This document presents the natural phenomena hazard (NPH) loads for use in implementing DOE Order 5480.28, Natural Phenomena Hazards Mitigation, at the Hanford Site in south-central Washington State. The purpose of this document is twofold: (1) summarize the NPH that are important to the design and evaluation of structures, systems, and components at the Hanford Site; (2) develop the appropriate natural phenomena loads for use in the implementation of DOE Order 5480.28. The supporting standards, DOE-STD-1020-94, Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for Department of Energy Facilities (DOE 1994a); DOE-STD-1022-94, Natural Phenomena Hazards Site Characteristics Criteria (DOE 1994b); and DOE-STD-1023-95, Natural Phenomena Hazards Assessment Criteria (DOE 1995) are the basis for developing the NPH loads.

The objective for this problem is to calculate the ground-level release dispersion factors (X/Q) and unit doses for onsite facility and offsite receptors at the site boundary and at Highway 240 for plume meander, building wake effect, plume rise, and the combined effect. The release location is at Central Waste Complex Building P4 in the 200 West Area. The onsite facility is located at Building P7. Acute ground level release 99.5 percentile dispersion factors (X/Q) were generated using the GXQ. The unit doses were calculated using the GENII code. The dimensions of Building P4 are 15 m in W x 24 m in L x 6 m in H.

The methodology used in the production of the Hazard Category 2 TQs is verified and presented in the above calculations (Section 3.0). The analysis is done as consistently to that prescribed in DOE-STD-1027-92 as is possible. Determining the TQ limits with the standard`s variables consistently produced the listed Hazard Category 2 TQs for the six major isotopes present in the CWC waste (100% of the isotopes attempted in their analysis) and verifies their approach without changing release fractions or receptor locations. An example of a modification of the TQ for a change in the release fraction is provided in the standard Attachment 1, pages A-6 through A-10. However, the change in TQs receptor location is another issue. Modification to the TQ because of facility location is allowed in the standard, but there is no definite approach described in the standard. This change is best represented through the change in the XIQ value. This paper provides a defensible interface with DOE guidance DOE-STD-1027-92, and an established proposed methodology for standardizing changes in the TQs because of release fractions or receptor locations. By using this information as the basis for the construction of the TQs as presented in DOE-STD-1027-92, it is determined …

This report provides a summary of the radiological surveys performed in support of the operational environmental monitoring program at the Hanford Site. The First Quarter 1996 survey results and the status of actions required from current and past reports are summarized: All the routine environmental radiological surveys scheduled during January, February, and March 1996 were completed. One hundred four environmental radiological surveys were performed during the first quarter of 1996, thirty at the active waste sites and seventy four at the inactive waste sites. Contamination above background levels was found at six of the active waste sites and eight of the inactive waste sites. Contamination levels as high as > 1,000,000 disintegrations per minute (dpm) were reported. Of these contaminated surveys, all were in Underground Radioactive Material (URM) areas. The contamination found within eleven of the URH areas was immediately cleaned up and no further action was required. In the remaining three sites the areas were posted and will require decontamination. Radiological Problem Reports (RPR`s) were issued and the sites were turned over to the landlord for further action if required.

The Clean Salt Process (CSP) is the fractional crystallization of nitrate salts from tank waste stored on the Hanford Site. This study reviews disposition options for a CSP product made from Hanford Site tank waste. These options range from public release to onsite low-level waste disposal to no action. Process, production, safety, environment, cost, schedule, and the amount of CSP material which may be used are factors considered in each option. The preferred alternative is offsite release of clean salt. Savings all be generated by excluding the material from low-level waste stabilization. Income would be received from sales of salt products. Savings and income from this alternative amount to $1,027 million, excluding the cost of CSP operations. Unless public sale of CSP products is approved, the material should be calcined. The carbonate form of the CSP could then be used as ballast in tank closure and stabilization efforts. Not including the cost of CSP operations, savings of $632 million would be realized. These savings would result from excluding the material from low-level waste stabilization and reducing purchases of chemicals for caustic recycle and stabilization and closure. Dose considerations for either alternative are favorable. No other cost-effective alternatives that were considered …

The Hanford Nuclear Reservation Tank Farms` underground waste tanks have been used to store liquid radioactive waste from defense materials production since the 1940`s. Waste in certain of the tanks may contain material in the form of ferrocyanide or various organic compounds which could potentially be susceptible to condensed phase chemical reactions. Because of the presence of oxidizing materials (nitrate compounds) and heat sources (radioactive decay and chemical reactions), the ferrocyanide or organic material could potentially fuel a propagating exothermic reaction with undesirable consequences. Analysis and experiments indicate that the reaction propagation and/or initiation may be prevented by the presence of sufficient moisture in the waste. Because the reaction would probably be initiated at the surface of the waste, evidence of sufficient moisture concentration would help provide evidence that the tank waste can continue to be safely stored. The Surface Moisture Measurement System (SMMS) was developed to collect data on the surface moisture in the waste by inserting two types of probes (singly) into a waste tank-a neutron probe and an electromagnetic inductance (EMI) probe. The sensor probes will be placed on the surface of the waste utilizing a moveable deployment arm to lower them through an available riser. The …

