This engineering note documents the Dzero Superconducting Solenoid Platinum RTD, Carbon Glass RTD, and Helium level gage instrumentation values upon receipt at Fermilab. This note is concerned with the internal instrumentation, the external instrumentation can easily be repaired if any problems arise. The Solenoid was Purchased from Toshiba and shipped from the Kehin Works in Japan. The Solenoid was received at Dzero May 12, 1997. The Solenoid was shipped in three large components. They are the Solenoid, Control Dewar, and Chimney. There are 2 main instrumentation port areas where all the internal instrumentation is available to the outside world. These 2 places are the top of the Control Dewar and the North end of the Solenoid. These two instrumentation feedthrough area's have Cyocera hermetic feedthrough port connectors welded into place. The Cyocera connector can and does mate with the Burndy Bantom cable end connector of the same pin/socket number. Since the Hermetic feedthrough and cable connector are different manufacturers, the pin layout pattern is not the same. The Toshiba drawings show both manufacturers pin numbers. The Dzero engineering notes show only the Burndy pin numbers.

Self-organization processes in Xe nanocrystals embedded in Al are observed with in-situ high-resolution electron microscopy. Under electron irradiation, stacking fault type defects are produced in Xe nanocrystals. The defects recover in a layer by layer manner. Detailed analysis of the video reveals that the displacement of Xe atoms in the stacking fault was rather small for the Xe atoms at boundary between Xe and Al, suggesting the possibility of the stacking fault in Xe precipitate originating inside of precipitate, not at the Al/Xe interface.

The conservation of generalized helicity in a perfectly conducting fluid may act as an electrodynamic barrier for the transition to the London (superconducting) state when the system is immersed in a topologically nontrival magnetic field (with a nonzero generalized helicity). An experiment is proposed to test whether the mechanism responsible (quantum correlations) for superconductivity respects the electrodynamic constraint.

Results on lanthanum-modified lead zirconate-titanates (PLZTs) have revealed a pressure-induced crossover from a normal ferroelectric to a relaxor state and the continuous evolution of the dynamics and energetics of the relaxation process. This crossover appears to be a general feature of soft mode ferroelectrics with random site dipolar impurities or polar nanodomains and results from a large decrease in the correlation radius among polar nanodomains -- a unique property of soft mode ferroelectrics.

The technology drivers of the electronics industry continue to be systems miniaturization and reliability, in addition to addressing a variety of important environmental issues. Although the Sn-Pb eutectic alloy is widely used as a joining material in the electronics industry, it has drawn environmental concern due to its Pb content. The solder acts both as an electrical and mechanical connection within the different packaging levels in an electronic device. New Pb-free solders are being developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The alloys are based on the Sn-Ag alloy, having Bi and Au additions. Prototype hybrid microcircuit (HMC) test vehicles have been assembled to evaluate Pb-free solders for Au-Pt-Pd thick film soldering. The test components consist of a variety of dummy chip capacitors and leadless ceramic chip carriers (LCCC`s). The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated. The reflow profiles and the solid state intermetallic formation reaction will also be presented. Improved solder joint manufacturability and increased fatigue resistance solder alloys are the goals of these materials.

Testing was started on February 24, 1998 and completed on February 25, 1998. The completed procedure consists of 4 acceptance test sections, 6.1 through 6.4. Three test exceptions were identified during the procedure. The first test exception was determined to be unrelated to the ATP and unfortunate that the instrument failed during the ATP. The next two test exceptions were disposition as acceptable because the alarming functions worked correctly in identifying a problem when software communications were interrupted. The test was completed satisfactorily over 2 days. The remainder of the acceptance test report is the completed test procedure.

Multilayer mirror coatings which reflect extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are a key enabling technology for EUV lithography. Mo/Si multilayers with reflectances of 67.5% at 13.4 nm are now routinely achieved and reflectances of 70 2% at 11.4 nm were obtained with MO/Be multilayers. High reflectance is achieved with careful control of substrate quality, layer thicknesses, multilayer materials, interface quality, and surface termination. Reflectance and film stress were found to be stable relative to the requirements for application to EUV lithography. The run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak position was characterized to be better than 0.2%, providing the required wavelength matching among the seven multilayer-coated mirrors used in the present lithography system design. Uniformity of coating was improved to better than 0.5% across 150 mm diameter substrates. These improvements in EUV multilayer mirror technology will enable us to meet the stringent specifications for coating the large optical substrates for our next-generation EUV lithography system.

