Transfer factors to predict the environmental transport of radionuclides through terrestrial foodchains to man were derived from the literature for radionuclides associated with the nuclear fuel cycle. We present updated transfer coefficients to predict the concentration of a radionuclide in cow's milk and other animal products and concentration factors (CF) to predict the concentration in a food or feed crop from that in soil. Where possible we note the variation of the transfer factor with physical and chemical form of the radionuclide and environmental factors, and characterize the distribution and uncertainty in the estimate. The updated transfer factors are compared with those listed in regulatory guides. The new estimates lead to recommended changes (both increases and decreases) in the listed transfer coefficients for milk and meat and to the suggested practice of adopting multiple soil-to-plant CF's that vary with the type of crop and soil in the place of a single generic CF to predict the concentration of a radionuclide in a crop from that in soil. The updated transfer factors will be useful to assess the dose from radionuclides released from nuclear facilities and evaluating compliance with regulations governing the release of radionuclides.

Among the various energy options opened to man, fusion appears particularly attractive since fuel is plentiful, cheap, and universally available, the reaction is self quenching, produces in itself no radioactive wastes and radiation hazards are minimum. However, creating on earth conditions emulating the sun is not as easy task. Two significantly different approaches to obtaining the necessary conditions are being actively pursued and both have shown encouraging progress in the past few years. Magnetic confinement will be discussed in the next paper. Inertial confinement fusion is progressing towards scientific breakeven in the 1980's. High yield targets have been successfully imploded proving the feasibility of thermonuclear burn. High densities have recently been achieved using glass lasers as drivers. Power plants using fusion sources are being studied and could become operational in the early 2000's.