Recirculating, energy-recovering linacs can be used as driver accelerators for high power FELs (free electron lasers). Instabilities which arise from fluctuations of the cavity fields are investigated. Energy changes can cause beam loss on apertures, or, when coupled to M{sub 56}, phase oscillations. Both effects change the beam induced voltage in the cavities and can lead to unstable variations of the accelerating field. An analytical model which includes amplitude and phase feedback, has been developed to study the stability of the system for small perturbations from equilibrium. The interaction of the electron beam with the FEL is a major perturbation which affects both the stability of the system and development of startup and recovery scenarios. To simulate the system`s response to such large parameter variations, a numerical model of the beam-cavity interaction has been developed which includes low level rf feedback, phase oscillations and beam loss instabilities and the FEL interaction. Agreement between the numerical model and the linear theory has been demonstrated in the limit of small perturbations. In addition, the model has been benchmarked against experimental data obtained during CEBAF`s high current operation. Numerical simulations have been performed for the high power IR DEMO approved for construction at …

An rms-mismatched beam can evolve rapidly to a configuration of quasiequilibrium under the influence of space-charge forces. As sit evolves, its emittance grows and a diffuse halo forms. The beam`s distribution function accounts for all the complicated dynamics. Unfortunately, the distribution function is difficult to calculate inasmuch as the physics lies at the interface between classical mechanics and thermodynamics. This paper presents the foundation for a statistical theory of the dynamics of nonequilibrium space-charge-dominated beams. Within certain approximations, the theory takes on a Fokker-Planck form. Key questions arise concerning the nature of the dynamical friction and diffusion in the beam`s phase space and of the quasiequilibrium configuration that ensues.

This document defines the waste certification program being developed for implementation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The document describes the program structure, logic, and methodology for certification of ORNL wastes. The purpose of the waste certification program is to provide assurance that wastes are properly characterized and that the Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) for receiving facilities are met. The program meets the waste certification requirements outlined in U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5820.2A, Radioactive Waste Management, and ensures that 40 CFR documentation requirements for waste characterization are met for mixed (both radioactive and hazardous) and hazardous (including polychlorinated biphenyls) waste. Program activities will be conducted according to ORNL Level 1 document requirements.

During the commissioning of the CEBAF accelerator, correction of dispersion and momentum compaction, and, to a lesser extent, transverse transfer matrices were essential for robust operation. With changing machine conditions, repeated correction was found necessary. To speed the diagnostic process the authors developed a method which allows one to rapidly track the machine optics. The method is based on measuring the propagation of 30 Hz modulated betatron oscillations downstream of a point of perturbation. Compared to the usual methods of dispersion or difference orbit measurement, synchronous detection of the beam displacement, as measured by beam position monitors, offers significantly improved speed and accuracy of the measurements. The beam optics of the accelerator was altered to decrease lattice sensitivity at critical points and to simplify control of the betatron function match. The calculation of the Courant-Snyder invariant from signals of each pair of nearby beam position monitors has allowed one to perform on-line measurement and correction of the lattice properties.

This report analyzes the local wind resource and evaluates the costs and benefits of supplementing the current diesel-powered energy system on San Nicolas Island, California (SNI), with wind turbines. In Section 2.0 the SNI site, naval operations, and current energy system are described, as are the data collection and analysis procedures. Section 3.0 summarizes the wind resource data and analyses that were presented in NREL/TP 442-20231. Sections 4.0 and 5.0 present the conceptual design and cost analysis of a hybrid wind and diesel energy system on SNI, with conclusions following in Section 6. Appendix A presents summary pages of the hybrid system spreadsheet model, and Appendix B contains input and output files for the HYBRID2 program.

This report identifies seven developers whose gasification technologies can be used to treat the organic constituents of municipal solid waste: Energy Products of Idaho; TPS Termiska Processor AB; Proler International Corporation; Thermoselect Inc.; Battelle; Pedco Incorporated; and ThermoChem, Incorporated. Their processes recover heat directly, produce a fuel product, or produce a feedstock for chemical processes. The technologies are on the brink of commercial availability. This report evaluates, for each technology, several kinds of issues. Technical considerations were material balance, energy balance, plant thermal efficiency, and effect of feedstock contaminants. Environmental considerations were the regulatory context, and such things as composition, mass rate, and treatability of pollutants. Business issues were related to likelihood of commercialization. Finally, cost and economic issues such as capital and operating costs, and the refuse-derived fuel preparation and energy conversion costs, were considered. The final section of the report reviews and summarizes the information gathered during the study.

