produced by the ATA injector
Measurements of the normalized emittance of the beam produced by the Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) injector yielded values near 0.4 Radian-Centimeters at currents up to 10 kAmps. The instrument was also used to obtain beam-current-density profiles in two dimensions at the entrance mask of the instrument.
Date:
June 27, 1983
Creator:
Fessenden, T.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Methods for deconvoluting and interpreting complex gamma- and x-ray spectral regions
Germanium and silicon detectors are now widely used for the detection and measurement of x and gamma radiation. However, some analysis situations and spectral regions have heretofore been too complex to deconvolute and interpret by techniques in general use. One example is the L x-ray spectrum of an element taken with a Ge or Si detector. This paper describes some new tools and methods that were developed to analyze complex spectral regions; they are illustrated with examples.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Gunnink, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of potential geothermal reservoirs in central and western New York State. Volume 3. Final report
Computer processed geophysical well logs from central and western New York State were analysed to evaluate the potential of subsurface formations as a source for low-temperature geothermal water. The analysis indicated that porous sandstone sections at the top of the Ordovician Theresa Formation and at the base of the Cambrian Potsdam Formation have the required depth, porosity, and permeability to act as a source for geothermal fluids over a relatively large area in the central part of the state. The fluid potential plus an advantageous geothermal gradient and the results of the test well drilled in the city of Auburn in Cayuga County suggest that low temperature geothermal energy may ba a viable alternative to other more conventional forms of energy that not indigenous to New York State.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transformation characteristics of LaV/sub x/Nb/sub 1-x/O/sub 4/ compounds
X-ray diffractometry measurements were made as a function of temperature on a series of polycrystalline LaV/sub x/Nb/sub 1-x/O/sub 4/ compounds (0 < x < 0.3) to determine the effect of V substitutions on the temperature of the monoclinic/tetragonal transformation. The purpose was to provide basic information relating to crystal lattice stability in ABO/sub 4/ compounds that are either candidates or are appropriate models for candidate materials for hosting nuclear-waste ions. Partial substitution of V/sup 5 +/ on the Nb/sup 5 +/ site significantly lowers the tetragonal scheelite (I4/sub 1//a) to monoclinic fergusonite (I2/c) transformation, from 770/sup 0/K in LaNbO/sub 4/ to approximately 215/sup 0/K for LaV/sub 0/ /sub 25/Nb/sub 0/ /sub 75/O/sub 4/ (the solubility limit is close to x = 0.35). The transformation is displacive, of second order, involving two coupled order parameters. Heat capacity measurements on LaV/sub 0/ /sub 25/Nb/sub 0/ /sub 75/O/sub 4/ showed that the specific heat anamoly at the transformation point is extremely small. It is concluded that the two polymorphic forms of LaV/sub x/Nb/sub 1-x/O/sub 4/ have very nearly the same free energies over a substantial range of temperature below the transformation.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Nevitt, M. V. & Aldred, A. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of the home-energy-rating concept and the Massachusetts Pilot Project
This is a report on the results of an evaluation of a home-energy-rating concept based on a Massachusetts pilot project. The focus of the evaluation was on: (1) the compatibility of the Massachusetts rating with the RCS program, (2) who would use the rating and how, (3) qualitative estimates of benefits and costs, and (4) recommendations for further use and testing of the rating. In addition the evaluation of the rating concept also attempted to determine what if any effect the home energy rating has on the demand for energy audits, on the propensity of customers who received ratings to undertake recommended energy-efficiency home improvements, and on changes in mortgage-lending procedures for energy-efficient homes. The evaluation consisted of telephone and in-person discussions with the project developers, the various professional user groups, the recipients of the energy ratings, and control groups of audit customers that did not receive the energy rating. The evaluation was designed to determine the results of the pilot project, assess the project's effectiveness, and analyze the potential for transferring the rating procedure to other geographic locations.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Frankel, M.L. & Duberg, J.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Systems study of the feasibility of high-level nuclear waste fractionation for thermal stress control in a geologic repository: appendices
