Utilization of electric arc steel making has allowed many smaller producers to compete with the large mills. An electric arc furnace (EAF) melts scrap metal to produce a variety of steel products. Using scrap as the metal source is less costly than refining from ores, but the metal is of a lower quality due to impurities in the scrap. Over the years, methods have been developed to improve EAF metal quality and reduce the cost of production. As a result, an increasing share of total steel production is shifting to EAFs. By recent estimates, EAF production is growing at a rate of about 10% per year, and currently accounts for nearly one half of all US steel production (US Department of Energy and Electric Power Research Institute Project 2787-2, 1987). The subject of this report is Scrap Preheating, a new method of preheating scrap metal before it is charged into an EAF. In scrap preheating, a portion of the energy is supplied in a separate vessel, causing the EAF to use less energy, which shortens the heating time. The general effect is that the arc furnace can produce more steel in a given time at a reduced cost per ton …

In this paper we synopsize the status of the engineering operation of MST, plasma parameters, and fluctuation studies. Somewhat more detail on the machine design is reported in Appendix A, initial results through November 1989 are reported in Appendix B, and information on diagnostic status is reported in Chapter VI.

From 24-29 October 1984 a visit was made to the LEP project at CERN with a view to extracting from the LEP planning and experience what might be useful in planning an SSC. With a circumference of 26.7 km, in a reasonably densely-populated area outside the boundaries of the CERN site, LEP already faces most of the problems of environment, public relations, maintenance and operation that will be faced by an SSC project. Information is presented under the headings of: (1) radiation protection; (2) heating, ventilation, and airconditioning; (3) electrical power distribution; (4) LEP experiments/UA1, UA2; (5) civil; (6) infrastructure installation; (7) survey; (8) safety; and (9) LEP controls. Each report lists the CERN individuals who generously provided their insights and help.

We evaluated covariances in the neutron resonance region for capture and elastic scattering cross sections on minor structural materials, {sup 50,53}Cr, {sup 54,57}Fe and {sup 60}Ni. Use was made of the recently developed covariance formalism based on kernel approximation along with data in the Atlas of Neutron Resonances. Our results of most interest for advanced fuel cycle applications, elastic scattering cross section uncertainties at energies around 100 keV, are on the level of about 7-10%.

The assembly of the DO toroid iron involves the use of large groove welds to connect massive blocks of steel. These welds are very heavily constrained, and large thermal strains develop which have produced large cracks in the base metal near the weld. The effort to solve these problems has involved investigations of weld geometry, weld preparation, and the metallurgy of both the base metal and the welding rod. The purpose of this analysis was to compare the effects of two welding rods with markedly different yield strengths and post-yieding behaviour on the plastic strains developed in the base metal near the weld.

In this contribution accelerator solutions for polarized beams and their impact on physics measurements are discussed. Focus are physics requirements for precision polarimetry near the interaction point and their realization with polarized sources. Based on the ILC baseline programme as described in the Reference Design Report (RDR), recent developments are discussed and evaluated taking into account physics runs at beam energies between 100 GeV and 250 GeV, as well as calibration runs on the Z-pole and options as the 1TeV upgrade and GigaZ. The studies, talks and discussions presented at this conference demonstrated that beam polarization and its measurement are crucial for the physics success of any future linear collider. To achieve the required precision it is absolutely decisive to employ multiple devices for testing and controlling the systematic uncertainties of each polarimeter. The polarimetry methods for the ILC are complementary: with the upstream polarimeter the measurements are performed in a clean environment, they are fast and allow to monitor time-dependent variations of polarization. The polarimeter downstream the IP will measure the disrupted beam resulting in high background and much lower statistics, but it allows access to the depolarization at the IP. Cross checks between the polarimeter results give redundancy …

KOVEC is a one-dimensional, Lagrangian, elastic--plastic material motion code that is available for both 7600 and STAR computers. The elastic--plastic formulation is in the principal stress coordinate system; the von Mises yield condition is used. Models for work hardening and temperature- and pressure-dependent yield strength and shear modulus are available. The hydrodynamic equations of state are analytic functions of relative volume and total internal energy. The coding allows an unlimited number of voids to open and close. The present document describes both the physics models and the user features of the KOVEC code. 3 figures, 5 tables.

