The SNAP II boilers which were designed are summarized. As shown by test results from the three boilers which were tested, a continuous progress in design was achieved. These designs were based on test data from both the SNAP I and SNAP II programs. As the quantity of data increased, physical models describing the heat transfer process were developed. These physical models provide the necessary correlation parameters which permit the extension of existing data to advanced design. Preliminary test sections were designed on the assumption that an allvapor nmodel which ignores the presence of the liquid phase during forced convection boiling could be used to describe the process quantitatively. The conventional Dittus-Boelter equation was applied with the increase in the vapor flow along the tube being ascribed to liquid evaporation. The assumption led to a design that fell short by about an order of magnitude since the exit qualities were only in the range of 10%, far less than required for complete vaporization. As a result, a revision in the concept of the mechanics of boiling was found necessary and a theoretical analysis was formulated, based on a dry wall'' or dropwise'' type boiling phenomenon. The test results of the …

The MiniCAM, short for the Mini-Climate Assessment Model, is an integrated assessment model of moderate complexity focused on energy and agriculture sectors. The model produces emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and other radiatively important substances such as sulfur dioxide. Through incorporation of the simple climate model MAGICC, the consequences of these emissions for climate change and sea-level rise can be examined. The MiniCAM is designed to be fast and flexible.

In January 2007, the Department of Energy (DOE) released the final Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Environmental Remediation at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Site 300 Pit 7 Complex. At the same time, the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) released the final Negative Declaration and Initial Study covering the Pit 7 remediation. No substantial adverse effect on wildlife species of concern was anticipated from the project. However, it was proposed that wildlife surveys should be conducted prior to construction because species locations and breeding areas could potentially change by the time construction activities began. Although no known populations of rare or endangered/threatened plant species were known to occur within the project impact area at the time these documents were released, rare plants listed by the California Native Plant Society had been observed in the vicinity. As such, both DOE and DTSC proposed that plant surveys would be undertaken at the appropriate time of year to determine if rare plants would be impacted by project construction. This document provides the results of wildlife and rare plant surveys taken prior to the start of construction at the Pit 7 Complex.

This CRADA was developed to enable ORNL to assist Protein Discovery, Inc. to develop a novel biomolecular separation system based on an ORNL patent application 'Photoelectrochemical Molecular Comb' by Thundat, Ferrell, and Brown. The Molecular Comb concept is based on creating light-induced charge carriers at a semiconductor-liquid interface, which is kept at a potential control such that a depletion layer is formed in the semiconductor. Focusing light from a low-power illumination source creates electron-hole pairs, which get separated in the depletion layer. The light-induced charge carriers reaching the surface attract oppositely charged biomolecules present in the solution. The solution is a buffer solution with very small concentrations of biomolecules. As the focused light is moved across the surface of the semiconductor-liquid interface, the accumulated biomolecules follow the light beam. A thin layer of gel or other similar material on the surface of the semiconductor can act as a sieving medium for separating the biomolecules according to their sizes.

Contamination of downstream hydrogen production plants or other users of high-temperature heat is a concern of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Project. Due to the high operating temperatures of the NGNP (850-900 C outlet temperature), tritium produced in the nuclear reactor can permeate through heat exchangers to reach the hydrogen production plant, where it can become incorporated into process chemicals or the hydrogen product. The concentration limit for tritium in the hydrogen product has not been established, but it is expected that any future limit on tritium concentration will be no higher than the air and water effluent limits established by the NRC and the EPA. A literature survey of tritium permeation barriers, capture systems, and mitigation measures is presented and technologies are identified that may reduce the movement of tritium to the downstream plant. Among tritium permeation barriers, oxide layers produced in-situ may provide the most suitable barriers, though it may be possible to use aluminized surfaces also. For tritium capture systems, the use of getters is recommended, and high-temperature hydride forming materials such as Ti, Zr, and Y are suggested. Tritium may also be converted to HTO in order to capture it on molecular sieves or getter …

The authors present the results of high intensity beam propagation experiments conducted with the Nova laser system to investigate the occurrence of stimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS) from atmospheric nitrogen in the beam path. Enclosed is a preprint entitled ''Stimulated Rotational Raman Scattering in Nitrogen in Long Air Paths'' that they have published in the November issue of Optics Letters. The physics issues associated with SRRS are discussed at length in the preprint. The small signal steady-state SRRS gain coefficient that they determined from threshold measurements is in excellent agreement with recent direct SRRS gain measurements by Bischel, et al., at SRI, and is in good agreement with early gain estimates from Averbakh, et al., in the Soviet Union. Consequently, they have a high degree of confidence in the gain coefficient. In addition, threshold SRRS experiments on the long air-path Nova II system are in substantial agreement with the earlier Nova experiments. Nova and Nova II system performance limitations were not critically addressed in the publication so they shall discuss these issues in this paper.

