Goals are to understand factors affecting structure of grain boundaries in intermetallic compounds, understand how solute segregation affects grain boundary structure and causes embrittlement in Fe-base alloys, and explore control of grain boundary properties. Fe and boron-doped Ni[sub 3]Al and NiAl were studied. 7 figs, 1 tab, 18 refs.

Accomplishments for the month of April are described briefly under tasks for: Energy Production Research; Fuels Research; and Supplemental Government Program. Energy Production Research includes: reservoir assessment and characterization; TORIS research support; development of improved microbial flooding methods; development of improved chemical flooding methods; development of improved alkaline flooding methods; mobility control and sweep improvement in chemical flooding; gas flood performance prediction improvement; mobility control, profile modification, and sweep improvement in gas flooding; three-phase relative permeability research; thermal processes for light oil recovery; thermal processes for heavy oil recovery; and imaging techniques applied to the study of fluids in porous media. Fuels Research includes: development of analytical methodology for analysis of heavy crudes; and thermochemistry and thermophysical properties of organic nigrogen- and diheteroatom-containing compounds. Supplemental Government Program includes: microbial-enhanced waterflooding field project; feasibility study of heavy oil recovery in the midcontinent region--Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri; surfactant- enhanced alkaline flooding field project; process- engineering property measurements on heavy petroleum components; development and application of petroleum production technologies; upgrade BPO crude oil data base; simulation analysis of steam-foam projects; DOE education initiative project; field application of foams of oil production symposium; technology transfer to independent producers; compilations and analysis of outcrop data …

This project is concerned with the kinetics and mechanisms of aromatics oxidation and soot and fullerenes formation in flames. The scope includes detailed measurements of profiles of stable and radical species concentrations in low-pressure one-dimensional premixed flames. Intermediate species identifications and mole fractions, fluxes, and net reaction rates calculated from the measured profiles are used to test postulated reaction mechanisms. Particular objectives are to identify, and to confirm or determine rate constants for, the main benzene oxidation reactions in flames, and to characterize soot and fullerenes and their formation mechanisms and kinetics. Stable and radical species profiles in the aromatics oxidation study are measured using molecular beam sampling with on-line mass spectrometry. The rate of soot formation measured by conventional optical techniques is found to support the hypotheses that particle inception occurs through reactive coagulation of high molecular weight PAH in competition with destruction by OHattack, and that the subsequent growth of the soot mass occurs through addition reactions of PAH and C[sub 2]H[sub 2] with the soot particles. During the first year of this reporting period, fullerenes C[sub 60] and C[sub 70] in substantial quantities were found in the flames being studied. The fullerenes were recovered, purified and spectroscopically …

The US Air Mobility Command (AMC) has tasked Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) with supporting the US Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program's (FEMP) mission to identify, evaluate, and assist in acquiring all cost-effective energy resource opportunities (EROs) at the David Grant Medical Center (DGMC). This report describes the methodology used to identify and evaluate the EROs at DGMC, provides a life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis for each ERO, and prioritizes any life-cycle cost-effective EROs based on their net present value (NPV), value index (VI), and savings to investment ratio (SIR or ROI). Analysis results are presented for 17 EROs that involve energy use in the areas of lighting, fan and pump motors, boiler operation, infiltration, electric load peak reduction and cogeneration, electric rate structures, and natural gas supply. Typical current energy consumption is approximately 22,900 MWh of electricity (78,300 MBtu), 87,600 kcf of natural gas (90,300 MBtu), and 8,300 gal of fuel oil (1,200 MBtu). A summary of the savings potential by energy-use category of all independent cost-effective EROs is shown in a table. This table includes the first cost, yearly energy consumption savings, and NPV for each energy-use category. The net dollar savings and NPV values as derived …

Total neutron scattering measurements have been made on three trivalent molten salts: InCl[sub 3] (605C), BiCl[sub 3](300C) and BiI[sub 3] (420C). Results are discussed in the general context of ordering, bonding and macroscopic properties of trivalent molten salts.

