Two tasks are included in the second year of this project. One task continues the collection of high quality data sets for the testing of radiation codes within climate models. The other task involves the development of accurate spectral instruments for the measurement of shortwave radiation. A third task was completed in the second half of the first year of the project and will be briefly summarized.

Productivity, stability, and competitive interactions among ecosystem components within aridlands are key processes related directly to water in deserts. This project assumes that integrated aspects of plant metabolism provide insight into the structure and function of plant communities and ecosystems. While it is difficult to extrapolate from instantaneous physiological observations to higher scales, such as whole plant performance or to the interactions between plants as components of ecosystems, several key aspects of plant metabolism are scalable. Analyses of stable isotopic composition in plant tissues at natural abundance levels provide a useful tool that can provide insight into the consequences of physiological processes over temporal and spatial scales. Some plant processes continuously fractionate among light and heavy stable isotopic forms of an element; over time this results in integrated measures of plant metabolism. For example, carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis results in leaf carbon isotopic composition that is a measure of the set-point for photosynthetic metabolism and of water-use efficiency. Thus it provides information on the temporal scaling of a key physiological process.

LILCO is studying the effects of the AGS Booster power swing on its power grid. The study is being conducted by GE systems Development and Engineering, Schenectady, New York. In notes, dates November 10, 1987, prepared for a GE-LILCO Progress Review Meeting, the author notes LILCO system resonances that are excited by the heavy ion cycle. The data used by GE for their study, is the power flow required for continuous operation of the Booster, namely a continuous 13MW Power swing and a period of one second. The data used by GE came from BNL reports, used to analyze the power line flicker generated by this pulsating load. It is a worse case study and does not represent the Booster cycle. The Booster must be synchronized with the AGS, which is operated with a period of 3 seconds, when accelerating heavy ions. Thus the Booster duty cycle is 1/3 with a peak power swing of 13MW. The time of one second used to cycle the Booster magnets is arbitrary and can be increased to a maximum of three seconds. The peak power swing and the power spectrum are modified by the Booster duty cycle and period. The spectrum is critical …

The objective of this study is to develop technology that permits the practical and economic preparation, storage, handling, and transportation of coal pellets, which can be reslurried into Coal water fuels (CWF) suitable for firing in small- and medium-size commercial and industrial boilers, furnaces, and engines. The project includes preparing coal pellets and capsules from wet filter cake that can be economically stored, handled, transported, and reslurried into a CWF that can be suitably atomized and fired at the user site. The wet cakes studied were prepared from ultra-fine (95% -325 mesh) coal beneficiated by advanced froth-flotation techniques. The coals studied included two eastern bituminous coals, one from Virginia (Elkhorn) and one from Illinois (Illinois No. 6) and one western bituminous coal from Utah (Sky Line coal).

Testing of the prototype Booster dipole magnet at full current produced measurable disturbances of the beam position at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Power for the magnet and the NSLS are distributed from three substation transformers at Temple Place. Normally the substation configuration is for two independent 13.8 KV buses, derived from the 69 KV LILCO distribution. The buses are connected through a circuit breaker that is normally open circuited. Power for the magnet test is derived from one of the 13.8 KV buses and power for the NSLS is derived from the second bus. Coupling of the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS is at the 69 KV level. However, on the days that the interference was first observed at the NSLS only one-half of the substation transformers at Temple Place were in service. The 13.8 KV tie breaker was closed and the full substation load was supplied from this common bus. Thus the coupling between the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS was at the 13.8 KV level. Establishing the normal two bus configurations at Temple Place appeared to reduce the disturbance. These events suggested a controlled experiment to measure the magnet power swing and the induced powerline …

The tritium concentration in the water from freeze drying and the water from combustion of the dry tissue was measured in fish (largemouth bass), stream macrophytes, and streamside vegetation at five sampling locations in Four Mile Branch on the Savannah River Site (SRS). Four Mile Branch has elevated tritium concentration, largely from migration of water through the soil from adjacent seepage basins that received industrial wastewater containing tritium. The stream water and the vegetation, through the food chain, are thought to be the two sources of tritium reaching the fish. Comparision of the tritium activity of the freeze-dried water from fish flesh and of the sources of tritium, indicates that the fish flesh approaches a steady-state concentration with the stream water. The freeze-dry water from the vegetation is also at a lower specific activity than the stream water. The water of combustion from the vegetation is also at a lower specific activity than stream water. The water of combustion from the fish flesh is somewhat higher in specific activity than the stream water or the water in the fish. The distribution of tritium among the components of this system can be explain in terms of the turnover of water and …