This study assesses the benefits and costs of fractionating the cesium and strontium (Cs/Sr) components in commercial high-level waste (HLW) to a separate waste stream for the purpose of reducing geologic-repository thermal stresses in the region of the HLW. The major conclusion is that the Cs/Sr fractionation concept offers the prospect of a substantial total system cost advantage for HLW disposal if reduced HLW package temperatures in a basalt repository are desired. However there is no cost advantage if currently designated maximum design temperatures are acceptable. Aging the HLW for 50 to 100 years can accomplish similar results at equivalent or lower costs. Volume II contains appendices for: (1) thermal analysis supplement; (2) fractionation process experimental results supplement; (3) cost analysis supplement; and (4) radiological risk analysis supplement.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
McKee, R.W.; Elder, H. K.; McCallum, R.F.; Silviera, D.J.; Swanson, J.L. & Wiles, L.E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Central and eastern United States: basic data for thermal springs and wells as recorded in GEOTHERM
The GEOTHERM sample file contains 119 records for the central and eastern United States. The records contain data on location, sample description, analysis type, collection condition, flow rates, and the chemical and physical properties of the fluid. Stable and radioisotopic data are occasionally available. 7 refs. (ACR)
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Bliss, J. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Optical and magnetic properties of uranium and neptunium borohydrides and tetrakismethylborohydrides
The optical and magnetic properties of M(BH/sub 3/R)/sub 4/ (M = U, Np; R = H, CH/sub 3/) have been determined and the data fit with the parameters of an empirical Hamiltonian. Reasonable fits to the optical data are obtained, but in order to fit the magnetic susceptibility and EPR data, orbitual reduction factors of approx. 0.8 to 0.9 must be used.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Rajnak, K.; Gamp, E.; Banks, R.; Shinomoto, R. & Edelstein, N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer Performance and Calibration Studies
from Introduction: The measurement accuracy of the optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is restricted in some applications by a limited operational dynamic range and by a lack of standardized test procedures. In an effort to better understand these restrictions, we have measured the range of linearity of some avalanche photodiodes used as backscatter detectors. Also, the effect of input launch conditions is examined and a possible standardized OTDR test procedure is proposed. Using these suggestions, we have made comparisons between attenuation values determined by cutback and backscatter methods and found that good agreement is possible. Finally, some methods are described for checking the response. linearity of OTDR systems.
Date:
June 1983
Creator:
Danielson, B. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermal release of volatile fission products from irradiated nuclear fuel
An effective procedure for removing /sup 3/H, Xe and Kr from irradiated fuels was demonstrated using Shippingport UO/sub 2/ fuel. The release characteristics of /sup 3/H, Kr, Xe, and I from irradiated nuclear fuel have been determined as a function of temperature and gaseous environment. Vacuum outgassing and a flowing gas stream have been used to vary the gaseous environment. Vacuum outgassing released about 99% of the /sup 3/H and 20% of both Kr and Xe within a 3 h at 1500/sup 0/C. Similar results were obtained using a carrier gas of He containing 6% H/sub 2/. However, a carrier gas containing only He resulted in the release of approximately 80% of the /sup 3/H and 99% of both Kr and Xe. These results indicate that the release of these volatile fission products from irradiated nuclear fuel is a function of the chemical composition of the gaseous environment. The rate of tritium release increased with increasing temperature (1100 to 1500/sup 0/C) and with the addition of hydrogen to the gas stream. Using crushed UO/sub 2/ fuel without cladding and He as the carrier gas, Kr was completely released at 1500/sup 0/C in 2.5 h. Below 1350/sup 0/C, no Kr-Xe release …
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Bray, L.A.; Burger, L.L.; Morgan, L.G. & Baldwin, D.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Pumped-limiter study for Alcator DCT
A study was performed for a pumped-limiter design for the proposed Alcator DCT device. The study focused on reactor-relevant issues. The main issues examined were configuration, surface erosion, thermal hydraulics, and the choice of structural and surface materials. A bottom, flat limiter, with a copper-alloy substrate, seems to be a reasonable design and should provide an opportunity to test high power and particle loadings. Carbon is recommended as a surface material if acceptable redeposition properties can be demonstrated.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Brooks, J. N.; Mattas, R. F.; Cha, Y. S.; Hassanein, A. M. & Majumdar, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-charge-state ion sources