The in situ conversion of the two-standing wave resonator driven four-strap array in DIII-D to a new type of traveling wave antenna (TWA) is introduced. First observations are reported on (1) broad frequency range turnability; (2) narrow frequency band phase control; (3) single pass transmission loss and modification caused by resistive and reactive sheet simulators of plasma loading; and (4) recirculating power resonance and gain in a traveling wave resonator (TWR) driven TWA.

We study the linearized stability of the state of uniform fluidization, within the context of the theory of mixtures. The mixture is assumed to be made up of a classical linearly viscous fluid mixed with solid particles. In marked departure from most of the previous studies, we model the solid as a granular material and assume a constitutive relation that stems from classical motions in continuum mechanics. The linearized stability analysis of the state of uniform fluidization, in general, leads to an eighth order equation for the characteristic whose root implies instability, when positive. We find that the characteristic equation can be factored and one of the factors is precisely the equation that governs the stability when we use a simplified analysis akin to that of the earlier study of Anderson and Jackson.

The report on interim storage of spent nuclear fuel discusses the technical, regulatory, and economic aspects of spent-fuel storage at nuclear reactors. The report is intended to provide legislators state officials and citizens in the Midwest with information on spent-fuel inventories, current and projected additional storage requirements, licensing, storage technologies, and actions taken by various utilities in the Midwest to augment their capacity to store spent nuclear fuel on site.

Recent work has shown that for parameter regimes typical of many present day current drive experiments, the orbits of the launched LH rays are chaotic (in the Hamiltonian sense), so that wave energy diffuses through the stochastic layer and fills the spectral gap. We have analyzed this problem using a statistical approach, by solving the wave kinetic equation for the coarse-grained spectral energy density. An interesting result is that the LH absorption profile is essentially independent of both the total injected power and the level of wave stochastic diffusion.

This report describes work done during Phase II of the subcontract. Goals for Phase II include the following: (1) Optimize the GaInAsP cell on GaAs and demonstrate a 500-sun at air mass (AM) 1.5 efficiency of >23%. (2) Develop a window layer, including the evaluation of AlGaAs, GaInP, AlGaAsP, AlGaInP, and GaP. (3) Develop a front-surface contact, with a grid designed for 500-sun concentration, and a goal of a contact resistivity of [approximately]10[sup 5] ohm-cm[sup 2]. (4) Grow GaInAsP cells on Ge, with a goal of a 1-sun (AM 1.5) efficiency of >15%. Accomplishments reported herein include (1) the fabrication of p-on-n and n-on-p GaInAsP cells on GaAs, with the n-on-p cell demonstrating a 10-sun (AM 1.5) active-area efficiency of 23.4% as measured at NREL (2) the evaluation of Al[sub x]Ga([sub 1-x])As, GaInP[sub 2], and AlInP[sub 2] window layers; and (3) the fabrication of GaInAsP cells on Ge, with the demonstration of a p-on-n GaInAsP cell grown on Ge with a 1-sun (AM 1.5) active-area efficiency of 14.4%.

The reactor configuration has been modified to handle tows both in the upflow and downflow directions. For comparison to bubble column operation, an upflow mode of operation will be used. For comparison to trickle-bed operation, a downflow mode will be employed. Thus, this modification allows the most flexibility for studying the effects of liquid and supercritical reaction media on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction and permits comparisons of our experimental results with previous work. A stainless steel reactor tube was ordered. This unit along with three other pieces of tubing (greater than 1/4in. i. d.) are to be sent to Alon Processing Co. for alonizing (passivating) the internal surface. This process had been employed by Huff and Satterfield (1983) to ensure that the stainless steel surfaces are catalytically inert at high temperatures (> 200[degree]C).

Research was done in 3 areas: fracture behavior of ion-exchanged glasses, fracture of SiC-coated graphite, and subcritical crack growth in ion-exchanged glasses.

Three new SO[sub 2] complexes of metal cluster compounds were prepared: [PPN][HFe[sub 3](CO)[sub 9]SO[sub 2]], and [PPN][sub 2][Ru[sub 3]CO[sub 9]SO[sub 2]] and [PPN][sub 2][Ru[sub 3](CO)[sub 7](SO[sub 2])[sub 3]]. The x-ray structures were determined for two of these and the transformation of bound SO[sub 2] to duster bound SO and S ligands was investigated.