The concept of ``progressive Lattice Sampling`` as a basis for generating successive finite element response surfaces that are increasingly effective in matching actual response functions is investigated here. The goal is optimal response surface generation, which achieves an adequate representation of system behavior over the relevant parameter space of a problem with a minimum of computational and user effort. Such is important in global optimization and in estimation of system probabilistic response, which are both made much more viable by replacing large complex computer models of system behavior by fast running accurate approximations. This paper outlines the methodology for Finite Element/Lattice Sampling (FE/LS) response surface generation and examines the effectiveness of progressively refined FE/LS response surfaces in decoupled Monte Carlo analysis of several model problems. The proposed method is in all cases more efficient (generally orders of magnitude more efficient) than direct Monte Carlo evaluation, with no appreciable loss of accuracy. Thus, when arriving at probabilities or distributions by Monte Carlo, it appears to be more efficient to expend computer model function evaluations on building a FE/LS response surface than to expend them in direct Monte Carlo sampling. Furthermore, the marginal efficiency of the FE/LS decoupled Monte Carlo approach increases …

Improvements in spin-forming capabilities through upgrades to a metrology and machine control system and advances in numerical simulation techniques were studied in a two year project funded by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Numerical analyses were benchmarked with spin-forming experiments and computational speeds increased sufficiently to now permit actual part forming simulations. Extensive modeling activities examined the simulation speeds and capabilities of several metal forming computer codes for modeling flat plate and cylindrical spin-forming geometries. Shape memory research created the first numerical model to describe this highly unusual deformation behavior in Uranium alloys. A spin-forming metrology assessment led to sensor and data acquisition improvements that will facilitate future process accuracy enhancements, such as a metrology frame. Finally, software improvements (SmartCAM) to the manufacturing process numerically integrate the part models to the spin-forming process and to computational simulations.

This paper describes current research and development on a robotic visual servoing system for assembly of LIGA (Lithography Galvonoforming Abforming) parts. The workcell consists of an AMTI robot, precision stage, long working distance microscope, and LIGA fabricated tweezers for picking up the parts. Fourier optics methods are used to generate synthetic microscope images from CAD drawings. These synthetic images are used off-line to test image processing routines under varying magnifications and depths of field, They also provide reference image features which are used to visually servo the part to the desired position.

With the aid of computer-assisted calculations of the equilibrium vapor pressures in halide-activated cementation packs, processing conditions have been identified and experimentally verified for the codeposition of two or more alloying elements in a diffusion coating on a variety of steels and refractory metal alloys. A new comprehensive theory to treat the multi-component thermodynamic equilibria in the gas phase for several coexisting solid phases was developed and used. Many different processes to deposit various types of coatings on several types of steels were developed: Cr-Si codeposition for low- or medium-carbon steels, Cr-Al codeposition on low-carbon steels to yield either a Kanthal-type composition (Fe-25Cr-4Al in wt.%) or else a (Fe, Cr){sub 3}Al surface composition. An Fe{sub 3}Al substrate was aluminized to achieve an FeAl surface composition, and boron was also added to ductilize the coating. The developmental Cr-lean ORNL alloys with exceptional creep resistance were Cr-Al coated to achieve excellent oxidation resistance. Alloy wires of Ni-base were aluminized to provide an average composition of Ni{sub 3}Al for use as welding rods. Several different refractory metal alloys based on Cr-Cr{sub 2}Nb have been silicided, also with germanium additions, to provide excellent oxidation resistance. A couple of developmental Cr-Zr alloys were similarly coated …

This paper discusses how phase plane analysis can be used to describe the overall behavior of single and multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that one can begin to design provably asymptotically stable group behaviors from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with decentralized variable structure control. The ability to prove asymptotically stable group behavior is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines.

There is currently no satisfactory method for the non-destructive examination (NDE) of coatings on gas turbine parts and determination of coating thickness, for example, has to be carried out by sectioning of the component and subsequent metallographic analysis. This method, which is both time-consuming and expensive, has nevertheless been used extensively for aero-engine parts to monitor coating quality and to gather statistical information for process control. For large components from utility size gas turbines costs are high and compared with aero-engines, only a limited number of parts can be examined so that the destructive method becomes less attractive both as an inspection technique and for obtaining process control data to measure part to part variations in coating thickness, for example. During engine service protective coatings slowly degrade and this degradation process effectively controls the life of the part, particularly in situations where a thermal barrier coating (TBC) is used to protect against excessive metal temperatures. In this case growth of the oxide at the interface between the bond coat and the TBC leads to a build-up of stress in the TBC which can be relieved by a spalling of the ceramic layer and loss of the protection from the thermal …