Computer simulations using the multi-particle code PARMELA with a three-dimensional point-by-point space charge algorithm have turned out to be very helpful in supporting injector commissioning and operations at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab, formerly called CEBAF). However, this algorithm, which defines a typical N{sup 2} problem in CPU time scaling, is very time-consuming when N, the number of macro-particles, is large. Therefore, it is attractive to use massively parallel processors (MPPs) to speed up the simulations. Motivated by this, the authors modified the space charge subroutine for using the MPPs of the Cray T3D. The techniques used to parallelize and optimize the code on the T3D are discussed in this paper. The performance of the code on the T3D is examined in comparison with a Parallel Vector Processing supercomputer of the Cray C90 and an HP 735/15 high-end workstation.

The alignment of the quadrupoles in a proton synchrotron is important and the alignment of the low beta quadrupoles in collider mode is even more critical. One of the important considerations is the relationship of the electric center of the Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) to the magnetic center of quadrupoles. Determining this involves measurements when the elements are not in the tunnel and careful alignment utilizing external reference marks when the BPMs are not physically attached to the quadrupole. Even when the BPM is attached to the quadrupole (and calibrated), systematic offsets can be introduced by cable mismatch or slight imbalances in the monitoring electronics. A method has been implemented at Cern [1,2] to determine this relationship using the beam itself. TM-1960 described a proof of principle experiment at the Tevatron using one of the individually powered quadrupoles near the B0 interaction region whose ACNET name is C:AQ7. This short note demonstrates that they can perform the same analysis on a set of quadrupoles powered by a single power supply without having to worry about exciting a single quadrupole.

An experiment was performed in the Tevatron to measure the tune spread versus octupole strength. The experiment is sensitive to the relationship between octupole strength and current in the T:OZF circuit and to the octupole (and other non-linear focusing fields) in the Tevatron. The major motivation for the experiment was to determine the value of octupole excitation that minimizes the tune spread: this value is an estimate of the value required to obtain ''zero'' total octupole excitation in the extraction process. The experiment was performed using the strip-line kickers at A17 and the resonant Schottky pickups. The horizontal proton kicker was excited with a sine-wave from a vector signal analyzer (HP-89440A) and the horizontal proton signal was received. The gating circuitry normally used to select proton or antiproton bunches was by-passed. The response function was measured and recorded on a floppy disk. Measurements were initially made with a 200 Hz span (0.250 Hz frequency bins) and later with a 100 Hz span (0.125 Hz frequency bins).

This report describes the design of a passive magnetic bearing system to be used in electromechanical batteries (flywheel energy storage modules) suitable for vehicular use. One or two such EMB modules might, for example, be employed in a hybrid-electric automobile, providing efficient means for power peaking, i.e., for handling acceleration and regenerative braking power demands at high power levels. The bearing design described herein will be based on a ''dual-mode'' operating regime.

Due to the relocation of a magnet power supply, the installation of a buss, and an installation of chokes. and their need for cooling water a redesign of the Low Conductivity Water (LCW) system has been undertaken. This new system required the determination of an optimal pipe diameter for the High Bay pipe as well as the determination of the pressure drop and temperature rise in the buss. Based on numerous calculations it has been determined that the High Bay pipe should be 1 1/2 inch (1.90 O.D. x 1.610 I.D-40S steel). While the pressure drop in the buss was calculated to be 7.699 psi. Based on such a low pressure drop, no need for any additional pumps has presented itself. Finally, the temperature rise in the buss has been determined to be about 29.39 F for the Assembly Hall (route No.1). and 13.93 F for the Collision Hall (route No.2). The purpose of this engineering note is to explain the redesign of the low conductivity water system (LCW) at D-Zero. The areas to be covered include the sizing of the High Bay, the pressure drop and temperature rise in the buss. In addition, I will try to determine if …

After a very successful physics run, the D-Zero detector Liquid Argon Calorimeters were drained in preparation of the detector rollout. During the roll out process, the calorimeters were without cooling. Information regarding the temperatures, estimated heat transfer, and pressure maintenance are documented in this engineering note.

