In any complex system, the interesting problems occur at the interface of dissimilar subsystems. Control of the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) begins with the US Congress, which controls the dollars, which control the people, who control the nine top-level minicomputers, which control the 65 microprocessors, which control the hardware that controls the physics experiment. There are many interesting boundaries across which control must pass, and the one that this paper addresses is the man-machine one. For the MFTF, the man-machine interface consists of a system of seven control consoles, each allowing one operator to communicate with one minicomputer. These consoles are arranged in a hierarchical manner, and both hardware and software were designed in a top-down fashion. This paper describes the requirements and the design of the console system as a whole, as well as the design and operation of the hardware and software of each console, and examines the possible form of a future man-machine interface.

Over 50 neutral beam sources (NBS) of the joint Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)/Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) design have been manufactured, since 1973, in the LLL Neutral Beam Source Facility. These sources have been used to provide start-up and sustaining neutral beams for LLL mirror fusion experiments, including 2XIIB, TMX, and Beta II. Experimental prototype 20-kV and 80-kV NBS have also been designed, built, and tested for the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF). (MOW)

The background of conventional energy management and use relative to public policy is sketched. Events which threaten to overtake our lingering social, economic, and political impressions relative to energy are examined. How current social trends may be taking us in unfamiliar energy policy directions, particularly involving the more-advanced and alternative energy options now under consideration, are investigated. It is argued that the emerging social consensus, which will ultimately define national energy policy, increasingly favors a transition from conventional to renewable energy sources. 41 references.

A direct intercomparison has been made between common tracer gases used to measure air infiltration rates in buildings. The results indicate that air exchange rates measured using sulfur hexafluoride, SF/sub 6/, are slightly larger than those measured using methane, CH/sub 4/, or nitrous oxide, N/sub 2/O. The ratio of air change rates measured using SF/sub 6/ to air change rates measured concurrently using a lighter tracer gas was found to be 1.10 +- 0.10.

The MFTF components that require water cooling include the neutral beam dumps, ion dumps, plasma dumps, baffle plates, magnet liners, gas boxes, streaming guns, and the neutral beam injectors. A total heat load of nearly 500 MW for 0.5 s dissipates over 4-min intervals. A steady-flow, closed-loop system is utilized. The design of the cooling system assumes that all components require cooling simultaneously. The cooling system contains process instrumentation for loop control. Alarms and safety interlocks are incorporated for the safe operation of the system.

This paper describes some of the design features and considerations of the MFTF start-up neutral-beam power supplies. In particular, we emphasize features of the system that will ensure MFTF compatibility and achieve the required reliability/availability for the MFTF to be successful.

This paper covers the design and construction of the MFTF cryogenic system and a description of the operating procedures throughout the many functional modes. The coils and the cryopanels for maintaining the high vacuum environment weigh 417,000 kg (920,000 lb) and must be cooled from room temperature to 4.5 k. The cryogenic system for MFTF consists of a closed-loop helium system with a 3000-W helium refrigerator that uses gas-bearing expansion turbines and oil-flooded screw compressors. In addition, liquid helium storage facilities have adequate capacity for standby operation, and a complete helium-purification plant is capable of processing 17 m/sup 3//min (600 scfm). An open-loop liquid nitrogen system (with provision for later addition of a nitrogen recondenser) provides the required refrigeration for the radiation shields that must be maintained at 85 K.

When a superconducting magnet goes normal, resistive heating in the conductor evaporates surrounding LHe, which must be vented. The nature and speed at which the magnet goes normal and He is vented are not subject to rigorous analysis. This paper presents vent data from an existing magnet. An approximate mathematical model is derived and fitted to the data to permit scaling of vent requirements to larger size magnets. The worst case models of the vent employed in Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) cryogenic system design are also presented.

The Doublet III device is designed to study noncircular plasmas, including doublet and dee-shaped cross-sections. The plasma shape is determined by a system of 24 field-shaping coils which surround the vacuum vessel. Control of the magnetic flux linking these coils allows the plasma shape to be varied and controlled. This paper describes the high-speed dc chopper which is a major component of the field-shaping coil power system. The high-speed dc choppers, with a frequency response of up to 5 kHz and a switching power capability of 1.5 megawatts are used for fine tuning and feedback control of the plasma position and shape. The design and operation of two 1.5 megawatt, 3 kHz choppers used on closed loop plasma control experiments will be presented.

Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) can be used to measure nondestructively pure and mixed U/Pu concentrations in process streams and hold tank solutions. The 122-keV gamma ray from /sup 57/Co excites the actinide K x rays which are detected by a HPGe detector. A computer- and disk-based analyzer system provides capability for making on-stream analyses, and the noninvasive measurement is easily adapted directly to appropriate sized pipes used in a chemical reprocessing plant. Measurement times depend on concentration and purpose but vary from 100 to 500s for process control of strong to weak solutions. Accountability measurements require better accuracy thus more time; and for solutions containing plutonium, require a measurement of the solution radioactivity made with an automatic shutter that eclipses the two exciting sources. Plutonium isotopic abundances can also be obtained. Concentrations in single or dual element solutions from less than 1 g/l to over 200 g/l are determined to an accuracy of 0.2% after calibration of the system. For mixed solutions the unknown ratio of U to Pu is linearly related to the net U/Pu K x-ray intensities. Concentration values for ratios different than the calibration ratio require only small corrections to the values derived from a calibration …

The coils major diameter is 1.0 meter and it occupies a cross-section which is about 0.2 meter minor in diameter. The prototype coil will carry four times the current of the largest such magnet built to date. As a result, the peak induction in the coil is about 8 T and the stored magnetic energy will be around 3 MJ. The paper describes the proposed Nb/sub 3/SN superconductor, the quench protection system which is based on the LBL shorted secondary concept, the isochroic refrigeration storage system which stores about 5 kJ of refrigeration between 4.5/sup 0/K and 7/sup 0/K, and the persistent switch.

The Fuels and Materials Examination Facility (FMEF) is systematically analyzed from a remote maintenance standpoint using functional analysis methods. From the analysis the remote maintainability of equipment is ascertained, required tooling lists are formed, and maintenance downtimes are established. These techniques identify deficiencies or inefficiencies in the early design stage where changes have a minimum impact on cost. Special tooling and fixture requirements are minimized by standardizing remote maintenance design features.

The present understanding of heavy quark fragmentation is reviewed, and the expected behaviors of heavy quark jets is discussed. Included are short-distance versus long-distance parts of fragmentation, fragmentation dynamics at long distances, universal hadronization in rapidity plot, the heavy quark as a sizzling fireball, quantum chromodynamics ladder summation in the region of K/sub T/ < ..lambda.., and the relevance or irrelevance to super high energy experiment. 6 references. (JFP)

The Basalt Waste Isolation Project, is part of the National Waste Terminal Storage Program. The program, as presently structured, is aimed at assessing the feasibility and providing the technology needed to design and construct a repository for storage of commercial radioactive waste in the extensive basalts beneath the Hanford Site of the United States Department of Energy. The program is presently in the research and development phase to assess feasibility. Geologic site selection studies are to be completed in September 1981, to allow a feasibility decision at that time, where-upon if feasibility is proven and the United States Department of Energy goes forward with the project, we would move into the licensing phase of the project. Ultimately, it would be up to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission to grant a construction license and, later on, an operating license. During the research and development phase, the program includes seven areas of study; namely, geosciences, hydrology multiple engineered barriers, test facility design and construction, engineering testing, systems integration, and preliminary repository engineering design. The progress made to date in each of these areas is detailed.

An availability analysis of reprocessing systems in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) fuel recycle facility was completed. This report summarizes work done to date to define and determine reprocessing system availability for a previously planned HTGR recycle reference facility (HRRF). Schedules and procedures for further work during reprocessing development and for HRRF design and construction are proposed in this report. Probable failure rates, transfer times, and repair times are estimated for major system components. Unscheduled down times are summarized.