The effects of grain-boundary chemistry on the mechanical properties were investigated on high-purity silicon nitride ceramics, specifically involving the role of oxygen. Varying the grain-boundary oxygen content, by control of oxidizing heat treatments and sintering additives, was found to result in a transition in fracture mechanism from transgranular to intergranular fracture, with an associated increase in fracture toughness. This phenomenon is correlated to an oxygen-induced change in grain-boundary chemistry that appears to affect fracture by ''weakening'' the interface, facilitating debonding and crack advance along the boundaries, and consequently toughening by grain bridging. It is concluded that if the oxygen content in the thin grain-boundary films exceeds a lower limit, which is {approx}0.87 equiv% oxygen content, then the interfacial structure and bonding characteristics favor intergranular debonding during crack propagation; otherwise, transgranular fracture ensues.

DUNE was designed to accurately model the spectrum of granular. Granular flow encompasses the motions of discrete particles. The particles are macroscopic in that there is no Brownian motion. The flow can be thought of as a dispersed phase (the particles) interacting with a fluid phase (air or water). Validation of the physical models proceeds in tandem with simple experimental confirmation. The current development team is working toward the goal of building a flexible architecture where existing technologies can easily be integrated to further the capability of the simulation. We describe the DUNE architecture in some detail using physics models appropriate for an imploding liner experiment.

Near single phase pyrochlores and zirconolites (with Hf substituted for Zr) of the following compositions have been prepared. The results obtained are summarized in Table 1. Details of the fabrication method and the results are given: (1) Mg-doped zirconolite (Ca{sub 0.4}Gd{sub 0.6}HfMg{sub 0.3}Ti{sub 1.7}O{sub 7}), Al-doped zirconolite (Ca{sub 0.5}Gd{sub 0.5}HfAl{sub 0.5}Ti{sub 1.5}O{sub 7}), Ta-doped pyrochlore (CaGdTaTiO{sub 7}), Pu-pyrochlore (CaPuTi{sub 2}O{sub 7}), and 4M zirconolite from the Ca-Gd-Hf-Ti-0 system (Ca{sub 0.6}Gd{sub 0.8}Hf{sub 0.6}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Ca{sub 0.7}Gd{sub 0.6}Hf{sub 0.7}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}). All but the Ta-doped pyrochlore were prepared via the alkoxide-route. The Ta-pyrochlore was prepared via the oxide-route. Mo-doped pyrochlore could not be made single phase with significant amounts (0.4-0.6 formula units) of Mo present in the nominal batch pyrochlore formulation. If Ca was present powellite formed and Mg produced MgMoO{sub 4}. All samples basically contained a Ti-pyrochlore with a small amount (< 0.1 formula units) of Mo present, and a Mo-rich phase, which contained some Ti. Pu-brannerite (PuTi{sub 2}O{sub 6}) proved to be difficult to make. The Pu-brannerite did not form until the sintering temperature was close to the melting point, {approx} 1500 C. Regions rich in Pu-brannerite could be found in some samples, though these samples invariably contained …

In this paper we extend the difference formulation for radiation transport to the case of a single atomic line. We examine the accuracy, performance and stability of the difference formulation within the framework of the Symbolic Implicit Monte Carlo method. The difference formulation, introduced for thermal radiation by some of the authors, has the unique property that the transport equation is written in terms that become small for thick systems. We find that the difference formulation has a significant advantage over the standard formulation for a thick system. The correct treatment of the line profile, however, requires that the difference formulation in the core of the line be mixed with the standard formulation in the wings, and this may limit the advantage of the method. We bypass this problem by using the gray approximation. We develop three Monte Carlo solution methods based on different degrees of implicitness for the treatment of the source terms, and we find only conditional stability unless the source terms are treated fully implicitly.

Problems involved in obtaining the results from a program for user testing of 150 solar cookers in Haitian villages since the coup are detailed.

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DAFNE, the Frascati {Phi}-factory, is providing an increasing peak and integrated luminosity for the KLOE experiment. Such improvements, together with a background reduction in the KLOE detector, have been obtained after continuous machine studies. An increase of the single bunch luminosity has been achieved essentially by the reduction of the effects of machine non-linearities. The integrated luminosity was improved by the capability of topping up the beam currents while keeping the KLOE detector on, together with an increase of the stored currents.

