The authors describe the role for the next-generation ``superlasers`` in the study of matter under extremely high energy density conditions, in comparison to previous uses of nuclear explosives for this purpose. As examples, the authors focus on three important areas of physics that have unresolved issues which must be addressed by experiment: equations of state, turbulent hydrodynamics, and the transport of radiation. They describe the advantages the large lasers will have in a comprehensive experimental program.

The feasibility of an alternative CO{sub 2} mitigation system and a methanol production process is investigated. The Carnol system has three components: (1) a coal fired power plant supplying flue gas CO{sub 2} to, (2) the Carnol process which converts the CO{sub 2} with hydrogen from natural gas to methanol which is used, (3) as a fuel component in the automotive sector. For the methanol production process alone, up to 100% CO{sub 2} emission reduction can be achieved while for the entire system up to 65% CO{sub 2} emission reduction can be obtained. The Carnol system is technically feasible and economically competitive with alternative CO{sub 2} disposal systems for coal fired power plants. The Carnol process is estimated to be economically attractive compared to the current market price of methanol, especially if credit can be taken for the carbon as a marketable coproduct.

In the APS storage ring cavities, magnetic loop type input couplers are used. The loaded Q of a cavity varies as the beam loading changes. The beam loading changes the cavity input impedance. Therefore, the input coupler must be adjusted to maintain a good impedance match. Measurements have been made to determine the coupler loop position (depth of penetration) with respect to various loading conditions in a storage ring single-cell cavity. An input coupler was inserted into the storage ring single-cell cavity at various loaded Q points, then matched. The relationship between the coupling coefficient, {Beta}, and the gap width, where gap width is the separation between the input coupler flange and the cavity port flange, was studied. A coupling coefficient is defined where Q{sub O} is the unloaded Q and Q{sub L} is the loaded Q, repectively. Depending on the extent of deQing of the fundamental mode in the single-cell cavity, the input coupler was positioned further in or out of the cavity accordingly to achieve matching at 50 {Omega}. Damping the cavity simulates the beam loading when the beam passes through the single-cell cavities.

Site specific predictions of the dynamic response of structures to extreme earthquake ground motions are a critical component of seismic design for important structures. With the rapid development of computationally based methodologies and powerful computers over the past few years, engineers and scientists now have the capability to perform numerical simulations of many of the physical processes associated with the generation of earthquake ground motions and dynamic structural response. This paper describes application of a physics based, deterministic, computational approach for estimation of earthquake ground motions which relies on site measurements of frequently occurring small (i.e. M < 3 ) earthquakes. Case studies are presented which illustrate application of this methodology for two different sites, and nonlinear analyses of a typical six story steel frame office building are performed to illustrate the potential sensitivity of nonlinear response to site conditions and proximity to the causative fault.

On February 11, 1993, EPA proposed to streamline the management requirements for certain hazardous wastes that were generated in large quantities by a variety of generators (i.e., residential, small businesses, industries, etc.). EPA`s intention was to facilitate the environmentally sound collection and disposal of these types of wastes. In this proposed rule, EPA termed these types of hazardous wastes ``universal wastes`` and developed a management system which was less stringent than the existing Subtitle C regulations. EPA proposed that the following three types of hazardous wastes be managed as universal wastes: batteries, certain pesticides, and thermostats. Because EPA believed that the authority to propose the promulgation of the universal waste rule was not significantly linked to HSWA provisions, the Agency proposed the promulgation of the universal waste rule under pre-HSWA authority. On May 11, 1995, at FR 25492, EPA promulgated a pre-HSWA rule that streamlined hazardous waste management regulations for universal wastes.

For application to industrial heating of large pools by immersed heat exchangers, the socalled maximum allowable (or {open_quotes}critical{close_quotes}) heat flux is studied for unconfined tube bundles aligned horizontally in a pool without forced flow. In general, we are considering boiling after the pool reaches its saturation temperature rather than sub-cooled pool boiling which should occur during early stages of transient operation. A combination of literature review and simple approximate analysis has been used. To date our main conclusion is that estimates of q inch chf are highly uncertain for this configuration.

Chemical processes occurring in shock-compressed and detonating high explosives have been studied using fast time-resolved emission spectroscopy and a two-stage gas-gun. The spectral characteristics of emission from shock-compressed nitromethane, tetranitromethane and single crystals of pentaerythritol tetranitrate are typically very broad and structureless, likely representing thermal emission. Assuming the thermal emission from a gray-body, the emission intensity can be correlated to the temperature changes in shock-compressed and detonating high explosives. The authors report Chapman-Jouguet temperatures of 3,800 K for nitromethane, 2,950 K for tetranitromethane, and 4,100 K for pentaerythritol tetranitrate. In this paper the authors also compare the data with the chemical equilibrium models.