The US Department of Energy has initiated a program to ensure a continual improvement in industrial safety at its facilities throughout the United States. To accomplish this, the Department of Energy is performing self-assessments of its safety programs. These assessments are effective at identifying program weaknesses without assigning fault to individuals. Line managers view this process as supportive because it has helped identify program deficiencies that are preventing them from accomplishing their desired safety goals. Three attributes of this assessment process account for its effectiveness. First, the assessment addresses the entire line management's safety program from policy to implementation in the work place. The assessment report describes how the safety program functions, where program deficiencies exist, and the effect of those deficiencies on safety in the field. Second, the assessment findings focus on program weaknesses that have been validated by observations of safety deficiencies found in the work place. Finally, the report is methodically written to ensure that findings are related only to program weaknesses and not personnel shortcomings. This effective, no-fault approach, has been demonstrated at Department of Energy facilities and could benefit safety programs in private industry.

Infrared-optical double resonance is being used to study the unimolecular dissociation dynamics of hydrazoic acid (HN[sub 3]). 6[nu][sub NH] vibrational overtone excitation spectra are given for HN[sub 3]. Work was begun to determine the feasibility of extending the infrared-optical double resonance photofragment spectroscopy to small free radicals, and to be able to monitor atomic dissociation fragments via laser induced fluorescence in the VUV spectrum. 1 fig.

Cu(I)[sub 2]Zr[sub 2](OR)[sub 10] (R=i-Pr) was prepared and reacted with O[sub 2] and H[sub 2]O to form Cu(II)[sub 4]Zr[sub 4]O[sub 3](OR)[sub 18]. This latter, layer-like compound show both ferro- and antiferro-magnetic coupling of adjacent d[sub 9] Cu(II) centers through bridging O[sup 2[minus]] and RO[sup [minus]] mediators, respectively. Thermolysis of ClCuZr[sub 2](OR)[sub 9] and Cu[sub 2]Zr[sub 2](OR)[sub 10] shows two sharp weight losses at <400 C to give Cu(0) and ZrO[sub 2]. Synthesis and characterization of Na[sub 2](THF)[sub 4]Cu[OCH(CF[sub 3])[sub 2]][sub 4] and Na(THF)[sub 2]Cu[OC(CH[sub 3])(CF[sub 3])[sub 2]][sub 3] are reported. Effect of chemical modification of a fluorinated alkoxide group on yttrium precursor identity was investigated.

The near equal conversions were obtained even with high coal/liquid ratio (1/3--1/2) for two-step wise high-temperature soaking and the first stage liquefaction. Expected conversions were not observed when vacuum distillation after soaking was used in stead of cyclohexane extraction. This is presumably due to the difficulty with redispersion of vacuum distillated bottoms in the coal liquid, because a batch wise procedure was taken by using glasswares. It is suggested that the proposed procedure in the previous quarter should be tested by a continuous procedure under enough heating conditions to keep low viscosity of the bottoms.

This report summarizes the progress of the Basic Sciences Branch of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) from October 1, 1990, through September 30, 1991. Seven technical sections of the report cover these main areas of NREL's in-house research: Semiconductor Crystal Growth, Amorphous Silicon Research, Polycrystalline Thin Films, III-V High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Cells, Solid-State Theory, Solid-State Spectroscopy, and Superconductivity. Each section explains the purpose and major accomplishments of the work in the context of the US Department of Energy's National Photovoltaic Research Program plans.

Experimental information useful in improving and testing theoretical models of energy deposition and redistribution in particle-condensed phase media is discussed. An overview of information available from previous, and ongoing, studies of the electron emission from thin foils is presented and the need for doubly differential electron energy and angular distribution data stressed. Existing data are used to demonstrate that precisely known, and controllable, surface and bulk conditions of the condensed-phase media are required for experimental studies of this type. Work in progress and improvements planned for future studies at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory are outlined.