The Booster power requirements and power line flicker has been previously calculated for the 1 GEV proton cycle. Since then the maximum proton energy has been increased to 1.5 GEV, and the cycle period increased from 100 to 133 millisec. the design manual lists the peak magnet current as 2220A (previous value of 1672A). The maximum stored energy is increased by a factor of 1.763 and the power swing is increased by a factor of 1.32; increasing the flicker approximately by this factor. The required magnet voltage has been calculated and is given for the dipole and quadrupole strings. The total power at the AC bus bar isgiven. To calculate the reactive power, the dipole excitation is assumed to consist of 5--1000 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched. The quadrupole supply consist of 5--175 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched.

This research grant addresses two primary objectives: 1. Conduct of specific research tasks under the DOE Atmospheric Chemistry Program (ACP), and 2. Provision of scientific coordination for the Atmospheric Chemistry Program. In summary, the project is progressing essentially as expected, with some minor exceptions. Higher than anticipated demands within Objective 2, associated primarily with the ACP Ozone Project and the recompetition of the National Laboratories protion of ACP, have resulted in a somewhat higher proportionate emphasis on the coordination activities associated with this objective. Also, the immediate need for pre-campaign modeling of the North Pacific has resulted in an acceleration of the Pacific modeling task relative to other tasks, particularly the Atlantic modeling task. Modeling activities in general have been delayed somewhat because of the noted Objective 2 demands and because of the extended time that was necessary to complete financial agreements for this grant.

Two tasks are included in the second year of this project. One task continues the collection of high quality data sets for the testing of radiation codes within climate models. The other task involves the development of accurate spectral instruments for the measurement of shortwave radiation. A third task was completed in the second half of the first year of the project and will be briefly summarized.

Mutagenicity of six mild gasification product samples was studied using the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay system. The results of the Ames testing of the MG-119 and MG-120 subfractions indicate significant mutagenic activity only in the nonpolar neutral fraction. The activity was evident on bacterial strains, TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation for MG-120, and with metabolic activation for MG-119. Previous testing of MG-119 and MG-120 when solvated in DMSO had shown possible, but unconfirmable, mutagenic activity. Tween 80-solvated MG-119 and MG-120 showed low, but significant, mutagenic activity only on TA98 with metabolic activation. Comparison of these results indicate an inhibition of the mutagenic components by nonmutagenic components in the complex mixture. 4 refs., 2 tabs.

Testing of the prototype Booster dipole magnet at full current produced measurable disturbances of the beam position at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Power for the magnet and the NSLS are distributed from three substation transformers at Temple Place. Normally the substation configuration is for two independent 13.8 KV buses, derived from the 69 KV LILCO distribution. The buses are connected through a circuit breaker that is normally open circuited. Power for the magnet test is derived from one of the 13.8 KV buses and power for the NSLS is derived from the second bus. Coupling of the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS is at the 69 KV level. However, on the days that the interference was first observed at the NSLS only one-half of the substation transformers at Temple Place were in service. The 13.8 KV tie breaker was closed and the full substation load was supplied from this common bus. Thus the coupling between the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS was at the 13.8 KV level. Establishing the normal two bus configurations at Temple Place appeared to reduce the disturbance. These events suggested a controlled experiment to measure the magnet power swing and the induced powerline …

This report examines some properties of a new type of open accelerating structure. It consists of a series of rectangular cavities, which we call foxholes, joined by a beam channel. The power for accelerating the particles comes from an external radiation source and enters the cavities through their open upper surfaces. Analytic and computer calculations are presented showing that the foxhole is a suitable structure for accelerating relativistic electrons.