The nominal overall dimensions are 71-inch high x 71-inch wide x 144-inch long and has a 25-inch square hole throughout. The shield consists of three different materials, steel (inner most section), polycarbonate (central section) and lead (outer most section). The material thicknesses are, steel=15-inch, poly=6-inch and lead=2-inch. The estimated weight is {approx}69 tons. The shield is centered about the Tev beam line and the 25-inch square hole provides clearance to the low Beta quad, which is nominally 20-inch square. During beamline operation, the shield is in contact with Samus magnet core at the detector end and with the Main Ring shield wall on the MR side (with some small clearance {approx}2-inch-3-inch). The need for the clearance will be discussed later. The shield support structure consists steel structural members appropriately sized for loads encountered in the design. The structure must not only support the shield but, must be designed for rolling the entire assembly into position in the collision hall. It must provide for cylinders to lift the assembly, Hilman rollers and also connections for moving the entire assembly. The movement is considered to be similar to that with which the calorimeters were moved from the clean room to the sidewalk …

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) is in the process of upgrading its detectors. Among these upgrades is the need for more transfer lines containing both liquid nitrogen and helium gas. These two fluids are used to provide the necessary operating cryogenic temperatures for the various detectors, such as the Visible Light Photon Counter (VLPC) and the solenoid inside the detector's calorimeter. With additional piping, it is important to monitor the temperatures to assure that the detectors can operate correctly. This can be done two ways. The first method is to use a Resistance Temperature Device, called a RTD, which is made using either a carbon resistor or a platinum resistor and measures the temperature based on resistance. The second method is to use a vapor-pressure thermometry system. This design will focus on the second method. A nitrogen Vapor Pressure Thermometer (VPT) system is designed to determine the temperature of the liquid nitrogen (LN{sub 2}) supply line, after exiting the LN{sub 2} subcooler, inside the D-Zero Assembly Hall. The operating temperature range is designed from 77 to 300 Kelvin with an initial charge pressure of 100 psia. A cylindrical bulb with a 0.1875-inch diameter and 0.625-inch length allows for minimum cold …

During the operation of the silicon tracker, the ladders will be in direct thermal contact with a cooling channel. The expected operating temperature of the cooling channel is 0 C, maintained by a cooling fluid whose bulk temperature is below 0 C. The assembly temperature is assumed to be 22 C. Due to the mis-match of material expansion coefficients, thermal stresses will be induced in the epoxy, beryllium, and silicon of the ladders. Calculations are presented here as well as some thermal cycling results on test samples. Shown in Figures 1 and 2 are perspective views of the top and bottom of a 3 chip ladder. The silicon temperature within the ladders will not be uniform due to the relative location of the heat dissipating components and the cooling channel. As an example the following plot demonstrates the expected temperature distribution in the 3 chip single sided ladder during operation. Under expected operating conditions of 0.75 W hybrid component power dissipation and 0.5 W per SVX II chip, the temperature profile is shown for two situations of how the ladder is constructed. The cooling channel corresponds roughly to locations on the silicon between 32 and 42 mm. The silicon in …

The idea of developing a process simulator that can describe biochemical engineering (a relatively new technology area) was formulated at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) during the late 1980s. The initial plan was to build a consortium of industrial and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) partners to enhance a commercial simulator with biochemical unit operations. DOE supported this effort; however, before the consortium was established, the process simulator industry changed considerably. Work on the first phase of implementing various fermentation reactors into the chemical process simulator, ASPEN/SP-BEST, is complete. This report will focus on those developments. Simulation Sciences, Inc. (SimSci) no longer supports ASPEN/SP, and Aspen Technology, Inc. (AspenTech) has developed an add-on to its ASPEN PLUS (also called BioProcess Simulator [BPS]). This report will also explain the similarities and differences between BEST and BPS. ASPEN, developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for DOE in the late 1970s, is still the state-of-the-art chemical process simulator. It was selected as the only simulator with the potential to be easily expanded into the biochemical area. ASPEN/SP, commercially sold by SimSci, was selected for the BEST work. SimSci completed work on batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation reactors in 1993, just as …

Broadband solar radiometer data collected at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility during the ARM Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) exhibits inconsistencies and inter-calibration offsets. This report examines these problems, and in some cases, suggests error sources and possible solutions. The data discussed here covers the period from September 28, 1995, through October 30, 1995.

Readout cables extend from the ladder end to the outer barrel radius in the region where the F-disks are mounted. In this region it is difficult to know what the gas temperature will be due to the power dissipating components on the F-disks and power from all the cables. This region is convectively cooled by the barrel bulkhead and the F-disk cooling channel. Power dissipated in the cable will not only warm the surrounding gas but will warm the hybrid to which it is attached on the ladders and disks. Just how much power goes into the hybrid will be estimated here. Physically, the cable is composed of two layers of copper which are separated and encased by 3 layers of kapton. The central kapton layer is 0.001-inch thick, the outer two kapton layers are 0.0005-inch thick, and the two copper layers are 0.0006-inch thick. Mike Matulik estimated the power dissipation of the cables for the 3. 6, and 9 chip ladders. These estimates are based on the assumed cross-sectional area of copper in the cable and the current these cables will carry, for a 12-inch cable length. The assumed powers are 14, 49, and 114 mW, respectively. The cable …