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Study of reduction of accessory horsepower requirements. Sixth quarterly progress report
The objective of this program is to evolve and define an accessory drive system that will minimize system power consumption of driven accessories on an internal combustion engine in a passenger automobile. The initial program phases established concept feasibility, determined potential fuel savings, and selected a drive system design for concept mechanization. The present Phase IV carries the program through prototype fabrication and bench, engine, and vehicle tests. The final program objective is a detail drive system design and a demonstrated overall vehicle fuel savings potential. The major technical accomplishments during this reporting period were: hydromechanical and mechanical variable-ratio belt drive fabrications completed; compact vehicle fuel economy analysis completed; initial engine check runs for both drive systems were completed; mechanical drive system development and performance mapping was initiated; hydromechanical drive system development tests and modifications were initiated; the hydromechanical drive system installation into the test vehicle was completed; the engine/dynamometer test rig, including accessory load simulators, was completed; and the basic test vehicle instrumentation was completed. (LCL)
Date:
January 30, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radiological and Environmental Research Division ecological annual report, January-December 1975. [Transuranium elements, plutonium]
The report includes 31 papers describing projects of the division. Of interest are the studies of plutonium and other transuranic elements in the Great Lakes and in the drainage basin of the Greater Miami River in Ohio. Emphasis has been placed upon attempts to understand the biogeochemical behavior of plutonium and other transuranic elements in the environment. A new program is described which examines the potential effects on aquatic ecosystems of pollutants related to nonnuclear energy conversion. Experiments designed to determine the hydrodynamic properties of waterborne particulates are included. A listing of publications by the staff of the section is given.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
BASEMENT BOX 67.0367
Photograph taken during daylight of construction equipment dismantling the remains of a building damaged after a fire. Caption: "Cleanup continues at the site of the Carpet Warehouse fire in Frederick last week."
Date:
January 26, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Southwest Retort, Volume 28, Number 5, January 1976
This publication of the Dallas-Fort Worth Section of the American Chemical Society includes information about research, prominent scientist, organizational business, and various other stories of interest to the community.
Date:
January 1976
Creator:
American Chemical Society. Dallas/Fort Worth Section.
Object Type:
Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement of y-Distributions for High Energy Antineutrino Scattering in Hydrogen-Neon
Distributions in the scaling variable y are presented based on a study of approximately 700 antineutrino events in the energy range 10-200 GeV obtained using the Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber filled with a light Hydrogen-Neon mixture. The distributions are inconsistent with a (1 -y){sup 2} form predicted by the simple quark parton model of the nucleon without antiquarks, but can be well fitted assuming a relative antiquark contribution of (10 {+-} 5)%. For small values of the Bjorken scaling variable (x < 0.1) the y-distribution can be well fitted assuming a relative antiquark contribution of (20 {+-} 5)%. For events at small x in the energy range 30-200 GeV the y-distribution is in good agreement with the results reported by the HPWF group.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Berge, J. P.; DiBianca, F. A.; Hanft, R.; Nezrick, F. A.; Scott, W. G.; Smart, Wesley M. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Molecular Mechanisms of Scale Deposition
Scales do not develop equally on different substrates, even when bulk physicochemical conditions are the same. The reason for these differential developments, one must presume, are due to subtle features of the near-surface region, either composition or structure. They intend to focus their studies on the structural aspects, including concerns about the molecular structures of solvated components that may be involved with the surface reactions. This approach is richly mechanistic in outlook. It involves concepts of stereo constraints on the chemical processes by which solutes exchange atoms or electrons with substrates. These constraints are a consequence of the more or less regular pattern of electropotential that exists at a crystalline surface. In principle, the electropotential pattern can be manipulated either through the substrate (more precisely by selecting or designing substrates that have desirable patterns) or through the components in the near-surface liquid which modify the basic substrate-induced patterns there.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Michels, Donald E. & Keiser, Dennis D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Problems of Silica Scaling at Cerro Prieto Geothrmal Power Station