It has been proposed that the AGS Heavy Ion/Proton Booster be excited directly from the electric power distribution system without intervening an energy storage buffer such as an MG set or a magnetic energy buffer. The average power requirement of the AGS Booster is less than many single-loads presently housed on the lab site. However, the power swing will be the largest single pulsating load on the lab site. The large power swings will impact on the power grid producing utility-line disturbances such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic generation. Thus, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the electric power system resulting from the interconnection, such that the utility system is not degraded either on the lab site or at LILCO`s substation.

The Information Systems Engineering (ISE) System Development Methodology Manual (SDM) is a framework of life cycle management guidelines that provide ISE personnel with direction, organization, consistency, and improved communication when developing and maintaining systems. These guide-lines were designed to allow ISE to build and deliver Total Quality products, and to meet the goals and requirements of the US Department of Energy (DOE), Westinghouse Savannah River Company, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

LILCO is studying the effects of the AGS Booster power swing on its power grid. The study is being conducted by GE systems Development and Engineering, Schenectady, New York. In notes, dates November 10, 1987, prepared for a GE-LILCO Progress Review Meeting, the author notes LILCO system resonances that are excited by the heavy ion cycle. The data used by GE for their study, is the power flow required for continuous operation of the Booster, namely a continuous 13MW Power swing and a period of one second. The data used by GE came from BNL reports, used to analyze the power line flicker generated by this pulsating load. It is a worse case study and does not represent the Booster cycle. The Booster must be synchronized with the AGS, which is operated with a period of 3 seconds, when accelerating heavy ions. Thus the Booster duty cycle is 1/3 with a peak power swing of 13MW. The time of one second used to cycle the Booster magnets is arbitrary and can be increased to a maximum of three seconds. The peak power swing and the power spectrum are modified by the Booster duty cycle and period. The spectrum is critical …

The Environmental Protection Department/Environmental Monitoring Section (EPD/EMS) administers the Savannah River Site`s (SRS) Groundwater Monitoring Program. During third quarter 1991, EPD/EMS conducted extensive sampling of monitoring wells. Analytical results from third quarter 1991 are listed in this report.

Mutagenicity of six mild gasification product samples was studied using the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay system. The results of the Ames testing of the MG-119 and MG-120 subfractions indicate significant mutagenic activity only in the nonpolar neutral fraction. The activity was evident on bacterial strains, TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation for MG-120, and with metabolic activation for MG-119. Previous testing of MG-119 and MG-120 when solvated in DMSO had shown possible, but unconfirmable, mutagenic activity. Tween 80-solvated MG-119 and MG-120 showed low, but significant, mutagenic activity only on TA98 with metabolic activation. Comparison of these results indicate an inhibition of the mutagenic components by nonmutagenic components in the complex mixture. 4 refs., 2 tabs.

It has been proposed that the AGS Heavy Ion/Proton Booster be excited directly from the electric power distribution system without intervening an energy storage buffer such as an MG set or a magnetic energy buffer. The average power requirement of the AGS Booster is less than many single-loads presently housed on the lab site. However, the power swing will be the largest single pulsating load on the lab site. The large power swings will impact on the power grid producing utility-line disturbances such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic generation. Thus, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the electric power system resulting from the interconnection, such that the utility system is not degraded either on the lab site or at LILCO's substation.

Motivated by the need for new means for specification and determination of 3D fields that are produced by electromagnetic lens elements in the region interior to coil windings and seeking to obtain techniques that will be convenient for accurate conductor placement and dynamical study of particle motion, we have conveniently gene the representation of a 2D magnetic field to 3D. We have shown that the 3 dimensioal magnetic field components of a multipole magnet in the curl-fire divergence-fire region near the axis r=0 can be derived from one dimensional functions A{sub n}(z) and their derivatives (part 1). In the region interior to coil windings of accelerator magnets the three spatial components of magnet fields can be expressed in terms of harmonic components'' proportional to functions sin (n{theta}) or cos (n{theta}) of the azimuthal angle. The r,z dependence of any such component can then be expressed in terms of powers of r times functions A{sub n}(z) and their derivatives. For twodimensional configurations B{sub z} of course is identically zero, the derivatives of A{sub n}(z) vanish, and the harmonic components of the transverse field then acquire a simple proportionality B{sub r,n} {proportional to} r{sup n-1} sin (n{theta}),B{sub {theta},n} {proportional to} r{sup n-1} …