We calculate the GeV spectra of gamma-ray burst afterglows produced by inverse Compton scattering of these objects sub-MeV emission. We improve on earlier treatments by using refined afterglow parameters and new model developments motivated by recent Swift observations. We present time-dependent GeV spectra for standard, constant-parameter models, as well as for models with energy injection and with time-varying parameters, for a range of burst parameters. We evaluate the limiting redshift to which such afterglows can be detected by the GLAST Large Area Telescope, as well as by AGILE.

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This report puts under one cover numerous data which have been used and are used in health physics considerations of plutonium and americium.

The purpose of the environmental monitoring plan (EMP) is to promote the early identification of, and response to, potential adverse environmental impacts associated with DOE operations. Environmental monitoring supports the Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS) to detect, characterize, and respond to releases from DOE activities; assess impacts; estimate dispersal patterns in the environment; characterize the pathways of exposure to members of the public; characterize the exposures and doses to individuals and to the population; and to evaluate the potential impacts to the biota in the vicinity of the DOE activity. In addition, the EMP addresses the analytical work supporting environmental monitoring to ensure the following: (1) A consistent system for collecting, assessing, and documenting environmental data of known and documented quality; (2) A validated and consistent approach for sampling and analysis of radionuclide samples to ensure laboratory data meets program-specific needs and requirements within the framework of a performance-based approach for analytical laboratory work; and (3) An integrated sampling approach to avoid duplicative data collection. Until recently, environmental monitoring at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was required by DOE Order 5400.1, which was canceled in January 2003. LLNL is in the process of adopting the ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems …

Compatibility and outgassing studies of non-nuclear materials were carried out in support of the W80 Life Extension Program. These studies included small-scale laboratory experiments as well as participation in Sandia's Materials Aging and Compatibility test (MAC-1). Analysis of the outgassing signature of removable epoxy foam (REF) revealed unusually high levels of volatile organic compounds in the material. REF was replaced with the polyurethane PMDI. Laboratory compatibility tests of high priority materials were performed and revealed incompatibilities between Viton A (LX-07 binder) and syntactic polysulfide as well as Viton A and REF. With the removal of REF from the system, the incompatibility with Viton A is not an issue. In the case of the viton/polysulfide, both of these materials have a history of reliability in the stockpile, and the observed results, while scientifically interesting, appear to be a laboratory anomaly. Participation in the MAC-1 test led to a detailed study of Viton A degradation. At elevated temperatures up to 70 C, the Viton A samples darkened and exhibited increased crosslinking. Laboratory experiments were pursued to correlate the observed changes to exposure to specific compounds that were present in the MAC-1 canister atmospheres. Exposure to siloxanes resulted in changes similar to those …

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the electrical and mechanical performance of the 2004 Toyota Prius and its hybrid electric drive system. As a hybrid vehicle, the 2004 Prius uses both a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and a battery-powered electric motor as motive power sources. Innovative algorithms for combining these two power sources results in improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to traditional automobiles. Initial objectives of the laboratory tests were to measure motor and generator back-electromotive force (emf) voltages and determine gearbox-related power losses over a specified range of shaft speeds and lubricating oil temperatures. Follow-on work will involve additional performance testing of the motor, generator, and inverter. Information contained in this interim report summarizes the test results obtained to date, describes preliminary conclusions and findings, and identifies additional areas for further study.

Removable epoxy foam (REF) is a novel material developed by researchers at Sandia National Laboratories to simplify the removal of encapsulants from electronic components [McElhanon, et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 85, 1496-1502]. The material is based on a resin that includes a thermally reversible chemical bond. When the material is heated at relatively mild temperatures ({approx}50-90 C) in the presence of appropriate solvents, the reversible bonds are broken, and the material is easily rinsed away. In order to ease the removal of the encapsulant for surveillance purposes, it was proposed to use REF in the W80 LEP in place of the polyurethane TDI (toluene diisocyanate), which is being phased out at the Kansas City Plant due to toxicity concerns. Colleagues at Sandia noted that REF exhibited especially high outgassing of the liquid fluorinert, FC-72, which is used at a level of 5 wt% as the blowing agent in the foaming process. After obtaining a sample of the material from Sandia, headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME GC/MS) measurements were performed. These measurements revealed significant outgassing of fluorinert as well as other solvents and siloxanes [Memo, Vance, 3/3/05 & Vance, Foam PRT presentation UCRL-PRES-212462]. This report …

The purpose of the report is to discuss the hydrogen flow experiment that was conduced in the Fluid Flow Laboratory.