In the Cerro Prieto Geothermal field, where the predominant fluid in the reservoir is water, they have had problems with silica and other deposits in the first exploration wells as well as in production wells. Scaling problems have also been encountered in silencers, cyclone separators, drains, water pipes, etc. Some scale problems have also been encountered in the turbine blades of the geothermal electric plant. Most of these problems have been solved by corrective procedures which, in some cases, have turned into routine. Scale deposition is a problem that certainly diminishes the useful capacity of geothermal fluids with water predominance, but it does not actually endanger the installations, since this problem is under control.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Mercado, S. & Guiza, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary conceptual design of commercial geopressured geothermal fuel plants
Previous feasibility studies Bechtel (1975), TRW (1975) for electric power generation utilizing geothermal resources have tended to focus primarily on the power plant and have neglected the fuel production and effluent disposal facilities. The Dow Chemical USA study (1974) for the Governor's Energy Advisory Council, State of Texas, placed equal emphasis on the power plant and the fuel plant. The study reported in Chapter II and in what follows in this chapter, also places equal emphasis on the two types of facilities. It is important that the fuel plant, the well field, the fuel processing plant, and the effluent disposal facility be the subject of a preliminary conceptual design and costing activity so that economic and net energetics analysis can be performed. The activity also serves to assess technological maturity of the fuel plant and to identify technical problems requiring further study. The resource considered was the model resource outlined in Sectio B, Chapter II. Fuel plants were outlined for three power generation plants: single-stage flash steam, two-stage flash steam, and propane secondary working fluid plant.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef, Erdos; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary Conceptual Design of Commercial Geopressured Geothermal Electricity Generation Plants
The geopressured geothermal resource is an unproven, poorly characterized resource. For this reason, detailed designs of utilization facilities are neither desired nor justifiable at this time. However, an overall preliminary design study, the purpose of which is to establish a baseline for technical, net energetic, and economic assessment, is justified. Clearly, if overwhelming technical, net energetic, or economic problems can be identified during the basic planning phase for a project, then plans for eliminating or mitigating those problems must be incorporated into the basic project plan or the project should be terminated. Definition of a model resource based upon existing resource assessment data was essential in order to reduce the quantity of parametric studies to an absolute minimum. Once the model resource was characterized, then the potential conversion system alternatives were reduced to those which were sufficiently technologically mature and which were suited for the model resource. Two such conversion systems were considered appropriate -- the flash steam and secondary working fluid cycles. Preliminary conceptual design studies of these electric generation plants were preformed by two subcontractors. Brown and Root, Inc. studied the secondary working fluid plant, and Dow Chemical USA, Texas Division, studied the flash steam plant.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef, Erdos; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Brine disposal
Two issues pervade all of geothermal fluids utilization--the resource and the economics of producing and utilizing it and the effluent and the economics of disposing of it in an environmentally acceptable manner. Clearly, the resource must be available; its availability, however, will not be attractive unless the effluents can be disposed of economically. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the accumulated evidence concerning disposal alternatives from the standpoint of technology, economics, and the environment. It is an interesting commentary on our technical and philosophical outlook that brine disposal has heretofore received dramatically less attention from the geothermal industry than has resource assessment and production. Although the Texas project has also tended to be similarly inclined, work, of which this chapter is a brief survey, is now underway in an attempt to balance the scale.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computational methods for estimating precipitation from geothermal brines
Laboratory experiments using Salton Sea Geothermal Field brines at elevated temperatures are costly, time-consuming, and potentially difficult to perform. The LLL Geothermal Program is therefore also attempting to predict equilibria in the SSGF brines by computation. Two approaches to this problem are being taken. Modeling of chemical reactions in the brines is being carried out using the Helgeson-Herrick (HH) code. In addition, the precipitation of many solids is being studied individually using effective activity coefficients which take chloride complexing into account. The results of both methods are consistent with one another in predicting precipitation behavior in the temperature range 100-300 C. For example, results for Sinclair No. 4 brines at 200 C indicate that at low pH, SiO{sub 2}, MnO{sub 2}, and Fe silicates precipitate. As pH increases, Cu and Fe sulfides, Fe silicates and Fe oxides also precipitate. For the San Diego Gas and Electric Magmamax brine at 200 C, the HH code predicts results quite similar to those described above for the Sinclair No. 4 brine with one notable exception, PbS precipitated at pH greater than 4.0. This correlates with observations on the scale examined from the San Diego Gas and Electric test site.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Jackson, D.; Piwinskii, A. J. & Miller, D. G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Brown and Root, Inc. report, Appendix A