The activities performed in verification of reactor fuel rods and assemblies by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspectors include measurements of the length of the enriched uranium sections in fuel assemblies and fuel rods. These measurements are normally made with the IAEA hand-held gamma monitor (HM-4) on fuel elements containing only enriched uranium. Many fuel rods currently in use contain natural uranium end sections and several different {sup 235}U enrichment zones. To support development of standard procedures for IAEA nondestructive assay (NDA) measurements, a field measurement campaign was carried out to evaluate the FM-4 measurements and to investigate the feasibility of extending the HM-4 measurements to fuel rods and assemblies containing both natural and enriched uranium sections. The results show that the enriched fuel length can be measured to within {plus_minus} 1 to 2 cm in the presence of natural uranium sections and to within {plus_minus} 0.5 = when only enriched uranium is present. Based on the results from these measurements, a standard procedure, ``Measurement of Active Fuel Length in Fuel Assemblies and Fuel Rods Using the HM-4,`` has been drafted for review by the IAEA.

In a recent letter, E. Ikonen proposed a Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) intensity interferometry experiment to demonstrate interference effects between independent gamma rays. Ikonen suggests that in order to obtain a measurable correlation signal with gamma or x-radiation, it would be necessary to use a highly monochromatic beam such as that produced by a monochromator based on the Mossbauer effect, operating on a high brilliance beamline at a synchrotron storage ring. In this comment, the authors point out that, although this is a possible approach, it is unnecessary to utilize the extremely narrow bandwidth afforded by nuclear resonant monochromatization to demonstrate the HBT effect with x-rays. Furthermore, they do not agree that the proposed experiment would provide evidence of interference between independent quanta in the x-ray region, or that the results of such an experiment depend on quantum phenomena which are fundamentally different than those which apply to conventional (amplitude) interferometry.

The objective of this study is to develop technology that permits the practical and economic preparation, storage, handling, and transportation of coal pellets, which can be reslurried into Coal water fuels (CWF) suitable for firing in small- and medium-size commercial and industrial boilers, furnaces, and engines. The project includes preparing coal pellets and capsules from wet filter cake that can be economically stored, handled, transported, and reslurried into a CWF that can be suitably atomized and fired at the user site. The wet cakes studied were prepared from ultra-fine (95% -325 mesh) coal beneficiated by advanced froth-flotation techniques. The coals studied included two eastern bituminous coals, one from Virginia (Elkhorn) and one from Illinois (Illinois No. 6) and one western bituminous coal from Utah (Sky Line coal).

The Booster power requirements and power line flicker has been previously calculated for the 1 GEV proton cycle. Since then the maximum proton energy has been increased to 1.5 GEV, and the cycle period increased from 100 to 133 millisec. the design manual lists the peak magnet current as 2220A (previous value of 1672A). The maximum stored energy is increased by a factor of 1.763 and the power swing is increased by a factor of 1.32; increasing the flicker approximately by this factor. The required magnet voltage has been calculated and is given for the dipole and quadrupole strings. The total power at the AC bus bar isgiven. To calculate the reactive power, the dipole excitation is assumed to consist of 5--1000 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched. The quadrupole supply consist of 5--175 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched.

In the third quarter of calendar year 1992, work continued on Task l. ``Design, Installation, and Shakedown of the Modifications to the 20 MMBtu/hr Air Cooled Combustor and Boiler Components``. Task 2. ``Preliminary Systems Tests`` and Task 4 ``Economics and Commercialization Plan``. In task 1, the design of the planned modifications were mostly completed. The equipment to implement these modifications was procured, and most of the installation of this equipment was completed. Finally, a series of two shakedown tests was performed to test the operability of these modifications. As previously reported, no modifications to the combustor were made. All the changes were improvements in overall combustor-boiler operation, maintenance and repair of components, and addition of diagnostics. In addition, during shakedown tests of these modifications the need for additional improvements or modifications became apparent, and these were or a-re being implemented. The major improvements focused on coal and sorbent storage, transport, and combustor injection, real time control of ash deposition in the boiler, unproved combustor wall cooling, expanded computer control and diagnostics, and refurbishment of the scrubber and combustor temperature measurements. AD this work has been described in a detailed topical report on task 1, which was recently submitted to DOE, …