This study evaluates parameters relevant to River Protection Project secondary waste streams generated during Early Low Activity Waste operations and recommends a strategy for secondary waste management that considers groundwater impact, cost, and programmatic risk. The recommended strategy for managing River Protection Project secondary waste is focused on improvements in the Effiuent Treatment Facility. Baseline plans to build a Solidification Treatment Unit adjacent to Effluent Treatment Facility should be enhanced to improve solid waste performance and mitigate corrosion of tanks and piping supporting the Effiuent Treatment Facility evaporator. This approach provides a life-cycle benefit to solid waste performance and reduction of groundwater contaminants.

Measurements of rheological properties have been continued. Measurements at relatively low temperature (450 K) showed that a coarser coal grind shows substantially lower viscosity. It was also shown that coal and solvent obtained from the Fort Lewis plant give slurries of much higher viscosity than slurries from our reference coal and solvent. At higher temperatures (540 K) substantially the same relationships were shown. The effect of solvent-to-coal ratio was also found to be very great. Differential scanning calorimetry gave some low reliability specific heat results and showed indication of a probable heat effect at about 500 K. No indication of exothermic reaction with hydrogen was found.

Progress is reported in the areas of fuel centerline temperature measurement, fuel rod pressure measurement, fuel rod axial motion, and upper plenum gas temperature measurement.

A technique is developed for introduction of a boundary condition applicable to relaxation computations for magnetic problems with axial symmetry and with no sources (currents, or magnetized material) external to the boundary. The procedure as described in this note is restricted to cases in which the (toroidal) boundary will surround completely the region of physical interest but will not encompass the axis of rotational symmetry. The technique accordingly provides the opportunity of economically excluding from the relaxation process regions of no direct concern in the immediate neighborhood of the symmetry axis and hence can have useful application to annular magnetic devices with axial symmetry. The procedure adopted makes use internally of the characteristic form of the vector-potential function, in a source-free region, when expressed in toroidal coordinates. The relevant properties of associated Legendre functions of half-integral degree are summarized in this connection and their introduction into the program POISSON is outlined. Results of some test cases are included, to illustrate the application of this technique for configurations with median-plane symmetry. 8 refs., 9 figs.

LILCO is studying the effects of the AGS Booster power swing on its power grid. The study is being conducted by GE systems Development and Engineering, Schenectady, New York. In notes, dates November 10, 1987, prepared for a GE-LILCO Progress Review Meeting, the author notes LILCO system resonances that are excited by the heavy ion cycle. The data used by GE for their study, is the power flow required for continuous operation of the Booster, namely a continuous 13MW Power swing and a period of one second. The data used by GE came from BNL reports, used to analyze the power line flicker generated by this pulsating load. It is a worse case study and does not represent the Booster cycle. The Booster must be synchronized with the AGS, which is operated with a period of 3 seconds, when accelerating heavy ions. Thus the Booster duty cycle is 1/3 with a peak power swing of 13MW. The time of one second used to cycle the Booster magnets is arbitrary and can be increased to a maximum of three seconds. The peak power swing and the power spectrum are modified by the Booster duty cycle and period. The spectrum is critical …

Testing of the prototype Booster dipole magnet at full current produced measurable disturbances of the beam position at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Power for the magnet and the NSLS are distributed from three substation transformers at Temple Place. Normally the substation configuration is for two independent 13.8 KV buses, derived from the 69 KV LILCO distribution. The buses are connected through a circuit breaker that is normally open circuited. Power for the magnet test is derived from one of the 13.8 KV buses and power for the NSLS is derived from the second bus. Coupling of the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS is at the 69 KV level. However, on the days that the interference was first observed at the NSLS only one-half of the substation transformers at Temple Place were in service. The 13.8 KV tie breaker was closed and the full substation load was supplied from this common bus. Thus the coupling between the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS was at the 13.8 KV level. Establishing the normal two bus configurations at Temple Place appeared to reduce the disturbance. These events suggested a controlled experiment to measure the magnet power swing and the induced powerline …

The Booster power requirements and power line flicker has been previously calculated for the 1 GEV proton cycle. Since then the maximum proton energy has been increased to 1.5 GEV, and the cycle period increased from 100 to 133 millisec. the design manual lists the peak magnet current as 2220A (previous value of 1672A). The maximum stored energy is increased by a factor of 1.763 and the power swing is increased by a factor of 1.32; increasing the flicker approximately by this factor. The required magnet voltage has been calculated and is given for the dipole and quadrupole strings. The total power at the AC bus bar isgiven. To calculate the reactive power, the dipole excitation is assumed to consist of 5--1000 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched. The quadrupole supply consist of 5--175 volt supplies in series and sequentially switched.