Bown & Root will define the requirements for commercial electric-power generation, using U.S. Gulf Coast geopressured geothermal fluids as fuel. These commercialization requirements shall then be translated into the data and technology requirements which are either available or which a pilot plant and laboratory (test bed) facility will need to provide. From these considerations will evolve a recommendation with respect to the necessity for a pilot plant and laboratory facility and, if necessity is established, a preliminary conceputal design for the facilities.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Summary and recommendations
The broad scope of the studies reported here requires a summary and an appraisal of results. Some of the results appear not to be in agreement with one another while the full consequences of other results appear not to fully impact the total picture. Some results tend to point to conclustions at variance with yet other conclusions. Hence, the following is as much a comparison and contrast and an appraisal as a summary.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical controls on the Opal-A to Opal-CT Transformation
Since early Paleozoic the major mechanisms of silica precipitation at ordinary temperatures and pressures is biochemical. other mechanisms are: adsorption, organo-silicon complexing, evaporation or cooling of silica-rich waters (with subsequent precipitation), and neutralization of strongly alkaline solutions. Evidence from deep-sea sediments supports the following diagenetic sequence Opal-A (siliceous oozes) {yields} Opal-CT (porcelanite) {yields} chalcedony or cryptocrystalline quartz (chert) {yields} mega-quartz (chert). A solution and precipitation mechanism is involved in the above first two transformations. Exceptions to the overall maturation sequence are numerous, suggesting that temperature (burial depth) and time are not the only important factors that control the transformation of Opal-A to Opal-CT. The kinetics of the above transformations are strongly affected by the composition of the host sediments; in clayey sediments Opal-CT (porcelanite) predominates while in carbonate sediments quartz (chert) predominates. There is no simple way to relate either the crystalline state of silica or the texture of porcelanite and chert horizons to the age of surrounding sediments.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Kastner, M. & Keene, J.B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies on the Ionization Equilibria of Silicic Acid and Polysilicate Equilibria in High Temperature Brines
Relatively high concentrations of silica sometimes occur in hydrothermal waters with polymerization and precipitation upon cooling. In slightly basic solutions silicic acid ionizes to form monosilicates and sometimes polysilicates. The ionization behavior and polysilicate formation are best studied by precise potentiometry using cells such as were developed at ORNL in programs supported by the Division of Physical Research of ERDA. they have nearly completed the experimental part of a detailed study of some of these equilibria using titration techniques in a hydrogen-electrode concentration cell to examine polysilicate formation in 1 m NaCl solutions at temperatures from 60 to 290 C and at Si(IV) concentrations 0.005 m to 0.05 m. At the lowest concentration only mononuclear species occur over wide temperature and pH ranges. At hydroxyl numbers from about 0.6 to 1.0 (average charge-per-silicon) small polysilicates which equilibrate rapidly occur at higher Si(IV) concentrations. A re-examination of the early work of Ingri at 25 C is described as well as conclusions regarding the most probable formulas of the polysilicates in the basic solutions.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Mesmer, R.E. & Busey, R.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Progress Report Processing of Hypersaline Brine
There are several known areas in the Imperial Valley of California where geothermal brines having probable commercial value exist. The main ones being considered today are the Niland area, Heber area, East Mesa, and North Brawley. The bottom-hole temperatures and salinity of the brines from the different areas show wide variation. The highest bottom-hole temperatures and highest salinity so far known are found in the Niland area. This area covers the largest areas of proven ground so far known in this vicinity. This is the area considered as producing the Hypersaline Brines.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Hutchinson, A.J.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Primary variables which cause some common scales in saline water systems