Sources of high charge state positive ions have uses in a variety of research fields. For heavy ion particle accelerators higher charge state particles give greater acceleration per gap and greater bending strength in a magnet. Thus higher energies can be obtained from circular accelerators of a given size, and linear accelerators can be designed with higher energy gain per length using higher charge state ions. In atomic physics the many atomic transitions in highly charged ions supplies a wealth of spectroscopy data. High charge state ion beams are also used for charge exchange and crossed beam experiments. High charge state ion sources are reviewed. (WHK)
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Clark, D. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium in power-plant cooling systems: Phase 1. Final report
A survey was undertaken of the distribution, density, viability, and infectivity of Legionnaires' Disease Bacteria (Legionella) in power plant cooling systems. Water samples were collected during each of the four seasons at various locations within each of nine power plants and from ambient waters at each site. Measurements of a number of physical and chemical characteristics were made, and Legionella profiles (density, viability, and infectivity for guinea pigs) were obtained. Legionella were detected in nearly all samples. Water from closed-cycle cooling systems frequently had lower densities of Legionella than the ambient water. Nonetheless, infectious Legionella, as defined by their isolation from inoculated guinea pigs, were significantly more likely to be found in samples from the plant-exposed water of closed-cycle plants than in samples from once-through plants or in ambient samples. A new species (L. oakridgensis) was initially isolated from two of the sites, and it has since been found to have a widespread distribution. Two other organisms found to cause illness in guinea pigs may also be new species. Phase II of the project involves investigating possible cause/effect relationships between physicochemical variables and Legionella. This work may contribute toward eventual control techniques for this pathogen.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Christensen, S.W.; Solomon, J.A.; Gough, S.B.; Tyndall, R.L. & Fliermans, C.B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tracer surface diffusion on UO/sub 2/
Surface diffusion on UO/sub 2/ was measured by the spreading of U-234 tracer on the surface of a duplex diffusion couple consisting of wafers of depleted and enriched UO/sub 2/ joined by a bond of uranium metal.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Zhou, S.Y. & Olander, D.R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Synthesis and Characterization of Several Molybdenum Chloride Cluster Compounds
Investigation into the direct synthesis of Mo/sub 4/Cl/sub 8/(P(C/sub 2/H/sub 5/)/sub 3/)/sub 4/ from Mo/sub 2/(OAc)/sub 4/ led to a synthetic procedure that produces yields greater than 80%. The single-crystal structure disclosed a planar rectangular cluster of molybdenum atoms. Metal-metal bond distances suggest that the long edges of the rectangular cluster should be considered to be single bonds and the short metal-metal bonds to be triple bonds. This view is reinforced by an extended Hueckel calculation. Attempts to add a metal atom to Mo/sub 4/Cl/sub 8/(PR/sub 3/)/sub 4/ to form Mo/sub 5/Cl/sub 10/(PR/sub 3/)/sub 3/ led instead to a compound with the composition Mo/sub 8/Cl/sub 16/(PR/sub 3/)/sub 4/. Solution and reflectance uv-visible spectra and x-ray photoelectron spectra suggest that tetranuclear molybdenum units are present. The facile reaction between Mo/sub 8/Cl/sub 16/(PR/sub 3/)/sub 4/ and PR/sub 3/ imply that the linkage between tetrameric units is weak.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Beers, William Winder
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Photovoltaic-module bypass-diode encapsulation. Annual report
The design and processing techniques necessary to incorporate bypass diodes within the module encapsulant are presented in this annual report. A comprehensive survey of available pad-mounted PN junction and Schottky diodes led to the selection of Semicon PN junction diode cells for this application. Diode junction-to-heat spreader thermal resistance measurements, performed on a variety of mounted diode chip types and sizes, have yielded values which are consistently below 1/sup 0/C per watt, but show some instability when thermally cycled over the temperature range from -40 to 150/sup 0/C. Based on the results of a detailed thermal analysis, which covered the range of bypass currents from 2 to 20 amperes, three representative experimental modules, each incorporating integral bypass diode/heat spreader assemblies of various sizes, were designed and fabricated. Thermal testing of these modules has enabled the formation of a recommended heat spreader plate sizing relationship. The production cost of three encapsulated bypass diode/heat spreader assemblies were compared with similarly rated externally-mounted packaged diodes. An assessment of bypass diode reliability, which relies heavily on rectifying diode failure rate data, leads to the general conclusion that, when proper designed and installed, these devices will improve the overall reliability of a terrestrial array over …