Salt caverns can be formed in underground salt formations incidentally as a result of mining or intentionally to create underground chambers for product storage or waste disposal. For more than 50 years, salt caverns have been used to store hydrocarbon products. Recently, concerns over the costs and environmental effects of land disposal and incineration have sparked interest in using salt caverns for waste disposal. Countries using or considering using salt caverns for waste disposal include Canada (oil-production wastes), Mexico (purged sulfates from salt evaporators), Germany (contaminated soils and ashes), the United Kingdom (organic residues), and the Netherlands (brine purification wastes). In the US, industry and the regulatory community are pursuing the use of salt caverns for disposal of oil-field wastes. In 1988, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a regulatory determination exempting wastes generated during oil and gas exploration and production (oil-field wastes) from federal hazardous waste regulations--even though such wastes may contain hazardous constituents. At the same time, EPA urged states to tighten their oil-field waste management regulations. The resulting restrictions have generated industry interest in the use of salt caverns for potentially economical and environmentally safe oil-field waste disposal. Before the practice can be implemented commercially, however, …

Surface and structural damage to plasma-facing components due to the frequent loss of plasma confinement is a serious problem for the tokamak reactor concept. The plasma energy deposited on these components during loss of confinement causes significant surface erosion, possible structural failure, and frequent plasma contamination. Surface damage consists of vaporization, spallation, and liquid splatter of metallic materials. Comprehensive multidimensional models that include thermodynamics and thermal hydraulics of plasma-facing materials, eroded-debris/vapor atomic physics and magnetohydrodynamics, resulting photon radiation and photon transport, as well as liquid splashing and brittle destruction of materials, are used self-consistently to evaluate and assess our current understanding of the lifetime of plasma-facing materials and the various forms of damage they experience. Models are developed to study the stability of the vapor shielding layer, erosion of the melt-layer, brittle destruction/explosive erosion, and the issues involved therein.

During plasma disruptions, ELMs, or vertical displacement events (VDEs) high transient heat loads to the plasma facing materials an cause damage such as thermal erosion, cracking, or melting. Self shielding processes, which take place when a material surface is exposed to a high heat flux from an incident plasma, can lead to a reduction of the deposited energy. Experiments using the fast pneumatic probe of the TEXTOR tokamak were carried out to investigate these effects. The materials tested were carbon fibre reinforced materials with and without Si-addition. The probe with the material specimens was introduced into the edge plasma up to a depth of 9 cm in front of the ALT41 main limiter with a residence time of 80 ms. After the repeated exposure to the TEXTOR-plasma, the material specimens were examined by profilometry and electron microscopy to determine the damage and erosion. It was found that only a very limited zone of the probe tip of about 2.5 mm extension in radial direction showed erosion. The maximum erosion was observed at the very tip of the probe with approx. 30 {micro}m per exposure. The results of the erosion quantification are compared with the results from numerical simulations and from …

Tritium behavior in plasma-facing components (PFCs) of future tokamak reactors such as ITER is an essential factor in evaluating and choosing the ideal plasma-facing materials (PFMs). One important parameter that influences tritium buildup and release in candidate materials is the effect of material porosity on tritium diffusion and retention. Diffusion in porous materials, for example, consists of three different processes: along grain boundaries, along microcrystalline boundaries, and in pure crystallite structures. Such diffusion processes have strong nonlinear behavior due to temperature, volubility, and existing trap sites. Therefore, a realistic model for tritium diffusion in porous and neutron-irradiated materials must account for both nonlinear and multidimensional effects. A tritium transport computer model, TRAPS, has been developed to evaluate and predict the kinetics of tritium transport in porous media. This two-dimensional model incorporates tritium diffusion and trapping processes that also account for hydrogen-isotope volubility limits in PFMs. This model is being coupled with the computer model, TRICS, which has been developed to study the effect of surface erosion on tritium behavior in PFCs.

The authors present results of applying a matrix-free Newton-Krylov method to a nonequilibrium radiation diffusion problem. Here, there is no use of operator splitting, and Newton`s method is used to convert the nonlinearities within a time step. Since the nonlinear residual is formed, it is used to monitor convergence. It is demonstrated that a simple Picard-based linearization produces a sufficient preconditioning matrix for the Krylov method, thus elevating the need to form or store a Jacobian matrix for Newton`s method. They discuss the possibility that the Newton-Krylov approach may allow larger time steps, without loss of accuracy, as compared to an operator split approach where nonlinearities are not converged within a time step.