This booklet is intended for city and county government personnel, as well as community organizations, who deal with supplying, regulating, or recommending electric power resources. Specifically, this document deals with photovoltaic (PV) power, or power from solar cells, which is currently the most cost-effective energy source for electricity requirements that are relatively small, located in isolated areas, or difficult to serve with conventional technology. Recently, PV has been documented to be more cost-effective than conventional alternatives (such as line extensions or engine generators) in dozens of applications within the service territories of electric, gas, and communications utilities. Here, we document numerous cost-effective urban applications, chosen by planners and utilities because they were the most cost-effective option or because they were appropriate for environmental or logistical reasons. These applications occur within various municipal departments, including utility, parks and recreation, traffic engineering, transportation, and planning, and they include lighting applications, communications equipment, corrosion protection, irrigation control equipment, remote monitoring, and even portable power supplies for emergency situations.

Current drive by fast waves (FWCD) is an important candidate for steady-state operation of tokamaks. Major experiments using this scheme are being carried out on DIII-D. There has been considerable study of the theoretical efficiency of FWCD. In Refs. 4 and 5, the nonrelativistic efficiency of FWCD at arbitrary frequencies was studied. For DIII-D parameters, the results can be considerably different from the Landau and Alfven limits. At the high temperatures of reactors and DIII-D upgrade, relativistic effects become important. In this paper, the relativistic FWCD efficiency for arbitrary frequencies is studied. Assuming that the plasma is weakly relativistic, i.e., T[sub e]/Mc[sup 2] is small, an analytic expression for FWCD is obtained for high resonant energies (U[sub ph]/u[sub Te][much gt]). Comparisons with the results from a numerical code ADJ and the nonrelativistic results shall be made and analytical fits in the whole range of velocities shall be presented.

We report optical waveguiding in single-crystal, epitaxial (101) oriented rutile (TiO[sub 2]) thin films grown on (1120) sapphire ([alpha]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]) substrates using the MOCVD technique. The propagation-constants for asymmetric planar waveguides composed of an anisotropic dielectric media applicable to these films are derived. Modifications to the prism-film coupling theory for this anisotropic case are also discussed. By application of this model to (101) oriented rutile thin films, we directly obtain values of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indexes, n[sub o] and n[sub e], of the rutile thin films as well as film thicknesses. We obtain typical values of the refractive indexes (n[sub o]=2.5701[plus minus]0.0005; n[sub e]=2.934[plus minus]0.001) near to those for bulk rutile single crystals indicating the exceptional quality of these films.

Within the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER), the atmospheric sciences and carbon dioxide research programs are part of the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD). One of the central missions of the division is to provide the DOE with scientifically defensible information on the local, regional, and global distributions of energy-related pollutants and their effects on climate. This information is vital to the definition and implementation of a sound national energy strategy. This volume reports on the progress and status of all OHER atmospheric science and climate research projects at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). PNL has had a long history of technical leadership in the atmospheric sciences research programs within OHER. Within the ESD, the Atmospheric Chemistry Program (ACP) continues DOE's long-term commitment to study the continental and oceanic fates of energy-related air pollutants. Research through direct measurement, numerical modeling, and laboratory studies in the ACP emphasizes the long-range transport, chemical transformation, and removal of emitted pollutants, oxidant species, nitrogen-reservoir species, and aerosols. The Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program continues to apply basic research on density-driven circulations and on turbulent mixing and dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer to the micro- to …

The first topic of this project involved the preparation, fractionation by sedimentation/steric Field Flow Fractionation (FFF), and modeling of metaphase chromosomes. After numerous unsuccessful attempts to prepare chromosomes, we have implemented a procedure (in collaboration with Los Alamos National Laboratory) to prepare metaphase chromosomes from Chinese hamster cells. Extensive experimentation was necessary to identify a suitable FFF channel surface to minimize chromosome adsorption and a carrier liquid to stabilize and disperse the chromosomes. Under suitable operating conditions, the Chinese hamster chromosomes were purified from cell debris and partially fractionated. The purified, preenriched chromosomes that can be prepared by sedimentation/steric FFF or produced continuously by continuous SPLITT fractionation provide an enriched feed material for subsequent flow cytometry. In the second project component, flow FFF permitted successful separations of single- from double-stranded circular DNA, double-stranded circular DNAs of various sizes, and linear double-stranded DNA fragments of various lengths. Diffusion coefficients extracted from retention data agreed well with literature data as well as predictions of major polymer theories. The capacity of FFF separations was evaluated to examine potential applications to long DNA chains.