Date:
June 20, 1983
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Planning study, resin and debris removal system. Three Mile Island nuclear station unit 2 make-up and purification demineralizers
Various methods were evaluated to remove the resin and debris from the makeup and purification demineralizers. There are two preferred concepts. The existing waste disposal system should be utilized if some contamination of currently clean lines is acceptable. A skid mounted, temporary, upflow/downflow system should be utilized if the demineralizers and associated piping are to be cleaned to the maximum extent practicable with minimum contamination of the existing system. Both methods provide for removal of complex organic compounds from the effluent and elution of cesium from the resin. The resin and debris will be diluted with concrete to be disposed of in accordance with 10CFR61 burial limits.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Renkey, E. J. & Jenkins, W. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conceptual waste package interim product specifications and data requirements for disposal of borosilicate glass defense high-level waste forms in salt geologic repositories
The conceptual waste package interim product specifications and data requirements presented are applicable specifically to the normal borosilicate glass product of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). They provide preliminary numerical values for the defense high-level waste form parameters and properties identified in the waste form performance specification for geologic isolation in salt repositories. Subject areas treated include containment and isolation, operational period safety, criticality control, waste form/production canister identification, and waste package performance testing requirements. This document was generated for use in the development of conceptual waste package designs in salt. It will be revised as additional data, analyses, and regulatory requirements become available.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Algae from the arid southwestern United States: an annotated bibliography
Desert algae are attractive biomass producers for capturing solar energy through photosynthesis of organic matter. They are probably capable of higher yields and efficiencies of light utilization than higher plants, and are already adapted to extremes of sunlight intensity, salinity and temperature such as are found in the desert. This report consists of an annotated bibliography of the literature on algae from the arid southwestern United States. It was prepared in anticipation of efforts to isolate desert algae and study their yields in the laboratory. These steps are necessary prior to setting up outdoor algal culture ponds. Desert areas are attractive for such applications because land, sunlight, and, to some extent, water resources are abundant there. References are sorted by state.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Thomas, W. H. & Gaines, S. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
X-ray microscopy using grazing-incidence reflections optics
The role of Kirkpatrick-Baez microscopes as the workhorse of the x-ray imaging devices is discussed. This role is being extended with the development of a 22X magnification Kirkpatrick-Baez x-ray microscope with multilayer x-ray mirrors. These mirrors can operate at large angles, high x-ray energies, and have a narrow, well defined x-ray energy bandpass. This will make them useful for numerous experiments. However, where a large solid angle is needed, the Woelter microscope will still be necessary and the technology needed to build them will be useful for many other types of x-ray optics.
Date:
June 30, 1983
Creator:
Price, R.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fueling of fusion devices by pellet injection: development in the USA
A comprehensive review of the pellet injector program is given. Some operational basics and future prospects of light gas guns, centrifugal techniques, and railgun accelerators are discussed. (MOW)
Date:
June 14, 1983
Creator:
Hendricks, C.D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-ramp-rate transient performance of EBR-II metallic driver fuel
The metallic driver fuel of EBR-II has just successfully undergone extensive repeated-power-transient testing. This was a major step in preparation for testing oxide fuel to 15% and 60% overpower conditions at power increase rates from 1 to 10% per second. These most recent high-ramp-rate whole-core transients culminate qualification of the driver fuel which has included steady-state and low-ramp-rate transient operation. The next step will be in-core fuel-cladding penetration testing to verify the safety margin for anticipated and unlikely reactor transient events.
Date:
June 1, 1983
Creator:
Seidel, B.R. & Hemsley, E.K.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library