A high-speed rotating shutter was designed to operate in a 10/sup -6/ Torr vacuum at the optical focus of a laser spatial filter. The shutter is basically a wheel, with a single 3 x 10-mm slot at the perimeter, which rotates with a peripheral speed of 1 km/s. The motor to drive the rotating wheel is magnetically suspended and synchronously wound. The wheel achieves a 4 ..mu..s opening time and a timing accuracy of better than 0.2 ..mu..s. (MOW)

During the past 25 years, experiments with several magnetic mirror machines were performed as part of the Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) Program at LLL. The latest MFE experiment, the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF), builds on the advances of earlier machines in initiating, stabilizing, heating, and sustaining plasmas formed with deuterium. The goals of this machine are to increase ion and electron temperatures and show a corresponding increase in containment time, to test theoretical scaling laws of plasma instabilities with increased physical dimensions, and to sustain high-beta plasmas for times that are long compared to the energy containment time. This paper describes the diagnostic system being developed to characterize these plasma parameters.

The prototype for the TFTR Neutral Beam Injection System has been assembled at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboraory, and is presently under test. Some of the construction features of the shielding enclosure, the cryogenic supply system, control and computer area, and the auxiliary vacuum and utility supply system are described. In addition, the paper describes the target chamber, its beam dump and cryopanels, and the duct that connects the target chamber to the injector vessel. (MOW)

A design for water-cooled extractor grids for long-pulse and continuously operated ion sources for neutral-beam injectors is described. The most serious design problem encountered is that of minimizing the thermal deformation (bowing) of these slender grid rails, which have typical overall spans of 150 mm and diameters on the order of 1 mm. A unique U-tube design is proposed that offers the possibility of keeping the thermal bowing down to about 0.05 mm (about 2.0 mils). However, the design requires high-velocity cooling water at a Reynolds number of about 3 x 10/sup 4/ and an inlet pressure on the order of 4.67 x 10/sup 6/ Pa (677 psia) in order to keep the axial and circumferential temperature differences small enough to achieve the desired small thermal bowing. It appears possible to fabricate and assemble these U-tube grids out of molybdenum with high precision and with a reasonably small number of brazes.

The Loss-of-Fluid Test (LOFT) test facility, program objectives, and the experiments planned are described. The LOFT facility is related to the smaller Semiscale facility and the larger commercial pressurized water reactors. The fact that LOFT is a computer model assessment tool rather than a demonstration test is emphasized. Various types of reactor safety experiments planned through 1983 are presented.

The separation of helium from hydrogen at the center of Jupiter is not likely even though phase separation is predicted at both higher and lower pressures.

A split pair of multifilamentary Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor coils, inside a set of Nb-Ti background coils, is being built at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) for use in the High-Field Test Facility (HFTF). The inside diameter of the Nb/sub 3/Sn winding is 40 cm, the peak field is 12 T, and the nominal conductor current is 5 kA. The coils are being built as part of the LLL high-field superconducting development program in which characterization of short samples is followed by demonstration in coils incorporating production lengths of conductor. The HFTF will also be used to study the characteristics of prototype conductors designed to meet the requirements of tokamak toroidal field coils having a maximum field of 12 T. These conductors will be tested one at a time, inserted in the form of small coils in the split between the Nb/sub 3/Sn coils in the HFTF. The paper describes the coil system and gives a summary of the present state of its development and fabrication.

The Crystal Ball detector is a device particularly suited to the measurement of photons with energies lower than 1 GeV. The detector has as its principal component a 16 radiation length thick, highly segmented shell of NaI(Tl) surrounding cylindrical, proportional, and magnetostrictive spark chambers. The main Ball and various elements of the central chambers cover 94% of 4..pi.. sr. Segmented endcap NaI(Tl) detectors of 20 radiation lengths behind magneto strictive spark chambers supplement the main Ball. The Ball and endcaps close the solid angle for charged particle and photon detection to 98% of 4..pi.. sr. In addition, detectors of interspersed iron and proportional tubes provide for ..mu..-..pi.. separation over 15% of 4..pi.. sr, about theta/sub CM/ = 90/sup 0/. In this report preliminary results are presented from the data obtained. In particular, QED at E/sub CM/ = 6.5 GeV, R/sub hadron/ and related inclusive distributions, eta branching fractions at J/psi and psi'', and a detailed study of the psionium system are discussed.

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) is planning a major extension to the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) now under construction at Livermore, CA. This extension brings MFTF to a full tandem mirror configuration, incorporating new ideas for improved plasma confinement. The tandem MFTF is tentatively called MFTF-B. As with most magnetic fusion devices, the confinement coils dominate the overall configuration. This paper concentrates on the MFTF-B magnet configuration, especially field shaping and structural considerations. (MOW)