This report details the TISR-172 sample exposures at the Hanford Reservation.

This report examines the many interrelated nuclear, physical, and mechanical phenomena and actions which take place following a loss-of-coolant accident in a Hanford reactor operating at equilibrium power.

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This document is a summary of the new Reactor Operations Daily Report, which is to be implemented August 3, 1964. The report explains how the form is to be filled out, and what information is to be entered into the different fields on the form.

Testing of the prototype Booster dipole magnet at full current produced measurable disturbances of the beam position at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Power for the magnet and the NSLS are distributed from three substation transformers at Temple Place. Normally the substation configuration is for two independent 13.8 KV buses, derived from the 69 KV LILCO distribution. The buses are connected through a circuit breaker that is normally open circuited. Power for the magnet test is derived from one of the 13.8 KV buses and power for the NSLS is derived from the second bus. Coupling of the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS is at the 69 KV level. However, on the days that the interference was first observed at the NSLS only one-half of the substation transformers at Temple Place were in service. The 13.8 KV tie breaker was closed and the full substation load was supplied from this common bus. Thus the coupling between the pulsating magnet load and the NSLS was at the 13.8 KV level. Establishing the normal two bus configurations at Temple Place appeared to reduce the disturbance. These events suggested a controlled experiment to measure the magnet power swing and the induced powerline …

This report examines some properties of a new type of open accelerating structure. It consists of a series of rectangular cavities, which we call foxholes, joined by a beam channel. The power for accelerating the particles comes from an external radiation source and enters the cavities through their open upper surfaces. Analytic and computer calculations are presented showing that the foxhole is a suitable structure for accelerating relativistic electrons.

This technical progress letter details Hanford Engineer Works activities for the time period of July 7 through July 13, 1944.

It has been proposed that the AGS Heavy Ion/Proton Booster be excited directly from the electric power distribution system without intervening an energy storage buffer such as an MG set or a magnetic energy buffer. The average power requirement of the AGS Booster is less than many single-loads presently housed on the lab site. However, the power swing will be the largest single pulsating load on the lab site. The large power swings will impact on the power grid producing utility-line disturbances such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic generation. Thus, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the electric power system resulting from the interconnection, such that the utility system is not degraded either on the lab site or at LILCO`s substation.

LILCO is studying the effects of the AGS Booster power swing on its power grid. The study is being conducted by GE systems Development and Engineering, Schenectady, New York. In notes, dates November 10, 1987, prepared for a GE-LILCO Progress Review Meeting, the author notes LILCO system resonances that are excited by the heavy ion cycle. The data used by GE for their study, is the power flow required for continuous operation of the Booster, namely a continuous 13MW Power swing and a period of one second. The data used by GE came from BNL reports, used to analyze the power line flicker generated by this pulsating load. It is a worse case study and does not represent the Booster cycle. The Booster must be synchronized with the AGS, which is operated with a period of 3 seconds, when accelerating heavy ions. Thus the Booster duty cycle is 1/3 with a peak power swing of 13MW. The time of one second used to cycle the Booster magnets is arbitrary and can be increased to a maximum of three seconds. The peak power swing and the power spectrum are modified by the Booster duty cycle and period. The spectrum is critical …

Under the Sister Laboratory Arrangement between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the Moroccan National Center for Nuclear Energy Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), environmental sampling and analysis were performed to assess the background concentrations of nonradiological constituents in various environmental media at the Maamora Forest CNESTEN Laboratory Site. Samples were collected from surface soil, surface water and groundwater wells, short-lived vegetation (mainly native grass), and long-lived vegetation (cork oak). Samples were collected inside the property fence line, in the buffer zone surrounding the site, and off site at water locations. The soil and vegetation samples were analyzed for metals and pesticides and screened for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); the water samples were analyzed for metals, general minerals, and pesticides and screened for PCBs.

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