The ERDA Energy Research Center in Bartlesville, Okla., has studied the primary variables that can cause scales to form in oilfield water systems and to relate how similar scales could form in a geothermal brine system. Most of the variables contribute in the formation of more than one type of scale. The common scales, with special emphasis on barium sulfate, and silica scales, is discussed. There are many scales that can form from water systems; however, in saline oilfield water systems the common scales are few. These common scales are calcite (CaCO{sub 3}), gypsum (CaSO{sub 4} {center_dot} 2H{sub 2}O), anhydrite (CaSO{sub 4}), strontium sulfate (SrSO{sub 4}), ferrous carbonate (FeCO{sub 3}), ferrous sulfide (FeS), ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH){sub 2}), ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH){sub 3}), and ferric oxide (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}). In saline geothermal water systems, scales form which often are mixtures of nearly amorphous clay minerals of the chlorite or serpentine families, {alpha}-quartz, chert (microcrystalline quartz) and anhydrite. The primary variables that cause, or prevent, scale formation are temperature, total dissolved salts, pH, pressure, partial pressure of CO{sub 2}, dissolved gases, and corrosion.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Collins, A.Gene
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The development of liquid-fluidized bed heat exchangers for controlliing the deposition of scale in geothermal applications
Geothermal energy development has been slowed by the problem of scale formation on heat transfer surfaces. This is the case either in converting to electrical energy by using a secondary cycle, or in transferring heat for industrial processes. The object of the program is to develop an economically competitive heat exchanger in which scale formation on heat transfer surfaces is controlled. Experiments conducted several years ago at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory indicated that heat transfer coefficients between surfaces and a liquid fluidized bed were higher than when no bed was present. These same beds prevented deposition on cold surfaces near saturated solutions. These observations led to the suggestion that a fluidized bed heat exchanger could be developed which would prevent the usual deposition of scale from geothermal brines when cooled.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Allen, C. A.; Grimmett, E. S. & McAtee, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Technology maturity and technology development
All of the work reported in the preceding chapters was performed in order to assess the technical, economic, and energetic feasibility of proceeding with more detailed studies of the geopressured geothermal resource. The preliminary conceptual design and costing activities represented the prime activity for component by component review of the maturity of the technology available for resource utilization facilities. The economics and energetics studies focussed attentions on the areas of major capital and energy investment; these results comprise a useful guide for focussing design in order to reduce initial and operations and maintenance costs and/or investment. The following presents a discussion of the primary technical problems identified.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Ground water survey of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain
The purpose of this investigation is to determine the availability of ground-water resources of the Gulf Coast Region, Texas, with particular reference to the sources of water suitable for the development of geothermal energy utilization for generation of electric power. For this purpose the availability of water resources is important for heat rejection. The expected characteristics of the geopressured geothermal resource (lower temperatures) will result in low cycle efficiencies and hence large quantities of heat for rejection. Water resources will be very important, therefore, if evaporative cooling towers are to be used.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Underhill, Gary K.; Carlson, Ronald A.; Clendinning, William A.; Erdos, Jozsef; Gault, John; Hall, James W. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Kinetics of Quartz Dissolution and Precipitation
Silica precipitation in geothermal power plants and in reservoir formations is considered to be a potential problem area in the successful development of geothermal power from liquid dominated resources. In order to gain insight into the significance of this problem and to estimate the rates of precipitation of silica under varying conditions, a literature review and evaluation was made. Data on the kinetics of quartz dissolution and precipitation in water was fitted to an expression derived from absolute rate theory, assuming that the mechanism could be represented by the equation: SiO{sub 2} + 2H{sub 2}O = Si(OH){sub 4}.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Apps, J. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 68, No. 2, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 8, 1976
Weekly newspaper from Tulia, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Date:
January 8, 1976
Creator:
Baggarly, H. M.
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 68, No. 1, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 1, 1976
Weekly newspaper from Tulia, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Date:
January 1, 1976
Creator:
Baggarly, H. M.
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 68, No. 5, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 29, 1976
Weekly newspaper from Tulia, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Date:
January 29, 1976
Creator:
Baggarly, H. M.
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History